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Li Q, Zhang X, Feng Q, Zhou H, Ma C, Lin C, Wang D, Yin J. Common Allergens and Immune Responses Associated with Allergic Rhinitis in China. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:851-861. [PMID: 37609376 PMCID: PMC10441643 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s420328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic allergic disease of the upper respiratory system that affects approximately 10-40% of the global population. Due to the large number of plant pollen allergens with obvious seasonal variations, AR is common in China. AR is primarily caused by the abnormal regulation of the immune system. Its pathophysiological mechanism involves a series of immune cells and immune mediators, including cytokines. The present review summarizes the common allergens in China and the complex pathophysiological mechanism of AR. Additionally, host allergen contact, signal transduction, immune cell activation, cytokine release, and a series of inflammatory reactions are described according to their sequence of occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Ma
- Hepatology Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Bacher P, Scheffold A. The effect of regulatory T cells on tolerance to airborne allergens and allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 142:1697-1709. [PMID: 30527063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3-positive regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential mediators of tolerance against self-antigens and harmless exogenous antigens. Treg cell deficiencies result in multiple autoimmune and allergic syndromes in neonates. How Treg cells affect conventional allergies against aeroantigens, which are restricted to a few specific proteins released from inhaled particles, remains controversial. The hallmarks of antigen-specific loss of tolerance are allergen-specific TH2 cells and IgE. However, difficulties in identifying the rare allergen-specific Treg cells have obscured the cellular basis of tolerance to aeroallergens, which is also a major obstacle for the rational design of novel and more efficient allergen-specific immunotherapies. Recent technological progress allowing characterization of allergen-specific effectors and Treg cells with minimal in vitro manipulation revealed their detailed contribution to tolerance. The data identified inhaled particles as immunodominant Treg cell targets in healthy and allergic subjects. Conversely, the supposed immunodominant major allergens being rapidly released from inhaled particles apparently do not actively induce tolerance but are ignored by the immune system. Here, the partially contradictory data on various allergen-specific T-cell types in healthy subjects, allergic patients, and patients undergoing allergen-specific immunotherapy are discussed and integrated into one model, postulating Treg cell-dependent and Treg cell-independent checkpoints of tolerance and allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bacher
- Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute for Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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3
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Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses against aeroantigens and their role in allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1537-1550. [PMID: 29858582 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of the respiratory tract is specialized to continuously monitor the external environment and to protect against invading pathogens, while maintaining tolerance to innocuous inhaled particles. Allergies result from a loss of tolerance against harmless antigens characterized by formation of allergen-specific Th2 cells and IgE. Tolerance is often described as a balance between harmful Th2 cells and various types of protective "regulatory" T cells. However, the identity of the protective T cells in healthy vs. allergic individuals or following successful allergen-specific therapy is controversially discussed. Recent technological progress enabling the identification of antigen-specific effector and regulatory T cells has significantly contributed to our understanding of tolerance. Here we discuss the experimental evidence for the various tolerance mechanisms described. We try to integrate the partially contradictory data into a new model proposing different mechanism of tolerance depending on the quality and quantity of the antigens as well as the way of antigen exposure. Understanding the basis of tolerance is essential for the rational design of novel and more efficient immunotherapies.
