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Kumarasamy S, Garg K, Sharma MC, Chandra PS. Intracranial myeloid sarcoma as the first presentation of acute myeloid leukemia and literature review. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:3607-3612. [PMID: 37300577 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracranial myeloid sarcoma is a rare extramedullary presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It can involve the meninges and ependyma presenting as extra-axial mass lesion. Rarely, it can also invade the brain parenchyma. It is commonly seen in children. It is usually misdiagnosed due to its close resemblance to other intracranial tumors (meningioma, metastasis, Ewing's sarcomas, and lymphoma). These are underdiagnosed if they precede the diagnosis of leukemia. CASE REPORT A 7-year-old boy with isolated intracranial myeloid sarcoma who presented with raised intracranial pressure (ICP) which was successfully managed by surgical excision. CONCLUSION Isolated intracranial myeloid sarcoma is a rare presentation of AML. Leukemia can be diagnosed early during the postoperative period and can be started on therapy timely. These patients requires regular follow-ups (clinical, laboratory and radiological) to detect relapses early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Kumarasamy
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanwaljeet Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - M C Sharma
- Department of Neuropathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - P S Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Athukuri P, Khan AB, Gadot R, Haque M, Lee S, Gallagher KK, Mims MP, Rivero GA, Barbieri A, Patel AJ, Jalali A. Myeloid sarcoma of the skull base: A case report and systematic literature review. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:220. [PMID: 35673665 PMCID: PMC9168333 DOI: 10.25259/sni_255_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS), or chloroma, is a rare extramedullary malignant tumor that consists of undifferentiated granulocytic cells, and it is most commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Intracranial MS accounts for 0.4% of MS cases, and involvement of the skull base and visual dysfunction is rarely reported. However, the optimal treatment and response to treatment of skull base MS in the presence of visual symptoms is unknown. Case Description: A 30-year-old male with a history of AML presented with rapidly progressive vision loss and a sellar and parasellar mass with bilateral cavernous sinus and optic nerve encasement. The patient underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal biopsy revealing intracranial MS. He was treated postoperatively with high-dose intravenous and intrathecal cytarabine and had complete restoration of his vision by postoperative day 11. A systematic review of the literature identified six cases of skull base MS, five of whom presenting with visual symptoms. All patients underwent systemic chemotherapy with cytarabine and/or cyclophosphamide, with infrequent use of intrathecal chemotherapy or radiation. Those with reported visual outcomes were diagnosed 4 months or longer after symptom onset and demonstrated no visual improvement with treatment. Conclusion: Skull base MS is a rare disease entity with a high prevalence of visual dysfunction. Our patient’s complete disappearance of intracranial disease and resolution of visual symptoms with systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment without a need for direct surgical decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prazwal Athukuri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - A Basit Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ron Gadot
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Monira Haque
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sungho Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - K Kelly Gallagher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Martha P Mims
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rivero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Andreia Barbieri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Akash J Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ali Jalali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Kohli V, Koltz MT, Kamath AA. Isolated recurrence of acute myeloid leukemia in the cerebellum: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2021; 2:CASE21281. [PMID: 35855087 PMCID: PMC9265191 DOI: 10.3171/case21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Myeloid sarcoma is a rare malignant hematopoietic neoplasm that arises at extramedullary sites. Although myeloid sarcoma may involve any organ, central nervous system (CNS) involvement is exceptionally rare. To date, few case reports and case series have described CNS myeloid sarcoma, the majority of which include peripheral disease.
OBSERVATIONS
The authors present an illustrative case of an adult male with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission relapsing with an isolated, diffuse myeloid sarcoma of the cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging showed posterior fossa crowding and diffuse enhancement within the cerebellar white matter without an apparent mass lesion. The patient required ventriculostomy due to obstructive hydrocephalus and ultimately suboccipital craniectomy with duraplasty due to posterior fossa compression. An open cerebellar biopsy revealed myeloid sarcoma. Peripheral studies did not meet the criteria for recurrent AML. The patient subsequently received high-dose systemic chemotherapy and has responded well to treatment.
