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Ahmed TA, Eldaly B, Eldosuky S, Elkhenany H, El-Derby AM, Elshazly MF, El-Badri N. The interplay of cells, polymers, and vascularization in three-dimensional lung models and their applications in COVID-19 research and therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:114. [PMID: 37118810 PMCID: PMC10144893 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people have been affected ever since the emergence of the corona virus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, leading to an urgent need for antiviral drug and vaccine development. Current experimentation on traditional two-dimensional culture (2D) fails to accurately mimic the in vivo microenvironment for the disease, while in vivo animal model testing does not faithfully replicate human COVID-19 infection. Human-based three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models such as spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip present a promising solution to these challenges. In this report, we review the recent 3D in vitro lung models used in COVID-19 infection and drug screening studies and highlight the most common types of natural and synthetic polymers used to generate 3D lung models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toka A Ahmed
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bassant Eldaly
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Shadwa Eldosuky
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Hoda Elkhenany
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22785, Egypt
| | - Azza M El-Derby
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Muhamed F Elshazly
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt.
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Yan K, Zheng J, Kluth MA, Li L, Ganss C, Yard B, Magdeburg R, Frank MH, Pallavi P, Keese M. ABCB5 + mesenchymal stromal cells therapy protects from hypoxia by restoring Ca 2+ homeostasis in vitro and in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:24. [PMID: 36759868 PMCID: PMC9912525 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia in ischemic disease impairs Ca2+ homeostasis and may promote angiogenesis. The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in peripheral arterial occlusive disease is well established, yet its influence on cellular Ca2+ homeostasis remains to be elucidated. We addressed the influence of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 5 positive mesenchymal stromal cells (ABCB5+ MSCs) on Ca2+ homeostasis in hypoxic human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Hypoxia was induced in HUVECs by Cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) or Deferoxamine (DFO). Dynamic changes in the cytosolic- and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ and changes in reactive oxygen species were assessed by appropriate fluorescence-based sensors. Metabolic activity, cell migration, and tube formation were assessed by standard assays. Acute-on-chronic ischemia in Apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE-/-) mice was performed by double ligation of the right femoral artery (DFLA). ABCB5+ MSC cells were injected into the ischemic limb. Functional recovery after DFLA and histology of gastrocnemius and aorta were assessed. RESULTS Hypoxia-induced impairment of cytosolic and ER Ca2+ were restored by ABCB5+ MSCs or their conditioned medium. Similar was found for changes in intracellular ROS production, metabolic activity, migratory ability and tube formation. The restoration was paralleled by an increased expression of the Ca2+ transporter Sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) and the phosphorylation of Phospholamban (PLN). In acute-on-chronic ischemia, ABCB5+ MSCs treated mice showed a higher microvascular density, increased SERCA2a expression and PLN phosphorylation relative to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS ABCB5+ MSCs therapy can restore cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, which may beneficially affect the angiogenic function of endothelial cells under hypoxia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Yan
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jiaxing Zheng
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Lin Li
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Ganss
- TICEBA GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.476673.7RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373V Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard Magdeburg
- grid.411778.c0000 0001 2162 1728Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68161 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus H. Frank
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XTransplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.1038.a0000 0004 0389 4302School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Prama Pallavi
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68161, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Michael Keese
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department for General and Visceral Surgery, Theresienkrankenhaus Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68161, Mannheim, Germany.
