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Almuntashiri S, Alhumaid A, Zhu Y, Han Y, Dutta S, Khilji O, Zhang D, Wang X. TIMP-1 and its potential diagnostic and prognostic value in pulmonary diseases. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2023; 1:67-76. [PMID: 38343891 PMCID: PMC10857872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) have caught the attention of many scientists due to their role in various physiological and pathological processes. TIMP-1, 2, 3, and 4 are known members of the TIMPs family. TIMPs exert their biological effects by, but are not limited to, inhibiting the activity of metalloproteases (MMPs). The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is critical for maintaining homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), while the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs can lead to pathological changes, such as cancer. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of TIMP-1 in several pulmonary diseases namely, acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Considering the potential of TIMP-1 serving as a non-invasive diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, we also reviewed the circulating TIMP-1 levels in translational and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhumaid
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saugata Dutta
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ohmed Khilji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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He L, Norris C, Cui X, Li Z, Barkjohn KK, Teng Y, Fang L, Lin L, Wang Q, Zhou X, Hong J, Li F, Zhang Y, Schauer JJ, Black M, Bergin MH, Zhang JJ. Role of endogenous melatonin in pathophysiologic and oxidative stress responses to personal air pollutant exposures in asthmatic children. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145709. [PMID: 33940766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightening oxidative stress and inflammation is an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying air pollution health effects in people with asthma. Melatonin can suppress oxidative stress and inflammation in pulmonary and circulatory systems. However, the role of melatonin in the oxidative stress and physiological responses to air pollution exposure has not been examined in children with asthma. METHODS In this panel study of 43 asthmatic children (5-13 years old), each child had 4 clinic visits with a 2-week interval between two consecutive visits. At each visit, urine samples were collected and subsequently analyzed for 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) as a surrogate of circulating melatonin and for malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as two biomarkers of systemic oxidative stress. At each clinic visit, children were measured for pulmonary function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO, a marker of pulmonary inflammation). None of the children reported to have taking melatonin supplementation. Concentrations of indoor and ambient PM2.5 and ozone (O3) were combined with individual time-activity data to calculate personal air pollutant exposures. RESULTS We found that interquartile range increases in urinary MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations were associated with significantly increased urinary aMT6s concentrations by 73.4% (95% CI: 52.6% to 97.0%) and 41.7% (22.8% to 63.4%), respectively. Increases in daily personal exposure to O3 and to PM2.5 were each associated with increased urinary aMT6s concentrations. Increasing urinary aMT6s concentrations were associated with decreased FeNO and resonant frequency, indicating improved airway inflammation and lung elasticity, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggest that systemic oxidative stress heightened by air pollution exposure may stimulate melatonin excretion as a defense mechanism to alleviate the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina Norris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Karoline K Barkjohn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yanbo Teng
- Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michael H Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Cinetto F, Agostini C. Advances in understanding the immunopathology of sarcoidosis and implications on therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:973-88. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1181541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang FP, Fan YQ, Li SY, Mao H. Biomarkers of in vivo fluorescence imaging in allergic airway inflammation. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:100-5. [PMID: 26902991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airway inflammation is a central component of the manifestation of asthma but is relatively inaccessible to study. Current imaging techniques such as X-ray CT, MRI, and PET, have advanced noninvasive research on pulmonary diseases. However, these techniques mainly facilitate the anatomical or structural assessment of the diseased lung and/or typically use radioactive agents. In vivo fluorescence imaging is a novel method for noninvasive, real-time, and specific monitoring of lung airway inflammation, which is particularly important to gain a further understanding asthma. Compared to conventional techniques, fluorescent imaging has the advantages of rapid feedback, as well as high sensitivity and resolution. Recently, there has been an increase in the identification of biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, selectins, folate receptor-beta, nanoparticles, as well as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-F to assess the level of airway inflammation in asthma. Recent advances in our understanding of these biomarkers as molecular probes for in vivo imaging are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Qi Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su-Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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5
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Facco M, Cabrelle A, Calabrese F, Teramo A, Cinetto F, Carraro S, Martini V, Calzetti F, Tamassia N, Cassatella MA, Semenzato G, Agostini C. TL1A/DR3 axis involvement in the inflammatory cytokine network during pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin Mol Allergy 2015; 13:16. [PMID: 26240517 PMCID: PMC4522997 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-015-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A), a recently recognized member of the TNF superfamily, and its death domain receptor 3 (DR3), firstly identified for their relevant role in T lymphocyte homeostasis, are now well-known mediators of several immune-inflammatory diseases, ranging from rheumatoid arthritis to inflammatory bowel diseases to psoriasis, whereas no data are available on their involvement in sarcoidosis, a multisystemic granulomatous disease where a deregulated T helper (Th)1/Th17 response takes place. Methods In this study, by flow cytometry, real-time PCR, confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry analyses, TL1A and DR3 were investigated in the pulmonary cells and the peripheral blood of 43 patients affected by sarcoidosis in different phases of the disease (29 patients with active sarcoidosis, 14 with the inactive form) and in 8 control subjects. Results Our results demonstrated a significant higher expression, both at protein and mRNA levels, of TL1A and DR3 in pulmonary T cells and alveolar macrophages of patients with active sarcoidosis as compared to patients with the inactive form of the disease and to controls. In patients with sarcoidosis TL1A was strongly more expressed in the lung than the blood, i.e., at the site of the involved organ. Additionally, zymography assays showed that TL1A is able to increase the production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by sarcoid alveolar macrophages characterized, in patients with the active form of the disease, by reduced mRNA levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Conclusions These data suggest that TL1A/DR3 interactions are part of the extended and complex immune-inflammatory network that characterizes sarcoidosis during its active phase and may contribute to the pathogenesis and to the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Facco