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4
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Jordakieva G, Jensen-Jarolim E. The impact of allergen exposure and specific immunotherapy on circulating blood cells in allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:19. [PMID: 30128065 PMCID: PMC6092783 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa with well described local immune responses during allergen exposure. The frequent association of AR with general extra-nasal symptoms and other allergic conditions, such as conjunctivitis and asthma, however, support a more systemic disease impact. In addition to acute elevation of soluble inflammatory mediators in periphery blood, a growing number of studies have reported changes in circulating blood cells after specific nasal allergen challenge or environmental allergen exposure. These findings imply an involvement of specific blood leukocyte subsets, thrombocytes and recently, erythrocytes. This review summarizes the circulating blood cell dynamics associated with allergen exposure in AR subjects reported so far. Additionally, the impact of therapy, particularly allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the only currently available causal treatment reducing AR-related symptoms, is further considered in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galateja Jordakieva
- 1Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- 2Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,The interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210 Austria.,AllergyCare, Allergy Diagnosis and Study Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Miller RL, Zhang H, Jezioro J, De Planell Saguer M, Lovinsky-Desir S, Liu X, Perzanowski M, Divjan A, Phipatanakul W, Matsui EC. Reduced mouse allergen is associated with epigenetic changes in regulatory genes, but not mouse sensitization, in asthmatic children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:619-624. [PMID: 28454014 PMCID: PMC5503684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to mouse allergen may contribute greatly to the inner-city asthma burden. We hypothesized that reducing mouse allergen exposure may modulate the immunopathology underlying symptomatic pediatric allergic asthma, and that this occurs through epigenetic regulation. To test this hypothesis, we studied a cohort of mouse sensitized, persistent asthmatic inner-city children undergoing mouse allergen-targeted integrated pest management (IPM) vs education in a randomized controlled intervention trial. We found that decreasing mouse allergen exposure, but not cockroach, was associated with reduced FOXP3 buccal DNA promoter methylation, but this was unrelated to mouse specific IgE production. This finding suggests that the environmental epigenetic regulation of an immunomodulatory gene may occur following changing allergen exposures in some highly exposed cohorts. Given the clinical and public health importance of inner-city pediatric asthma and the potential impact of environmental interventions, further studies will be needed to corroborate changes in epigenetic regulation following changing exposures over time, and determine their impact on asthma morbidity in susceptible children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, 11th Floor, New York City, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jacqueline Jezioro
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mariangels De Planell Saguer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, PH8E-101B, 630 W. 168th St., New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 3959 Broadway, CHC 7-701, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Medical Center, 722 W 168 St, 6 Floor, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, 11th Floor, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adnan Divjan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, 11th Floor, New York City, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Matsui
- Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CMSC 1102, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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6
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Aguerri M, Calzada D, Martin E, Florido F, Quiralte J, Delgado J, Miranda A, López-Cacho J, Gallardo S, Lahoz C, Cárdaba B. FOXP3 and TGF-β: Differential Regulatory Molecules between Sensitization and Tolerance to Olive Pollen. EUR J INFLAMM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1201000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Aguerri
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Calzada
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Martin
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
| | - F. Florido
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - J. Quiralte
- Allergy Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. Delgado
- Allergy Department, Policlínico, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A. Miranda
- Allergy Department, Hospital Civil, Málaga, Spain
| | - J.M. López-Cacho
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Gallardo
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Lahoz
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
| | - B. Cárdaba
- Immunology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, CIBERES, Spain