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Xu L, Li G, Wang K, Xue T, Sun Q, Tang H, Cao X, Hu Z, Zhang S, Shi F. Exosomes from Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Mechanical Unloading Inhibit Osteogenic Differentiation via miR-92b-3p/ELK4 Axis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122030. [PMID: 36556251 PMCID: PMC9785449 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical unloading-related bone loss adversely harms astronauts' health. Nevertheless, the specific molecular basis underlying the phenomenon has not been completely elucidated. Although the bone microvasculature contributes significantly to bone homeostasis, the pathophysiological role of microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) in bone loss induced by mechanical unloading is not apparent. Here, we discovered that MC3T3-E1 cells could take up exosomes produced by MVECs under clinorotation-unloading conditions (Clino Exos), which then prevented MC3T3-E1 cells from differentiating into mature osteoblasts. Moreover, miR-92b-3p was found to be highly expressed in both unloaded MVECs and derived exosomes. Further experiments demonstrated that miR-92b-3p was transferred into MC3T3-E1 cells by exosomes, resulting in the suppression of osteogenic differentiation, and that encapsulating miR-92b-3p inhibitor into the Clino Exos blocked their inhibitory effects. Furthermore, miR-92b-3p targeted ELK4 and the expression of ELK4 was lessened when cocultured with Clino Exos. The inhibitor-92b-3p-promoted osteoblast differentiation was partially reduced by siRNA-ELK4. Exosomal miR-92b-3p secreted from MVECs under mechanical unloading has been shown for the first time to partially attenuate the function of osteoblasts through downregulation of ELK4, suggesting a potential strategy to protect against the mechanical unloading-induced bone loss and disuse osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (F.S.); Tel.: +86-29-8471-1231 (S.Z.)
| | - Fei Shi
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (F.S.); Tel.: +86-29-8471-1231 (S.Z.)
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Najdanović JG, Cvetković VJ, Stojanović ST, Vukelić-Nikolić MĐ, Živković JM, Najman SJ. Vascularization and osteogenesis in ectopically implanted bone tissue-engineered constructs with endothelial and osteogenic differentiated adipose-derived stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:91-114. [PMID: 33584982 PMCID: PMC7859989 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major problem in the healing of bone defects is insufficient or absent blood supply within the defect. To overcome this challenging problem, a plethora of approaches within bone tissue engineering have been developed recently. Bearing in mind that the interplay of various diffusible factors released by endothelial cells (ECs) and osteoblasts (OBs) have a pivotal role in bone growth and regeneration and that adjacent ECs and OBs also communicate directly through gap junctions, we set the focus on the simultaneous application of these cell types together with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a growth factor reservoir within ectopic bone tissue engineering constructs.
AIM To vascularize and examine osteogenesis in bone tissue engineering constructs enriched with PRP and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) induced into ECs and OBs.
METHODS ASCs isolated from adipose tissue, induced in vitro into ECs, OBs or just expanded were used for implant construction as followed: BPEO, endothelial and osteogenic differentiated ASCs with PRP and bone mineral matrix; BPUI, uninduced ASCs with PRP and bone mineral matrix; BC (control), only bone mineral matrix. At 1, 2, 4 and 8 wk after subcutaneous implantation in mice, implants were extracted and endothelial-related and bone-related gene expression were analyzed, while histological analyses were performed after 2 and 8 wk.
RESULTS The percentage of vascularization was significantly higher in BC compared to BPUI and BPEO constructs 2 and 8 wk after implantation. BC had the lowest endothelial-related gene expression, weaker osteocalcin immunoexpression and Spp1 expression compared to BPUI and BPEO. Endothelial-related gene expression and osteocalcin immunoexpression were higher in BPUI compared to BC and BPEO. BPEO had a higher percentage of vascularization compared to BPUI and the highest CD31 immunoexpression among examined constructs. Except Vwf, endothelial-related gene expression in BPEO had a later onset and was upregulated and well-balanced during in vivo incubation that induced late onset of Spp1 expression and pronounced osteocalcin immunoexpression at 2 and 8 wk. Tissue regression was noticed in BPEO constructs after 8 wk.