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy ; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - A Cabrelle
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - F Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - A Teramo
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy ; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - F Cinetto
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - S Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy ; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - F Calzetti
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - N Tamassia
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M A Cassatella
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy ; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - C Agostini
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Clinical Immunology Branch, Padua University School of Medicine, Padua, Italy ; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
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Hur GY, Park HS. Biological and genetic markers in occupational asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2015; 15:488. [PMID: 25430950 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Occupational asthma (OA) is a complex disease that is often hard to diagnose due to difficulties in detecting relevant exposure, along with inherent differences in disease susceptibility. Numerous studies have attempted to identify relevant biological and genetic markers for OA and to devise tools capable of detecting exposure to the causative agent. Immunological markers, including skin prick test reactivity and specific IgE and IgG antibodies can be used to detect high-molecular-weight allergens in cases of baker's asthma. For OA induced by low-molecular-weight agents, such as isocyanate, potential biomarkers include serum-specific IgE and IgG antibodies to isocyanate-HSA conjugate and IgG to cytokeratin 19 and transglutaminase-2. For protein-based markers, ferritin/transferrin and vitamin D-binding protein levels have been suggested for isocyanate-OA. Genetic markers of susceptibility to isocyanate-OA include human leukocyte antigen and CTNNA3. Further investigations will be needed to identify better biomarkers for OA, which may be used to inform clinical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Young Hur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-Ro, Guro, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea,
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Li C, Zhao Y, Yang D, Yu Y, Guo H, Zhao Z, Zhang B, Yin X. Inhibitory effects of kaempferol on the invasion of human breast carcinoma cells by downregulating the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:16-27. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been regarded as major critical molecules assisting tumor cells during metastasis, for excessive ECM (ECM) degradation, and cancer cell invasion. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo assays were employed to examine the inhibitory effects of kaempferol, a natural polyphenol of flavonoid family, on tumor metastasis. Data showed that kaempferol could inhibit adhesion, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells. Moreover, kaempferol led to the reduced activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which were detected by gelatin zymography, real-time PCR, and western blot analysis, respectively. Further elucidation of the mechanism revealed that kaempferol treatment inhibited the activation of transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) and MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, kaempferol repressed phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced MMP-9 expression and activity through suppressing the translocation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results also indicated that kaempferol could block the lung metastasis of B16F10 murine melanoma cells as well as the expression of MMP-9 in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrated that kaempferol could inhibit cancer cell invasion through blocking the PKCδ/MAPK/AP-1 cascade and subsequent MMP-9 expression and its activity. Therefore, kaempferol might act as a therapeutic potential candidate for cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanwei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Tongshan Road 209#, 221004, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Shin IS, Park JW, Shin NR, Jeon CM, Kwon OK, Kim JS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS. Melatonin reduces airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthma. Immunobiology 2014; 219:901-8. [PMID: 25161126 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease that is recognized as a major public health problem. In this study, we evaluated the effects of melatonin on allergic asthma using a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma and BEAS-2B cells. To induce allergic asthma, the mice were sensitized and airway-challenged with OVA. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection once per day at doses of 10 and 15 mg/kg from days 21 to 23 after the initial OVA sensitization. We investigated the effects of melatonin on proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and expression in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. The administration of melatonin significantly decreased the number of inflammatory cells, airway hyperresponsiveness, and immunoglobulin (Ig) E with reductions in interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Melatonin attenuated the airway inflammation and the mucus production in lung tissue and significantly suppressed elevated MMP-9 expression and activity induced by an OVA challenge. In TNF-α-stimulated BEAS-2B cells, treatment with melatonin significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and lowered the expression and activity of MMP-9. These results indicate that melatonin effectively suppressed allergic asthma induced by an OVA challenge. The results suggest a potential role for melatonin in treating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sik Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Mi Jeon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 40 Jwagong-gil, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea.
