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Kanai Y. Molecular pathological approach to cancer epigenomics and its clinical application. Pathol Int 2024; 74:167-186. [PMID: 38482965 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Careful microscopic observation of histopathological specimens, accumulation of large numbers of high-quality tissue specimens, and analysis of molecular pathology in relation to morphological features are considered to yield realistic data on the nature of multistage carcinogenesis. Since the morphological hallmark of cancer is disruption of the normal histological structure maintained through cell-cell adhesiveness and cellular polarity, attempts have been made to investigate abnormalities of the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion system in human cancer cells. It has been shown that the CDH1 tumor suppressor gene encoding E-cadherin is silenced by DNA methylation, suggesting that a "double hit" involving DNA methylation and loss of heterozygosity leads to carcinogenesis. Therefore, in the 1990s, we focused on epigenomic mechanisms, which until then had not received much attention. In chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis virus infection, DNA methylation abnormalities were found to occur frequently, being one of the earliest indications that such abnormalities are present even in precancerous tissue. Aberrant expression and splicing of DNA methyltransferases, such as DNMT1 and DNMT3B, was found to underlie the mechanism of DNA methylation alterations in various organs. The CpG island methylator phenotype in renal cell carcinoma was identified for the first time, and its therapeutic targets were identified by multilayer omics analysis. Furthermore, the DNA methylation profile of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related hepatocellular carcinoma was clarified in groundbreaking studies. Since then, we have developed diagnostic markers for carcinogenesis risk in NASH patients and noninvasive diagnostic markers for upper urinary tract cancer, as well as developing a new high-performance liquid chromatography-based diagnostic system for DNA methylation diagnosis. Research on the cancer epigenome has revealed that DNA methylation alterations occur from the precancerous stage as a result of exposure to carcinogenic factors such as inflammation, smoking, and viral infections, and continuously contribute to multistage carcinogenesis through aberrant expression of cancer-related genes and genomic instability. DNA methylation alterations at the precancerous stages are inherited by or strengthened in cancers themselves and determine the clinicopathological aggressiveness of cancers as well as patient outcome. DNA methylation alterations have applications as biomarkers, and are expected to contribute to diagnosis, as well as preventive and preemptive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Grigsby SM, Friedman A, Chase J, Waas B, Ropa J, Serio J, Shen C, Muntean AG, Maillard I, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. Elucidating the Importance of DOT1L Recruitment in MLL-AF9 Leukemia and Hematopoiesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040642. [PMID: 33562706 PMCID: PMC7914713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL1 (KMT2a) gene rearrangements underlie the pathogenesis of aggressive MLL-driven acute leukemia. AF9, one of the most common MLL-fusion partners, recruits the histone H3K79 methyltransferase DOT1L to MLL target genes, constitutively activating transcription of pro-leukemic targets. DOT1L has emerged as a therapeutic target in patients with MLL-driven leukemia. However, global DOT1L enzymatic inhibition may lead to off-target toxicities in non-leukemic cells that could decrease the therapeutic index of DOT1L inhibitors. To bypass this problem, we developed a novel approach targeting specific protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that mediate DOT1L recruitment to MLL target genes, and compared the effects of enzymatic and PPIs inhibition on leukemic and non-leukemic hematopoiesis. MLL-AF9 cell lines were engineered to carry mutant DOT1L constructs with a defective AF9 interaction site or lacking enzymatic activity. In cell lines expressing a DOT1L mutant with defective AF9 binding, we observed complete disruption of DOT1L recruitment to critical target genes and inhibition of leukemic cell growth. To evaluate the overall impact of DOT1L loss in non-leukemic hematopoiesis, we first assessed the impact of acute Dot1l inactivation in adult mouse bone marrow. We observed a rapid reduction in myeloid progenitor cell numbers within 7 days, followed by a loss of long-term hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, WT and PPI-deficient DOT1L mutants but not an enzymatically inactive DOT1L mutant were able to rescue sustained hematopoiesis. These data show that the AF9-DOT1L interaction is dispensable in non-leukemic hematopoiesis. Our findings support targeting of the MLL-AF9-DOT1L interaction as a promising therapeutic strategy that is selectively toxic to MLL-driven leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierrah M. Grigsby
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Ann Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Jennifer Chase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Bridget Waas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - James Ropa
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Justin Serio
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Chenxi Shen
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
| | - Andrew G. Muntean
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (A.F.); (J.C.); (B.W.); (I.M.)