CONCLUSION Ectopically implanted BPEO constructs had a favorable impact on vascularization and osteogenesis, but tissue regression imposed the need for discovering a more optimal EC/OB ratio prior to considerations for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena G Najdanović
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics; Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš 18108, Serbia
| | - Vladimir J Cvetković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Niš 18106, Serbia
| | - Sanja T Stojanović
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics; Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš 18108, Serbia
| | - Marija Đ Vukelić-Nikolić
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics; Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš 18108, Serbia
| | - Jelena M Živković
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics; Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš 18108, Serbia
| | - Stevo J Najman
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics; Department for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš 18108, Serbia
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Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) Co-Culture with Osteogenic Cells: From Molecular Communication to Engineering Prevascularised Bone Grafts. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101602. [PMID: 31623330 PMCID: PMC6832897 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of bone defects caused by trauma, infection or tumor resection is a major clinical orthopedic challenge. The application of bone grafts in orthopedic procedures is associated with a problem of inadequate vascularization in the initial phase after implantation. Meanwhile, the survival of cells within the implanted graft and its integration with the host tissue is strongly dependent on nutrient and gaseous exchange, as well as waste product removal, which are effectuated by blood microcirculation. In the bone tissue, the vasculature also delivers the calcium and phosphate indispensable for the mineralization process. The critical role of vascularization for bone healing and function, led the researchers to the idea of generating a capillary-like network within the bone graft in vitro, which could allow increasing the cell survival and graft integration with a host tissue. New strategies for engineering pre-vascularized bone grafts, that apply the co-culture of endothelial and bone-forming cells, have recently gained interest. However, engineering of metabolically active graft, containing two types of cells requires deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of interaction between these cells. The present review focuses on the best-characterized endothelial cells-human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-attempting to estimate whether the co-culture approach, using these cells, could bring us closer to development and possible clinical application of prevascularized bone grafts.
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Inomata K, Honda M. Co-Culture of Osteoblasts and Endothelial Cells on a Microfiber Scaffold to Construct Bone-Like Tissue with Vascular Networks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2869. [PMID: 31491993 PMCID: PMC6765976 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone is based on an elaborate system of mineralization and vascularization. In hard tissue engineering, diverse biomaterials compatible with osteogenesis and angiogenesis have been developed. In the present study, to examine the processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, osteoblast-like MG-63 cells were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on a microfiber scaffold. The percentage of adherent cells on the scaffold was more than 60% compared to the culture plate, regardless of the cell type and culture conditions. Cell viability under both monoculture and co-culture conditions was constantly sustained. During the culture periods, the cells were spread along the fibers and extended pseudopodium-like structures on the microfibers three-dimensionally. Compared to the monoculture results, the alkaline phosphatase activity of the co-culture increased 3-6 fold, whereas the vascular endothelial cell growth factor secretion significantly decreased. Immunofluorescent staining of CD31 showed that HUVECs were well spread along the fibers and formed microcapillary-structures. These results suggest that the activation of HUVECs by co-culture with MG-63 could enhance osteoblastic differentiation in the microfiber scaffold, which mimics the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix. This approach can be effective for the construction of tissue-engineered bone with vascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Inomata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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Scheinpflug J, Pfeiffenberger M, Damerau A, Schwarz F, Textor M, Lang A, Schulze F. Journey into Bone Models: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E247. [PMID: 29748516 PMCID: PMC5977187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue with a variety of functions, such as providing mechanical stability for locomotion, protection of the inner organs, mineral homeostasis and haematopoiesis. To fulfil these diverse roles in the human body, bone consists of a multitude of different cells and an extracellular matrix that is mechanically stable, yet flexible at the same time. Unlike most tissues, bone is under constant renewal facilitated by a coordinated interaction of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. It is thus challenging to recreate bone in its complexity in vitro and most current models rather focus on certain aspects of bone biology that are of relevance for the research question addressed. In addition, animal models are still regarded as the gold-standard in the context of bone biology and pathology, especially for the development of novel treatment strategies. However, species-specific differences impede the translation of findings from animal models to humans. The current review summarizes and discusses the latest developments in bone tissue engineering and organoid culture including suitable cell sources, extracellular matrices and microfluidic bioreactor systems. With available technology in mind, a best possible bone model will be hypothesized. Furthermore, the future need and application of such a complex model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheinpflug
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Pfeiffenberger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Damerau
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Textor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Transit-Amplifying Cells in the Fast Lane from Stem Cells towards Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7602951. [PMID: 28835754 PMCID: PMC5556613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7602951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have a high potential to impact regenerative medicine. However, stem cells in adult tissues often proliferate at very slow rates. During development, stem cells may change first to a pluripotent and highly proliferative state, known as transit-amplifying cells. Recent advances in the identification and isolation of these undifferentiated and fast-dividing cells could bring new alternatives for cell-based transplants. The skin epidermis has been the target of necessary research about transit-amplifying cells; this work has mainly been performed in mammalian cells, but further work is being pursued in other vertebrate models, such as zebrafish. In this review, we present some insights about the molecular repertoire regulating the transition from stem cells to transit-amplifying cells or playing a role in the transitioning to fully differentiated cells, including gene expression profiles, cell cycle regulation, and cellular asymmetrical events. We also discuss the potential use of this knowledge in effective progenitor cell-based transplants in the treatment of skin injuries and chronic disease.