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Cho SH, Oh SY, Lane AP, Lee J, Oh MH, Lee S, Zheng T, Zhu Z. Regulation of nasal airway homeostasis and inflammation in mice by SHP-1 and Th2/Th1 signaling pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103685. [PMID: 25090641 PMCID: PMC4121172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease orchestrated by Th2 lymphocytes. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 is known to be a negative regulator in the IL-4α/STAT-6 signaling pathway of the lung. However, the role of SHP-1 enzyme and its functional relationship with Th2 and Th1 cytokines are not known in the nasal airway. In this study, we aimed to study the nasal inflammation as a result of SHP-1 deficiency in viable motheaten (mev) mice and to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved. Cytology, histology, and expression of cytokines and chemokines were analyzed to define the nature of the nasal inflammation. Targeted gene depletion of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines was used to identify the critical pathways involved. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were studied to demonstrate the clearance mechanism of recruited inflammatory cells into the nasal airway. We showed here that mev mice had a spontaneous allergic rhinitis-like inflammation with eosinophilia, mucus metaplasia, up-regulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), chemokines (eotaxin), and MMPs. All of these inflammatory mediators were clearly counter-regulated by Th2 and Th1 cytokines. Deletion of IFN-γ gene induced a strong Th2-skewed inflammation with transepithelial migration of the inflammatory cells. These findings suggest that SHP-1 enzyme and Th2/Th1 paradigm may play a critical role in the maintenance of nasal immune homeostasis and in the regulation of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joan Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seakwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Qiu DM, Chen SH, Cao SP, Xia XL. Suppression of Human Breast Cancer Cell Metastasis by Coptisine in Vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5747-51. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Cells and mediators in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13:125-31. [PMID: 23324746 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diisocyanates are the most common cause of occupational asthma in many industrialized countries, and various pathogenic mechanisms have been suggested to be involved. Occupational asthma causes airway remodeling unless diagnosed and treated within a proper time frame. However, treatment modalities are limited because of an insufficient understanding regarding underlying pathogenic mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Several immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms have been suggested, indicating that the pathogenesis of occupational asthma may be more complex than other types of asthma. Airway epithelial cells are the first to encounter diisocyanates and orchestrate various responses, such as cytokine release, oxidative stress generation, and autoantibody formation. Some evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immune responses. Additional evidence suggests that other mechanisms are involved in diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma. One such candidate mechanism is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress has been shown to trigger and aid in the development of diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma in human samples and genetic studies, and some therapeutic trials were performed based on this finding. SUMMARY Diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma may be caused by a complex interaction of innate and adaptive immune responses. The knowledge presented in this review may help lead to the development of new treatment modalities through an increased understanding of occupational asthma pathogenesis.
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VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, inhibits migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:217-26. [PMID: 22538171 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been well characterized that flavonoids possess pronounced anticancer potentials including anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis, and pro-apoptosis. Herein, we report, for the first time, that VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, possesses anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-migration and anti-invasion activities of VI-14 in breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that VI-14 inhibits adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with VI-14 display reduced activities and expressions of ECM degradation-associated proteins including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) at both the protein and mRNA levels. Meanwhile, VI-14 treatment induces an up-regulated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and 2 (TIMP-2) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting results show that phosphorylation levels of critical components of the MAPK signaling pathway, including ERK, JNK and P38, are dramatically decreased in VI-14-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, treatment of VI-14 significantly decreases the nuclear levels and the binding ability of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Taken together, our data suggest that VI-14 treatment suppresses migration and motility of breast cancer cells, and VI-14 may be a potential compound for cancer therapy.