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Molecular and Celular Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; (S.M.G.); (J.R.); (J.S.); (C.S.); (A.G.M.)
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(734)-615-9202; Fax: +1-(734)-763-8764
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Miousse IR, Chang J, Shao L, Pathak R, Nzabarushimana É, Kutanzi KR, Landes RD, Tackett AJ, Hauer-Jensen M, Zhou D, Koturbash I. Inter-Strain Differences in LINE-1 DNA Methylation in the Mouse Hematopoietic System in Response to Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071430. [PMID: 28677663 PMCID: PMC5535921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long Interspersed Nuclear Element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposons are the major repetitive elements in mammalian genomes. LINE-1s are well-accepted as driving forces of evolution and critical regulators of the expression of genetic information. Alterations in LINE-1 DNA methylation may lead to its aberrant activity and are reported in virtually all human cancers and in experimental carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the endogenous DNA methylation status of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of LINE-1 elements in the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), and mononuclear cells (MNCs) in radioresistant C57BL/6J and radiosensitive CBA/J mice and in response to ionizing radiation (IR). We demonstrated that basal levels of DNA methylation within the 5′-UTRs of LINE-1 elements did not differ significantly between the two mouse strains and were negatively correlated with the evolutionary age of LINE-1 elements. Meanwhile, the expression of LINE-1 elements was higher in CBA/J mice. At two months after irradiation to 0.1 or 1 Gy of 137Cs (dose rate 1.21 Gy/min), significant decreases in LINE-1 DNA methylation in HSCs were observed in prone to radiation-induced carcinogenesis CBA/J, but not C57BL/6J mice. At the same time, no residual DNA damage, increased ROS, or changes in the cell cycle were detected in HSCs of CBA/J mice. These results suggest that epigenetic alterations may potentially serve as driving forces of radiation-induced carcinogenesis; however, future studies are needed to demonstrate the direct link between the LINE-1 DNA hypomethylation and radiation carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Jianhui Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Étienne Nzabarushimana
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA.
| | - Kristy R Kutanzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Reid D Landes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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San Jose-Eneriz E, Agirre X, Rodríguez-Otero P, Prosper F. Epigenetic regulation of cell signaling pathways in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2016; 5:525-38. [PMID: 24059799 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous cancer that is characterized by rapid and uncontrolled proliferation of immature B- or T-lymphoid precursors. Although ALL has been regarded as a genetic disease for many years, the crucial importance of epigenetic alterations in leukemogenesis has become increasingly evident. Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation and histone modifications, are critical for gene regulation during many key biological processes. Here, we review the cell signaling pathways that are regulated by DNA methylation or histone modifications in ALL. Recent studies have highlighted the fundamental role of these modifications in ALL development, and suggested that future investigation into the specific genes and pathways that are altered by epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to the development of novel drug-based therapies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne San Jose-Eneriz
- Oncology Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Ahmad K, Katryniok C, Scholz B, Merkens J, Löscher D, Marschalek R, Steinhilber D. Inhibition of class I HDACs abrogates the dominant effect of MLL-AF4 by activation of wild-type MLL. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e127. [PMID: 25402609 PMCID: PMC4259963 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ALOX5 gene encodes 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), a key enzyme of inflammatory reactions, which is transcriptionally activated by trichostatin A (TSA). Physiologically, 5-LO expression is induced by calcitriol and/or transforming growth factor-β. Regulation of 5-LO mRNA involves promoter activation and elongation control within the 3'-portion of the ALOX5 gene. Here we focused on the ALOX5 promoter region. Transcriptional initiation was associated with an increase in histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation in a TSA-inducible manner. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) protein and its derivatives, MLL-AF4 and AF4-MLL, respectively. MLL-AF4 was able to enhance ALOX5 promoter activity by 47-fold, which was further stimulated when either vitamin D receptor and retinoid X receptor or SMAD3/SMAD4 were co-transfected. In addition, we investigated several histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in combination with gene knockdown experiments (HDAC1-3, MLL). We were able to demonstrate that a combined inhibition of HDAC1-3 induces ALOX5 promoter activity in an MLL-dependent manner. Surprisingly, a constitutive activation of ALOX5 by MLL-AF4 was inhibited by class I HDAC inhibitors, by relieving inhibitory functions deriving from MLL.Conversely, a knockdown of MLL increased the effects mediated by MLL-AF4. Thus, HDACi treatment seems to switch 'inactive MLL' into 'active MLL' and overwrites the dominant functions deriving from MLL-AF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ahmad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Katryniok