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Zhou H, You C, Wang X, Jin R, Wu P, Li Q, Han C. The progress and challenges for dermal regeneration in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1208-1218. [PMID: 28063210 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlei Zhou
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Chuangang You
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Pan Wu
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns; 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine; Hangzhou 310009 China
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Supportive angiogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial cells in monolayer and co-cultures. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:223-230. [PMID: 27910940 PMCID: PMC5168417 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sites of implantation with compromised biology may be unable to achieve the required level of angiogenic and osteogenic regeneration. The specific function and contribution of different cell types to the formation of prevascularized, osteogenic networks in co-culture remains unclear. To determine how bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to cellular proangiogenic differentiation, we analysed the differentiation of BMSCs and ECs in standardized monolayer, Transwell and co-cultures. BMSCs were derived from the iliac bone marrow of five patients, characterized and differentiated in standardized monolayers, permeable Transwells and co-cultures with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). The expression levels of CD31, von Willebrand factor, osteonectin (ON) and Runx2 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of alkaline phosphatase, ON and CD31 was demonstrated via histochemical and immunofluorescence analysis. The results showed that BMSCs and HUVECs were able to retain their lineage-specific osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation in direct and indirect co-cultures. In addition, BMSCs demonstrated a supportive expression of angiogenic function in co-culture, while HUVEC was able to improve the expression of osteogenic marker molecules in BMSCs.
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García JR, García AJ. Biomaterial-mediated strategies targeting vascularization for bone repair. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:77-95. [PMID: 26014967 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Repair of non-healing bone defects through tissue engineering strategies remains a challenging feat in the clinic due to the aversive microenvironment surrounding the injured tissue. The vascular damage that occurs following a bone injury causes extreme ischemia and a loss of circulating cells that contribute to regeneration. Tissue-engineered constructs aimed at regenerating the injured bone suffer from complications based on the slow progression of endogenous vascular repair and often fail at bridging the bone defect. To that end, various strategies have been explored to increase blood vessel regeneration within defects to facilitate both tissue-engineered and natural repair processes. Developments that induce robust vascularization will need to consolidate various parameters including optimization of embedded therapeutics, scaffold characteristics, and successful integration between the construct and the biological tissue. This review provides an overview of current strategies as well as new developments in engineering biomaterials to induce reparation of a functional vascular supply in the context of bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Costa F, Sousa Gomes P, Fernandes MH. Osteogenic and Angiogenic Response to Calcium Silicate–based Endodontic Sealers. J Endod 2016; 42:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Improving vascularization of engineered bone through the generation of pro-angiogenic effects in co-culture systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:116-25. [PMID: 25817732 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems with bone tissue engineering is the development of a rapid vascularization after implantation to supply the growing osteoblast cells with the nutrients to grow and survive as well as to remove waste products. It has been demonstrated that capillary-like structures produced in vitro will anastomose rapidly after implantation and become functioning blood vessels. For this reason, in recent years many studies have examined a variety of human osteoblast and endothelial cell co-culture systems in order to distribute osteoblasts on all parts of the bone scaffold and at the same time provide conditions for the endothelial cells to migrate to form a network of capillary-like structures throughout the osteoblast-colonized scaffold. The movement and proliferation of endothelial cells to form capillary-like structures is known as angiogenesis and is dependent on a variety of pro-angiogenic factors. This review summarizes human 2- and 3-D co-culture models to date, the types and origins of cells used in the co-cultures and the proangiogenic factors that have been identified in the co-culture models.