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Kim JH, Kim JE, Choi GS, Kim HY, Ye YM, Park HS. Serum cytokines markers in toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Respir Med 2011; 105:1091-4. [PMID: 21439806 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toluene diisocyante-induced occupational asthma (TDI-OA) is an inflammatory disease of airway, composing inflammatory cells and cytokines associated with airway remodeling. Majority of the patients with TDI-OA presented persistent asthma. Therefore, early diagnosis is essential for the favorable prognosis. We investigated to identify serologic markers for early diagnosis of TDI-OA. METHODS We enrolled 69 patients with TDI-OA and 95 asymptomatic exposed controls (AECs). Neutrophil-related cytokines, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), as well as airway remodeling-related cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured by ELISA in the sera of each subject. To evaluate the validity of the each cytokine and combined cytokines for discriminating between TDI-OA and AEC, Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used. RESULTS There were significant differences in the serum levels of MMP-9 and VEGF between two groups (p < 0.05). Using the optimal cutoff value of MMP-9 (182.96 ng/mL), the sensitivity and specificity were 79.7% and 80.0%, respectively, with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.815. When the cytokines were combined to improve sensitivity, the combined values of MMP-9, VEGF, and IL-8 comprised the best set, for which the AUC increased to 0.822 and the sensitivity increased to 82.6% but specificity decreased to 75.8%. CONCLUSIONS The single serum cytokine MMP-9 level or the combined cytokines MMP-9, VEGF, and IL-8 can be used as meaningful serologic markers for identifying patients with TDI-OA among exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hee Kim
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, San-5, Wonchon-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 442-749, South Korea
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Piirilä P, Lauhio A, Majuri ML, Meuronen A, Myllärniemi M, Tervahartiala T, Vuorinen K, Laitinen A, Alenius H, Kinnula VL, Sorsa T. Matrix metalloproteinases-7, -8, -9 and TIMP-1 in the follow-up of diisocyanate-induced asthma. Allergy 2010; 65:61-8. [PMID: 19804449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diisocyanate-induced asthma (DIA) is known to be associated with poor prognosis. We wished to clarify if matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7, -8 or -9 or tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-1) are associated with the functional or inflammatory outcome in DIA patients. METHODS This is a longitudinal study where 17 patients with DIA diagnosed by a specific challenge test to diisocyanates were monitored. Exposure to diisocyanates was terminated seven (mean) months before the challenge test. The studies included spirometry, histamine challenge test and bronchoscopy. MMP-7, MMP-8, TIMP-1 [Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)- and immunofluorometric assay-methods], MMP-9 (ELISA and zymography), interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, -8, -15, -17, CXCL-5/ENA-78, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) (ELISA) were assayed from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Inhaled steroid therapy was initiated after the examinations, which were repeated at 6 months and at 3 years during the treatment. The results were compared with those of 15 healthy controls. RESULTS Inhaled steroid medication increased BAL levels of MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 and decreased MMP-7 and MMP-7/TIMP-1. The increase in MMP-9 levels was associated with a decline in the TH-2 type inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that reduced TH-2 type inflammation in DIA after inhaled steroid medication is reflected as elevated MMP-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 levels in BAL. MIF may be the inducer of MMP-9. This might point to some protective role for MMP-9 in DIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Piirilä
- Laboratory of Clinical Physiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Kim JA, Kang YR, Thapa D, Lee JS, Park MA, Lee KH, Lyoo WS, Lee YR. Anti-Invasive and Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Xanthohumol and Its Synthetic Derivatives. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.4.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Samuel CS, Royce SG, Chen B, Cao H, Gossen JA, Tregear GW, Tang MLK. Relaxin family peptide receptor-1 protects against airway fibrosis during homeostasis but not against fibrosis associated with chronic allergic airways disease. Endocrinology 2009; 150:1495-502. [PMID: 18974264 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous relaxin has recently been demonstrated to protect the airway/lung against age-related fibrosis and against inflammation-associated airway fibrosis in animal models of allergic airways disease (AAD). In the current study, we examined the contribution of the primary relaxin receptor, relaxin family peptide receptor-1 (RXFP1), in mediating these effects of relaxin. Lung tissues from healthy aging RXFP1 gene-knockout (Rxfp1(-/-)) and wild-type (Rxfp1(+/+)) mice and from 8- to 10-wk-old Rxfp1(-/-) and Rxfp1(+/+) mice subjected to a mouse model of AAD were assessed for various markers of airway fibrosis and remodeling. Male and female Rxfp1(-/-) mice demonstrated an age-related progression of airway/lung fibrosis. Saline-treated Rxfp1(-/-) mice had significantly increased myofibroblast differentiation and lung collagen deposition (both P < 