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Eguíluz-Gracia I, Bosco A, Dollner R, Melum GR, Lexberg MH, Jones AC, Dheyauldeen SA, Holt PG, Bækkevold ES, Jahnsen FL. Rapid recruitment of CD14 + monocytes in experimentally induced allergic rhinitis in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1872-1881.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ballke C, Gran E, Baekkevold ES, Jahnsen FL. Characterization of Regulatory T-Cell Markers in CD4+ T Cells of the Upper Airway Mucosa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148826. [PMID: 26866695 PMCID: PMC4751285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells the regulate immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. Most reports on human Tregs are derived from studies of peripheral blood, although Tregs mainly exert their functions in the periphery. Here we performed a detailed analysis of Tregs in the human upper airway mucosa under non-inflammatory conditions, and found that 10% of all CD4+ T cells expressed the transcription factor FOXP3 and the memory marker CD45RO, as well as high levels of CTLA-4. The majority of FOXP3+CD4+ T cells co-expressed the transcription factor Helios and produced very little cytokines, compatible with being thymus-derived Tregs. FOXP3+Helios-CD4+ T cells were more heterogeneous. A mean of 24% produced the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10, whereas a large fraction also produced IL-2, IFN-μ or IL-17. A significant population (6%) of FOXP3-negative T cells also produced IL-10, usually in combination with IFN-μ. Together, we found that CD4+ T cells in the upper airways differed functionally from their counterparts in peripheral blood, including higher expression of IL-10. Moreover, our findings suggest that several subsets of CD4+ T cells with functionally distinct regulatory properties reside in the upper airway mucosa which should be taken into account when targeting Tregs for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ballke
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Gran
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S. Baekkevold
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (ESB); (FLJ)
| | - Frode L. Jahnsen
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (ESB); (FLJ)
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9
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Melum GR, Farkas L, Scheel C, Van Dieren B, Gran E, Liu YJ, Johansen FE, Jahnsen FL, Baekkevold ES. A thymic stromal lymphopoietin-responsive dendritic cell subset mediates allergic responses in the upper airway mucosa. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:613-621.e7. [PMID: 24958565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) controls allergic TH2 inflammatory responses through induction of distinct activation programs in dendritic cells (DCs). However, knowledge about TSLP receptor expression and functional consequences of receptor activation by DCs residing in the human respiratory tract is limited. OBJECTIVE We wanted to identify TSLP-responding DC populations in the human upper airway mucosa and assess the TSLP-mediated effects on such DCs in allergic airway responses. RESULTS We found that the TSLP receptor was constitutively and preferentially expressed by myeloid CD1c(+) DCs in the human airway mucosa and that the density of this DC subset in nasal mucosa increased significantly after in vivo allergen challenge of patients with allergic rhinitis. In vitro, TSLP strongly enhanced the capacity of CD1c(+) DCs to activate allergen-specific memory CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, TSLP rapidly induced CCR7 expression on CD1c(+) DCs. However, TH2 cytokines attenuated TSLP-mediated CCR7 induction, thus inhibiting the TSLP-induced DC migration potential to the draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TSLP-mediated activation of human nasal mucosal CD1c(+) DCs triggers CCR7-dependent migration to the draining lymph nodes and enhances their capacity to initiate TH2 responses. However, the observation that TH2 cytokines abrogate the induction of CCR7 implies that during a TH2-mediated inflammatory reaction, TLSP-activated CD1c(+) DCs are retained in the inflamed tissue to further exacerbate local inflammation by activating local antigen-specific memory TH2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro R Melum
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lorant Farkas
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Scheel
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brenda Van Dieren
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Gran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Tex
| | - Finn-Eirik Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode L Jahnsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S Baekkevold
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Makihara S, Okano M, Fujiwara T, Noda Y, Higaki T, Miyateke T, Kanai K, Haruna T, Kariya S, Nishizaki K. Local expression of interleukin-17a is correlated with nasal eosinophilia and clinical severity in allergic rhinitis. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2014; 5:22-7. [PMID: 24758732 PMCID: PMC4019741 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2014.5.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A is a major cytokine produced by Th17 cells, which are associated with chronic inflammations. The local expression of IL-17A in allergic rhinitis (AR) remains to be characterized. We sought to determine the role of IL-17A expression in human inferior turbinate mucosa in the pathophysiology of AR. Inferior turbinate mucosa was sampled from medical treatment–resistant, surgery-required patients with perennial AR (PAR, n = 21), nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES, n = 7), and nonallergic hypertrophic rhinitis (HR, n = 13). IL-17A expression was determined with immunohistochemical staining. The mean number of IL-17A+ cells and eosinophils per field were counted. Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, blood eosinophil count, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio were also examined in each patient. IL-17A was primarily expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells. The number of IL-17A+ cells in nasal mucosa was significantly higher in the PAR group compared with HR (p = 0.002) and NARES (p = 0.021) groups. There was a significant and positive correlation between the number of IL-17A+ cells and total nasal symptom score (rho = 0.403; p = 0.011), especially sneezing score (rho = 0.471; p = 0.003). The number of IL-17A+ cells was significantly and positively correlated with the degree of eosinophil infiltration (rho = 0.623; p < 0.001), but not with total serum IgE levels (rho = 0.284; p = 0.098), blood eosinophil counts (rho = 0.302; p = 0.056), or FEV1/FVC ratio (rho = 0.092; p = 0.569). The present study provides evidence that IL-17A expression in the nasal mucosa is associated with the pathophysiology of AR, including disease severity and nasal eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Makihara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma: unravelling a complex relationship. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 21:79-86. [PMID: 23241653 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32835ac640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma have a high worldwide prevalence and confer a significant socioeconomic burden. This article reviews the recent advances in allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma with view to understanding the upper and lower airway as one system. RECENT FINDINGS Allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma demonstrate strong epidemiological coassociation, and early life risk factors for upper airway disease are now apparent. The absence of demonstrable peripheral IgE does not strictly classify airway disease as nonallergic. Excess mucosal inflammation with immune dysregulation is a common feature to all. An important role for innate immunity is now apparent and offers prospects of novel therapeutic approaches in the future. A role for bacterial superantigens is also emerging in all three diseases. Genetic studies highlight common associations between allergic rhinitis, CRS and asthma. SUMMARY Whether such overlapping pathological findings reflect a manifestation of the same disease but in relation to the different airway locations in individuals with genetic predisposition remains unknown, although likely. This continues under investigation and debate. The current research priorities are to understand what key events predispose to both upper and lower airway disease together and the critical immunological factors that establish and sustain airway inflammation.
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12
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Arshad SH, Dharmage SC, Ferreira F, Fixman ED, Gadermaier G, Hauser M, Sampson AP, Teran LM, Wallner M, Wardlaw AJ. Developments in the field of allergy in 2011 through the eyes of Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2013. [PMID: 23181787 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As in previous years, we felt it would be of value to our readership to summarize the new information provided by the authors who have published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy in 2011 and set this in the context of recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and management of allergic disease in all its many manifestations. In 2011, about 210 articles were published in Clinical and Experimental Allergy including editorials, reviews, opinion articles, guidelines, letters, book reviews and of course at the heart of the journal, papers containing original data. As before, this review is divided into sections based on the way the journal is structured, although this year we have grouped together all the papers dealing with mechanisms of allergic disease, whether they involve patients (clinical mechanisms), pure in vitro studies (basic mechanisms) or animal models (experimental models), as we felt this was a more coherent way to deal with the subject. In the field of asthma and rhinitis, the relationship between airway inflammation and airway dysfunction was of perennial interest to investigators, as were phenotypes and biomarkers. Aspirin hypersensitivity appeared in studies in several papers and there was new interest in asthma in the elderly. The mechanisms involved in allergic disease describe advances in our understanding of T cell responses, the relationship between inflammation and disease, mast cell and basophil activation, steroid resistance and novel therapies. In the section dealing with epidemiology, studies seeking to identify risk factors for allergic disease including vitamin D are prominent, as once again are studies investigating gene-environment interactions. The clinical allergy section focuses on drug allergy, food allergy and immunotherapy. The area of oral immunotherapy for food allergy is well covered and we were grateful to Stephen Durham for guest editing an outstanding special issue on immunotherapy in the centenary year of Leonard Noon's pioneering work. Lastly, in the field of allergens, the interest in component-resolved diagnosis continues to grow and there are also articles describing important novel cultivars and the effect of food processing on the allergenic properties of foods. Another terrific year, full of important and high-quality work,which the journal has been proud to bring to the allergy community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Arshad
- David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, Isle of Wight, UK
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13