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Guerrero J, Oliveira H, Catros S, Siadous R, Derkaoui SM, Bareille R, Letourneur D, Amédée J. The use of total human bone marrow fraction in a direct three-dimensional expansion approach for bone tissue engineering applications: focus on angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:861-74. [PMID: 25333855 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches in bone tissue engineering have shown limited success, mostly owing to insufficient vascularization of the construct. A common approach consists of co-culture of endothelial cells and osteoblastic cells. This strategy uses cells from different sources and differentiation states, thus increasing the complexity upstream of a clinical application. The source of reparative cells is paramount for the success of bone tissue engineering applications. In this context, stem cells obtained from human bone marrow hold much promise. Here, we analyzed the potential of human whole bone marrow cells directly expanded in a three-dimensional (3D) polymer matrix and focused on the further characterization of this heterogeneous population and on their ability to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, in a subcutaneous model. Cellular aggregates were formed within 24 h and over the 12-day culture period expressed endothelial and bone-specific markers and a specific junctional protein. Ectopic implantation of the tissue-engineered constructs revealed osteoid tissue and vessel formation both at the periphery and within the implant. This work sheds light on the potential clinical use of human whole bone marrow for bone regeneration strategies, focusing on a simplified approach to develop a direct 3D culture without two-dimensional isolation or expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guerrero
- 1 Inserm, U1026, Tissue Bioengineering, University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France
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15
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Yuan Q, Li JJ, An CH, Sun L. Biological characteristics of rat dorsal root ganglion cell and human vascular endothelial cell in mono- and co-culture. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6949-56. [PMID: 25028268 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of rat dorsal root ganglion cell (DRGC) and human vascular endothelial cell (HMVEC) in mono- and co-culture. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Western blot analysis was used to identify VEGF and NGF protein expressions. Cell injury was assessed by measuring cell viability with methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The results showed that VEGF and NGF mRNA levels in the HMVEC+DRGC group were significantly higher than those in the DRGC and HMVEC groups (all p < 0.05). There were also greater increases in both VEGF and NGF protein expressions in the HMVEC+DRGC group than those in the DRGC and HMVEC groups (all p < 0.05). The results of MTT analysis revealed significant differences in cell viability among the HMVEC+DRGC group and the DRGC and HMVEC groups (all p < 0.05). In summary, our findings provide evidence that DRGC and HMVEC in co-culture may exhibit greater biological activity than DRGC in mono-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, San Hao Street No. 36, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China,
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16
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Ribeiro V, Garcia M, Oliveira R, Gomes PS, Colaço B, Fernandes MH. Bisphosphonates induce the osteogenic gene expression in co-cultured human endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 18:27-37. [PMID: 24373581 PMCID: PMC3916115 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are known to affect bone homeostasis and also to have anti-angiogenic properties. Because of the intimate relationship between angiogenesis and osteogenesis, this study analysed the effects of Alendronate (AL) and Zoledronate (ZL) in the expression of endothelial and osteogenic genes on interacting endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells, an issue that was not previously addressed. Alendronate and ZL, 10(-12) -10(-6) M, were evaluated in a direct co-culture system of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HMSC), over a period of 14 days. Experiments with the respective monocultures were run in parallel. Alendronate and ZL caused an initial dose-dependent stimulation in the cell proliferation in the monocultures and co-cultures, and did not interfere with their cellular organization. In HDMEC monocultures, the expression of the endothelial genes CD31, VE-cadherin and VEGFR2 was down-regulated by AL and ZL. In HMSC monocultures, the BPs inhibited VEGF expression, but up-regulated the expression of the osteogenic genes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) and osteocalcin (OC) and, to a greater extent, osteoprotegerin (OPG), a negative regulator of the osteoclastic differentiation, and increased ALP activity. In co-cultured HDMEC/HMSC, AL and ZL decreased the expression of endothelial genes but elicited an earlier and sustained overexpression of ALP, BMP-2, OC and OPG, compared with the monocultured cells; they also induced ALP activity. This study showed for the first time that AL and ZL greatly induced the osteogenic gene expression on interacting endothelial and mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ribeiro