0.05), decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and activity (P < 0.05), but equivalent levels of MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to that measured in saline-treated Rxfp1(+/+) mice. As expected, ovalbumin (OVA)-treated Rxfp1(+/+) mice developed markedly increased lung myofibroblast differentiation and collagen deposition (both P < 0.01 vs saline-treated Rxfp1(+/+) mice), significantly decreased lung MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity and increased TIMP-1 expression (all P < 0.05 vs. respective measurements from saline-treated Rxfp1(+/+) mice). Surprisingly, however, OVA-treated Rxfp1(-/-) animals had equivalent levels of airway fibrosis and gelatinase activity but increased TIMP-1 expression (P < 0.05) compared with OVA-treated Rxfp1(+/+) mice. These combined findings demonstrate that RXFP1 is involved in mediating relaxin's effects on airway fibrosis during homeostasis but not during inflammation-induced fibrosis associated with chronic AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Florey Institute , University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Lee KJ, Hwang SJ, Choi JH, Jeong HG. Saponins derived from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit HT-1080 cell invasion and MMPs activities: Regulation of NF-κB activation via ROS signal pathway. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:233-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen P, McGuire JK, Hackman RC, Kim KH, Black RA, Poindexter K, Yan W, Liu P, Chen AJ, Parks WC, Madtes DK. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 moderates airway re-epithelialization by regulating matrilysin activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1256-70. [PMID: 18385523 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the histopathological finding in chronic lung allograft rejection. Mounting evidence suggests that epithelial damage drives the development of airway fibrosis in OB. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression increases in lung allografts and is associated with the onset of allograft rejection. Furthermore, in a mouse model of OB, airway obliteration is reduced in TIMP-1-deficient mice. Matrilysin (matrix metallproteinase-7) is essential for airway epithelial repair and is required for the re-epithelialization of airway wounds by facilitating cell migration; therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether TIMP-1 inhibits re-epithelialization through matrilysin. We found that TIMP-1 and matrilysin co-localized in the epithelium of human lungs with OB and both co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated in wounded primary airway epithelial cultures. TIMP-1-deficient cultures migrated faster, and epithelial cells spread to a greater extent compared with wild-type cultures. TIMP-1 also inhibited matrilysin-mediated cell migration and spreading in vitro. In vivo, TIMP-1 deficiency enhanced airway re-epithelialization after naphthalene injury. Furthermore, TIMP-1 and matrilysin co-localized in airway epithelial cells adjacent to the wound edge. Our data demonstrate that TIMP-1 interacts with matrix metalloproteinases and regulates matrilysin activity during airway epithelial repair. Furthermore, we speculate that TIMP-1 overexpression restricts airway re-epithelialization by inhibiting matrilysin activity, contributing to a stereotypic injury response that promotes airway fibrosis via bronchiole airway epithelial damage and obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Evaluation of the effects of toluene inhalation on alveolar epithelial permeability by 99mTc-DTPA inhalation scintigraphy in automobile painters. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:45-52. [PMID: 18049097 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3282f1b9db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main component of paint thinner used in industry is toluene diisocyanate (TDI) which can cause occupational asthma in 5-10% of exposed workers. AIM To investigate the effect of TDI on 99mTc clearance rate of alveolar epithelium and on pulmonary function tests (PFT) in automobile painters, and to determine the relationship between 99mTc-DTPA radioaerosol lung scintigraphy and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes and metalloproteinases (MMPs) of automobile painters. METHODS Twenty-eight automobile painters and 13 control subjects were included in the study. 99mTc-DTPA aerosol inhalation scintigraphy and PFT were administered to all subjects. Clearance half-time (T1/2) and penetration index (PI) on the first-minute image after 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy were calculated. Blood levels of MDA, antioxidant enzymes and metalloproteinases were measured. RESULTS The mean T1/2 values of automobile painters were longer in both smoker and non-smoker subjects, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Although the PFT values decreased in automobile painters, there was no significant difference between each group. Any correlation between spirometric measurements and T1/2 or PI values in non-smoking automobile painters was not detected. Negative correlation among mean T1/2 value and FVC% and FEV1% in smoking automobile painters, and positive correlation between mean T1/2 value and MMP-9, GSH-Px levels in non-smoking automobile painters were detected. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the clearance of 99mTc-DTPA from the lungs of automobile painters was slower than in the control group, but the difference is not statistically significant. This data also supports the observation that TDI occasionally stimulates bronchial changes rather than alveolar changes in automobile painters.