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Genc S, Eroglu H, Kucuksezer UC, Aktas-Cetin E, Gelincik A, Ustyol-Aycan E, Buyukozturk S, Deniz G. The decreased CD4+CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells in nonstimulated allergic rhinitis patients sensitized to house dust mites. J Asthma 2012; 49:569-74. [PMID: 22793523 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.695418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulatory (CD4(+)CD25(+)) T cells have been shown to play an important role in the development of allergic diseases. This study aims to investigate CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3(+) cells), and T-helper 1/T-helper 2 (Th1/Th2) cytokines in newly diagnosed allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. METHODS Altogether, 10 subjects with AR and 12 age-matched nonallergic healthy subjects were included in this study. CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, FoxP3(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the Th1/Th2 cytokine levels were determined by cytometric bead array immunoassay in both PBMC supernatants and nasal lavage fluids. RESULTS The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were significantly higher, whereas the percentage of FoxP3(+) cells were lower in AR patients compared with healthy subjects. In PBMC culture supernatants, interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were significantly lower (p = .012), whereas IL-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in nasal lavage fluids were higher in AR patients compared with healthy subjects (p = .026, p = .015, p = .03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that decrease in CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cell fraction and diminished levels of IL-10 are noteworthy without allergen stimulation in house dust mite AR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Genc
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Tissue reaction to the nickel implants in the guinea pigs. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012; 25:251-7. [PMID: 22729492 DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was the assessment of local tolerance to nickel implants during 9 months observation in guinea pigs sensitized to nickel before implantation and non-sensitized ones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of guinea pigs were included in the study: 10 sensitized to nickel by the guinea pig maximization test; 10 previously non-sensitized and 10 in control group. In 20 animals (except control group) the nickel implants were inserted in the muscle of the back. After 9 months of observation, the animals were patch-tested with 5% nickel sulfate. Also percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood was examined. Next, the tissue surrounding the implant and skin from the area of patch tests were collected for the histological examination. RESULTS In 70% of previously sensitized animals, the patch test confirmed the sensitivity to nickel. In 60% of previously non-sensitized animals, a positive reaction to nickel occurred. The results of patch tests in control group were negative. Percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood was fourfold higher in animals sensitized to nickel than in control group. In histological examination, in the tissue surrounding the implant a dissimilarity concerning the intensity of cellular infiltration was observed between animals previously allergic and non-allergic to nickel. In the 2 of 10 previously sensitized guinea pigs quite severe inflammatory reactions in the inside of connective tissue capsule were noted which may indicate a local allergic reaction. The histological images of skin collected from the positive patch test site corresponded with the typical allergic contact dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS Nickel implants may cause primary sensitization to nickel. The nature of the histological changes in the tissues around the implants in guinea pigs sensitized to nickel may correspond to an allergic reaction. The examination of percentage of eosinophils in blood of guinea pigs may be useful in assessing the allergenic activity of metal alloys containing nickel.
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Correlation of Local FOXP3-Expressing T Cells and Th1-Th2 Balance in Perennial Allergic Nasal Mucosa. Int J Otolaryngol 2011; 2011:259867. [PMID: 22164170 PMCID: PMC3227500 DOI: 10.1155/2011/259867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play some important roles in allergic rhinitis. The most specific marker for Treg is FOXP3, a recently identified transcription factor that is essential for Treg development. In order to clarify the levels of Treg in allergic nasal mucosa, we studied the relationship between FOXP3-expressing cells and Th1-Th2 balance in nasal mucosa by means of immunohistochemistry. Human turbinates were obtained after turbinectomy from 26 patients (14 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 12 patients with nonallergic rhinitis). To identify the cells expressing the FOXP3 protein, double immunostaining was performed by using anti-FOXP3 antibody and anti-CD3 antibody. There was no significant difference in the percentage of FOXP3+CD3+ cells among CD3+ cells in the nasal mucosa of two groups. The proportion of FOXP3+CD3+ cells tend to be correlated positively with GATA3+CD3+ cells/T-bet+CD3+ cells ratio (R = 0.56, P = 0.04). A positive correlation with GATA3+CD3+/T-bet+CD3+ ratio and FOXP3+CD3+/CD3+ ratio suggests the role of local regulatory T cells as a minimal control of the chronic allergen exposure in nasal mucosa.
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