- CECAV, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; FMDUP, Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Chang S, Czajka-Jakubowska A, Nör JE, Clarkson BH, Ni L, Liu J. Fluorapatite enhances mineralization of mesenchymal/endothelial cocultures. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:12-22. [PMID: 23859365 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the widely used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells appear to be a favorable cell source for hard tissue regeneration. Previously, fluorapatite was shown to stimulate and enhance mineralization of MSCs. This study aims to investigate the growth of endothelial cells on synthesized ordered fluorapatite surfaces and their effect on the mineralization of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) through coculture. Endothelial cells were grown on fluorapatite surfaces and characterized by cell counting, flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cells were then cocultured with ASCs and stained for alkaline phosphatase and mineral formation. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway perturbation and basic FGF (bFGF) treatment of the ASCs were also conducted to observe their effects on differentiation and mineralization of these cells. Fluorapatite surfaces showed good biocompatibility in supporting endothelial cells. Without a mineralization supplement, coculture with endothelial cells induced osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, which was further enhanced by the fluorapatite surfaces. This suggested a combined stimulating effect of endothelial cells and fluorapatite surfaces on the enhanced mineralization of ASCs. Greater amounts of bFGF release by endothelial cells alone or cocultures with ASCs stimulated by fluorapatite surfaces, together with FGF pathway perturbation and bFGF treatment results, suggested that the FGF signaling pathway may function in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- 1 Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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18
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Guerrero J, Catros S, Derkaoui SM, Lalande C, Siadous R, Bareille R, Thébaud N, Bordenave L, Chassande O, Le Visage C, Letourneur D, Amédée J. Cell interactions between human progenitor-derived endothelial cells and human mesenchymal stem cells in a three-dimensional macroporous polysaccharide-based scaffold promote osteogenesis. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:8200-13. [PMID: 23743130 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for bone tissue engineering. However, vascularization remains one of the main obstacles that must be overcome to reconstruct large bone defects. In vitro prevascularization of the three-dimensional (3-D) constructs using co-cultures of human progenitor-derived endothelial cells (PDECs) with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) appeared as a potential strategy. However, the crosstalk between the two lineages has been studied in two-dimensional (2-D), but remains unknown in 3-D. The aim of this study is to investigate the cell interactions between PDECs and HBMSCs in a porous matrix composed of polysaccharides. This biodegradable scaffold promotes cell interactions by inducing multicellular aggregates composed of HBMSCs surrounded by PDECs. Cell aggregation contributes to the formation of junctional proteins composed of Connexin43 (Cx43) and VE-cadherin, and an activation of osteoblastic differentiation of HBMSCs stimulated by the presence of PDECs. Inhibition of Cx43 by mimetic peptide 43GAP27 induced a decrease in mRNA levels of Cx43 and all the bone-specific markers. Finally, subcutaneous implantations for 3 and 8 weeks in NOG mice revealed an increase in osteoid formation with the tissue-engineered constructs seeded with HBMSCs/PDECs compared with those loaded with HBMSCs alone. Taking together, these results demonstrate that this 3-D microenvironment favored cell communication, osteogenesis and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guerrero
- Inserm, U1026, Tissue Bioengineering, University Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France.
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Cell-based approaches to the engineering of vascularized bone tissue. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:1309-22. [PMID: 23999157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent efforts to create vascularized bone tissue in vitro and in vivo through the use of cell-based therapy approaches. The treatment of large and recalcitrant bone wounds is a serious clinical problem, and in the United States approximately 10% of all fractures are complicated by delayed union or non-union. Treatment approaches with the use of growth factor and gene delivery have shown some promise, but results are variable and clinical complications have arisen. Cell-based therapies offer the potential to recapitulate key components of the bone-healing cascade, which involves concomitant regeneration of vasculature and new bone tissue. For this reason, osteogenic and vasculogenic cell types have been combined in co-cultures to capitalize on the function of each cell type and to promote heterotypic interactions. Experiments in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems have provided insight into the mechanisms by which osteogenic and vasculogenic cells interact to form vascularized bone, and these approaches have been translated to ectopic and orthotopic models in small-animal studies. The knowledge generated by these studies will inform and facilitate the next generation of pre-clinical studies, which are needed to move cell-based orthopaedic repair strategies into the clinic. The science and application of cytotherapy for repair of large and ischemic bone defects is developing rapidly and promises to provide new treatment methods for these challenging clinical problems.
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