LESSONS
Myeloid sarcoma may be a neurosurgical lesion because it has the potential to cause mass effect with obstructive hydrocephalus requiring emergent cerebrospinal fluid diversion and possible decompression. The authors report a rare case of isolated recurrence of AML in the form of diffuse CNS myeloid sarcoma and describe the role of neurosurgery in its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikraant Kohli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
| | - Michael T. Koltz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seton Brain and Spine Institute, Austin, Texas
| | - Ashwin A. Kamath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; and
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seton Brain and Spine Institute, Austin, Texas
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Lee D, Omofoye OA, Nuño MA, Riestenberg RA, Shahlaie K. Treatment Outcomes of Intracranial Myeloid Sarcomas: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2021; 148:29-37. [PMID: 33444829 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracranial myeloid sarcomas (IMS) are rare central nervous system manifestations of malignant hematopoietic neoplasms of myeloid origin such as acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. Reported cases in the literature are limited to primarily case reports. We present a systematic review of this rare central nervous system tumor, characterizing the clinical presentation, tumor location, histopathology, and available treatment modalities. We correlate these variables with mortality, recurrence, and complications to suggest optimal management strategies for IMS. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed across Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase using 14 search terms in accordance to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. This systematic review examines variables such as patient age, tumor location, size, presenting symptoms, treatment modality, extent of resection, and mortality. We performed descriptive analyses to identify bivariate associations between patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis was 34.8 years, and the most common etiology was acute myeloid leukemia (68.8%). The most common presenting symptoms were headache (45.5%), vision complaints (27.3%), and weakness/motor symptoms (21.2%). IMS were most commonly located in the temporal lobe (10.1%), cerebellum (10.1%), or falcine/parasagittal (10.1%) region. Patients who received radiotherapy (P < 0.001) or chemotherapy (P < 0.001) had lower rates of mortality versus those who did not. Surgical treatment and extent of resection were not significantly associated with mortality (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy for IMS significantly reduces mortality, confirming IMS as a cranial manifestation of a systemic disease. Although surgical treatment is indicated for histopathologic diagnosis and to relieve mass effect, the extent of resection does not predict overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, USA
| | - Oluwaseun A Omofoye
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Miriam A Nuño
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert A Riestenberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Xu G, Zhang H, Nong W, Li C, Meng L, Liu C, Li F. Isolated Intracranial Myeloid Sarcoma Mimicking Malignant Lymphoma: A Diagnostic Challenge and Literature Reviews. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6085-6092. [PMID: 32612369 PMCID: PMC7323804 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated intracranial myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an unusual variant tumor with few cases reported so far in the medical literature. A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital presenting progressive visual loss in the right eye and weight loss (20 kg) without a previous history of hematological disease (HD). Radiologic evaluation showed the evidence of intracranial mass. Histologically, the resected tumor was composed of a uniform population of primitive cells and primarily misdiagnosed as a T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vinblastine, and prednisone (CHOP) was ineffective. A biopsy and histopathological evaluation were repeated, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the positivity of immature cells to an extensive panel of myeloid markers. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of MS and bone marrow infiltration. Literature reviews of previous cases were also undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Xu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixia Nong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsen Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratories for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University of Medical, Shihezi, 832002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
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Barbieri FR, De Luna A, Moschettoni L, Lunardi P. Isolated intracranial myeloid sarcoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 2020:1-4. [PMID: 32351132 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2020.1759782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid sarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of primitive myeloid cell origin often associated with hematologic disorders. The central nervous system is rarely involved and differentiating between myeloid sarcoma and other tumors is not possible on imaging. Here we present the rare case of an isolated intracranial myeloid sarcoma, initially misdiagnosed radiologically as a meningioma, treated with surgical total resection and subsequent chemotherapy, with no signs of any hematological disorder at follow up. Differential diagnosis and management strategies, as well as follow-up implications are discussed along with literature review, which pointed out that only five cases with no further signs of hematological disorders at follow up have been described in the literature so far and this case has the longest follow up of them at 9 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adolfo De Luna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Sivaraju L, Mohan D, Ghosal N, Nandeesh BN, Hegde AS. Primary parietal myeloid sarcoma. J Pediatr Neurosci 2016; 10:389-92. [PMID: 26962353 PMCID: PMC4770659 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.174431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial occurrence of myeloid sarcoma without any evidence of systemic hematological disorder is uncommon. We report the case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with features of raised intracranial pressure and paraparesis of short duration. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 6 cm bilateral middle 1/3rd para sagittal contrast enhancing extra-axial mass with mass effect. The tumor was subtotally excised. Histology and immunohistochemistry proved to be a myelosarcoma. Further evaluation done with peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy ruled out the possibility of leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder. She was referred for chemotherapy and clinically showed improvement after 6 months of follow-up. Authors report a case of intracranial myelosarcoma which closely resembled meningioma both radiologically and in intraoperative morphological appearance. Authors discuss in detail the radiological and histological features of myelosarcoma along with differential diagnoses and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxminadh Sivaraju