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - B Scholz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Merkens
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Löscher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Miousse IR, Shao L, Chang J, Feng W, Wang Y, Allen AR, Turner J, Stewart B, Raber J, Zhou D, Koturbash I. Exposure to low-dose (56)Fe-ion radiation induces long-term epigenetic alterations in mouse bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. Radiat Res 2014; 182:92-101. [PMID: 24960414 DOI: 10.1667/rr13580.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need to better understand the long-term health effects of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation due to exposure during space missions, as well as its increasing use in clinical treatments. Previous studies have indicated that exposure to (56)Fe heavy ions increases the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Epigenetic alterations play a role in radiation-induced genomic instability and the initiation and progression of AML. In this study, we assessed the effects of low-dose (56)Fe-ion irradiation on epigenetic alterations in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) and hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells (HPSCs). Exposure to (56)Fe ions (600 MeV, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 Gy) resulted in significant epigenetic alterations involving methylation of DNA, the DNA methylation machinery and expression of repetitive elements. Four weeks after irradiation, these changes were primarily confined to HPSCs and were exhibited as dose-dependent hypermethylation of LINE1 and SINE B1 repetitive elements [4.2-fold increase in LINE1 (P < 0.001) and 7.6-fold increase in SINE B1 (P < 0.01) after exposure to 0.4 Gy; n = 5]. Epigenetic alterations were persistent and detectable for at least 22 weeks after exposure, when significant loss of global DNA hypomethylation (1.9-fold, P < 0.05), decreased expression of Dnmt1 (1.9-fold, P < 0.01), and increased expression of LINE1 and SINE B1 repetitive elements (2.8-fold, P < 0.001 for LINE1 and 1.9-fold, P < 0.05 for SINE B1; n = 5) were observed after exposure to 0.4 Gy. In contrast, exposure to (56)Fe ions did not result in accumulation of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage, exhibited as DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, no significant alterations in cellular senescence and apoptosis were detected in HPSCs after exposure to (56)Fe-ion radiation. These findings suggest that epigenetic reprogramming is possibly involved in the development of radiation-induced genomic instability and thus, may have a causative role in the development of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jianhui Chang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Wei Feng
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Yingying Wang
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Antiño R Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Blair Stewart
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Neurology, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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7
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Watson M, Chow S, Barsyte D, Arrowsmith C, Shankey TV, Minden M, Hedley D. The study of epigenetic mechanisms based on the analysis of histone modification patterns by flow cytoametry. Cytometry A 2013; 85:78-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Watson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Sue Chow
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Cheryl Arrowsmith
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | | | - Mark Minden
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology; Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - David Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology; Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto ON M5G 2M9 Canada
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Abstract
The efficacy of therapeutic modalities in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) depends on both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. This review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CML and in resistance of tumor cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors leading to the leukemic clone escape and propagation. Regulatory events at the levels of gene regulation by transcription factors and microRNAs are discussed in the context of CML pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- DNA Methylation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Epigenomics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jitka Koblihova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, Prague 2, 128 20 Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Stopka
- Institute of Pathophysiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, Prague 2, 128 53 Czech Republic
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