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Ye YM, Kang YM, Kim SH, Kim CW, Kim HR, Hong CS, Park CS, Kim HM, Nahm DH, Park HS. Relationship between neurokinin 2 receptor gene polymorphisms and serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels in patients with toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1153-60. [PMID: 16961715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the various pathogenic mechanisms of toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma, a contribution from neurogenic inflammation has been suggested. OBJECTIVE To evaluate neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2R) gene polymorphisms in association with the clinical phenotype of TDI-induced asthma, 70 TDI-induced occupational asthma (TDI-OA)patients, 59 asymptomatic exposed controls (AEC), and 93 unexposed healthy controls (NC) were enrolled in the study. METHODS Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NK2R, 7853G>A (Gly231Glu) and 11 424G>A (Arg375His), were genotyped using a single base extension method. The levels of PC20 methacholine, specific IgE and IgG to TDI-human serum albumin conjugate, and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9, and TGF-beta1 were compared according to the NK2R genotypes of the subjects with TDI-OA and AEC. RESULTS No significant differences in allele, genotype, or haplotype frequencies of these two SNPs were noted among the three groups (P>0.05, respectively). Moreover, subjects with the NK2R 7853GG genotype had higher serum VEGF levels than those with GA or AA among the TDI-exposed workers (P=0.040). CONCLUSION The NK2R 7853GG genotype may contribute to increased serum VEGF levels, which result in airway inflammation after TDI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-M Ye
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Pauluhn J, Mohr U. Experimental approaches to evaluate respiratory allergy in animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:203-34. [PMID: 15816351 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is defined as a chronic disease of the entire lung and asthma attacks may either be immediate, delayed or dual in onset. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the airways and its etiology is multifactorial. It involves the recruitment and activation of many inflammatory and structural cells, all of which release mediators that result in typical pathological changes of asthma. A wealth of clinical and experimental data suggests that allergic asthma is due to an aberrant lung immune response mediated through T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and associated cytokine-signaling pathways. The pathology of asthma is associated with reversible narrowing of airways, associated with prominent features that involve structural changes in the airway walls and extracellular matrix remodeling including abnormalities of bronchial smooth muscle, eosinophilic inflammation of the bronchial wall, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mucous glands. The primary objective of respiratory allergy tests is to determine whether a low-molecular-weight chemical (hapten) or high-molecular-weight compound (antigen) exhibits sensitizing properties to the respiratory tract. This may range from reactions occurring in the nose (allergic rhinitis), in the bronchial airways (i.e., allergic bronchitis, asthma) or alveoli (e.g., hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Current assays utilize several phases, viz. an induction phase, which includes multiple exposures to the test compound (sensitization) via the respiratory tract (e.g., by intranasal or intratracheal instillations), by inhalation exposures or by dermal contact, and a single or multiple challenge or elicitation phase. The challenge can either be with the chemical (hapten), the homologous protein conjugate of the hapten or the antigen. The choice depends both on the irritant potency and the physical form (vapor, aerosol) of the hapten. The appropriate selection of concentrations (dosages) both for the induction and elicitation of respiratory allergy appears to be paramount for the outcome of test. Endpoints to characterize positive response range from the induction of immunoglobulins, cytokine or lymphokine patterns in serum (or the lung) to (patho-)physiological reactions typifying asthma. None of the currently applied animal models duplicate all features of human asthma. Accordingly, the specific pros and cons of the selected animal model, including protocol variables, animal species and strain selected, must be interpreted cautiously in order to arrive at a meaningful extrapolation for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pauluhn
- Institute of Toxicology, BA YER HealthCare, Wuppertal 42096, Germany.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000162314.10050.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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