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dilip Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandita Ghosal
- Department of Pathology, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bevinahalli N Nandeesh
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Alangar S Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Extra-axial brain tumors are the most common adult intracranial neoplasms and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologic subtypes. Meningiomas are the most common extra-axial brain tumor (approximately one-third of all intracranial neoplasms) and typically present as slowly growing dural-based masses. Benign meningiomas are very common, and may occasionally be difficult to differentiate from more aggressive subtypes (i.e., atypical or malignant varieties) or other dural-based masses with more aggressive biologic behavior (e.g., hemangiopericytoma or dural-based metastases). Many neoplasms that typically affect the brain parenchyma (intra-axial), such as gliomas, may also present with primary or secondary extra-axial involvement. This chapter provides a general and concise overview of the common types of extra-axial tumors and their typical imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Rapalino
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James G Smirniotopoulos
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Intracranial CNS Manifestations of Myeloid Sarcoma in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Review of the Literature and Three Case Reports from the Author's Institution. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1102-12. [PMID: 26239467 PMCID: PMC4470219 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid sarcoma (MS) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare presentation of leukemic mass infiltration outside of the bone marrow. It may involve the subperiosteum and dura mater and, on rare occasions, can also invade the brain parenchyma. The disease is most commonly seen in children or young adults; however, it has been described in multiple age groups. MS can be seen in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders. This entity has the potential to be underdiagnosed if the MS appearance precedes the first diagnosis of leukemia. The main reason is that their appearance on CT and MRI has a broad differential diagnosis, and proper diagnosis of MS can only be made if the imaging findings are correlated with the clinical history and laboratory findings. Herein, we describe the intracranial CNS manifestations of MS in patients with AML on CT and MRI involving the brain and/or meninges. This study is based on a systematic review of the literature. In addition, three case reports from the author's institution with AML and intracranial involvement of MS are included. Our aim is to enhance the awareness of this entity among both clinicians and radiologists.
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Chen WY, Wang CW, Chang CH, Liu HH, Lan KH, Tang JL, Tien HF, Kuo SH, Cheng AL. Clinicopathologic features and responses to radiotherapy of myeloid sarcoma. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:245. [PMID: 24148102 PMCID: PMC4016483 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate clinicopathological features, radiotherapeutic parameters, and their associations with responses to radiotherapy (RT) in patients with myeloid sarcoma (MS). Methods We reviewed 20 patients receiving RT for MS lesions (in 43 RT courses) and analyzed the patients’ clinicopathologic features and radiotherapeutic parameters, and their associations with complete responses (CR) to RT using Fisher’s exact test and univariate logistic regression analysis. Generalized Estimating Equation was used to analyze all 43 irradiated lesions and account for the correlations in RT responses among lesions from the same patient. Results We found that the underlying hematological diseases of the evaluated patients were acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 14 patients (70%), chronic myeloid leukemia in 4 patients (20%), myelodysplastic syndrome with AML transformation in one patient (5%), and de novo MS in one patient (5%). Most patients (55%) received RT for MS at the time of relapse following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The most common cytogenetic abnormality was t(8;21)(q22;q22). The median RT dose of 20 Gy (range 6–35 Gy), administered in 1.5-3.5 Gy fractions, provided a 63% CR rate. RT dose, sex, cytogenetics, and bone marrow status at the time of RT had no significant effect on CR. Younger age (<50 y, P = 0.06), BMT prior to RT (P = 0.05), and underlying AML (P = 0.05) were marginally associated with higher CR to RT. Conclusions Our results indicate that a modest RT dose (20-30 Gy) achieves good local control of MS. Age, previous BMT, and underlying hematologic disease can affect RT response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sung-Hsin Kuo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Novello M, Coli A, Della Pepa GM, Martini M, Doglietto F, De Stefano V, Bellesi S, Pescarmona E, Lauriola L. Myeloid sarcoma with megakaryoblastic differentiation mimicking a sellar tumor. Neuropathology 2013; 34:179-84. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Coli
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Martini
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Bellesi
- Department of Haemathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
| | - Edoardo Pescarmona
- Department of Pathology; Regina Elena National Cancer Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Libero Lauriola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
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