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Saygın E, Karadağ R, Ozkanli Ş, Bozer B, Oğuztüzün S, Azari AA, Özsoy Saygın I, Bayramlar H. Glutathione S-transferase expression in benign and malignant eyelid tumors. Biotech Histochem 2021; 97:334-339. [PMID: 34696641 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1986133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyelid tumors commonly originate from the skin and its appendages. Environmental toxins and oxidants affect eyelid carcinogenesis. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are antioxidants that participate in pathogenesis. We investigated GST levels in malignant and benign eyelid tumors in otherwise healthy individuals. We used 57 malignant eyelid biopsies, benign eyelid biopsies, and tissue removed during blepharoplasty and entropion operations culled from pathology archives. Specimens were divided into three groups: malignant lesions, benign lesions and controls consisting of eyelid tissue removed during routine blepharoplasty and entropion surgery. Specimens were immunostained for seven GST (GST-A, GST-P, GST-Z, GST-S, GST-K, GST-O, GST-T) and the intensity of staining was quantified. In the malignant group, GST-O and GST-P staining was less intense than for the control group. In the benign group, the GST-P level was less than for the control group. We found no significant difference between the intensity of staining in malignant and benign groups. Our findings suggest that GST-O and GST-P enzymes may play significant roles in eyelid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efe Saygın
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kastamonu Eğitim Ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | | | - Şeyma Ozkanli
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Bozer
- Hitit University, Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Corum, Turkey
| | - Serpil Oğuztüzün
- Department of Biology, Kirikkale University School of Medicine, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Amir A Azari
- Cornea Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gallo R, Guarneri F, Corazza M, Schena D, Stingeni L, Foti C, Patruno C, Signori A, Parodi A. Role of occupational and recreational sun exposure as a risk factor for keratinocytic non-melanoma skin cancers: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2020; 156:692-702. [PMID: 33179876 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.20.06699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sun exposure is the main external risk factor for keratinocytic non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Outdoor workers are at increased risk, but the relationship of NMSC with occupational solar exposure is often confounded by concurrent recreational sun exposure. We compared the percentage of outdoor workers in NMSC patients versus controls without history of NMSC and assessed occupational and recreational sun exposure in both groups, evaluating also other risk factors and use of protective measures. METHODS Adult NMSC patients and controls without history of NMSC or actinic keratoses, matched for sex and age range, were recruited in the Departments of Dermatology of seven Italian University Hospitals, with a 1:2 patient/control ratio whenever possible. Data were collected using specifically designed questionnaires. RESULTS Eight hundred thirty-four patients and 1563 controls were enrolled. History of outdoor work was significantly (P=0.033) more frequent in patients. Patients were more sun exposed from outdoor leisure activities (P=0.012) and sunbathed for longer periods (P=0.13) and between 12 pm and 3.30 pm (P=0.011). Cumulative sun exposure during hobbies was similar between patients and controls in outdoor workers, higher (P<0.05) in patients among indoor workers. Patients and controls with history of outdoor work were more sun exposed at work than during leisure activities (P<0.001). Use of sunscreens by outdoor workers was very low, particularly at work (19.9%). Patients used sunscreens more than controls (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Occupational and recreational sun exposure are relevant risk factors for outdoor and indoor workers respectively. Sunscreens are alarmingly underused, particularly at work, and are used mainly by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosella Gallo
- Section of Dermatology, DISSAL, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy -
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donatella Schena
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Signori
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Section of Dermatology, DISSAL, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Bertino L, Guarneri F, Cannavò SP, Casciaro M, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Oxidative Stress and Atopic Dermatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E196. [PMID: 32111015 PMCID: PMC7139929 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic/chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease, with increasing worldwide prevalence. Etiopathogenesis is complex and multifactorial, with a mix of genetic, immunological and environmental aspects. Like in other chronic inflammatory diseases, oxidative stress plays an important pathogenetic role. We reviewed in vivo research studies on humans about oxidative stress and atopic dermatitis. Although sometimes contrasting, overall, they suggest that oxidative stress may have a significant role in atopic dermatitis, but our understanding is still incomplete, at least concerning in vivo data, because of limitations of available literature. Research consists of 33 papers published in 28 years, was not always performed on large study populations, represents a limited number of countries and ethnicities-not always in proportion to their size-and is scattered over multiple papers that, in the majority of cases, cannot be pooled and/or compared because many biomarkers were studied, in different tissues and with different methods. Further, larger studies appear warranted and necessary to shed more light on this aspect of atopic dermatitis, which is important not only to improve our understanding of this disease, but also for potential clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bertino
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (S.P.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (S.P.C.)
| | - Serafinella Patrizia Cannavò
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (L.B.); (S.P.C.)
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.C.); (S.G.)
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Guarneri F, Sapienza D, Papaianni V, Marafioti I, Guarneri C, Mondello C, Roccuzzo S, Asmundo A, Cannavò SP. Association between genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1/T1 and psoriasis in a population from the area of the strict of messina (Southern Italy). Free Radic Res 2019; 54:57-63. [PMID: 31774007 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1698738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are antioxidant enzymes with frequent genetic polymorphisms. Homozygosis for gene deletion ("null" genotype) of GSTM1 and GSTT1, causing decrease of the antioxidant potential of the organism, is frequent, with variable frequency in different ethnic contexts. Although oxidative stress notoriously plays a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, few studies exist on the association between GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype and psoriasis, with different results. We aimed to assess the frequency of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms in Southern Italian psoriatic patients and controls and investigate the association of the GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype with individual and disease parameters. To this aim, the GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype of 148 psoriatic patients and 148 age- and sex-matched controls was defined by PCR on oral mucosa cells. GSTT1 null was associated with psoriasis (55.4% of patients vs. 25% of controls, p = 9.58 × 10-8, odds ratio 3.73), while GSTM1 null was not. The GSTM1/GSTT1 "double null" genotype conferred an even higher odds ratio for psoriasis (5.94). The association between psoriasis and GSTT1 null was stronger in women (54.1% of patients vs. 19.7% of controls, p = 8.13 × 10-5) than in men (56.3% of patients vs. 28.7% of controls, p = 0.0002). No association was found between GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype and psoriasis severity, age of onset or comorbidities (psoriatic arthritis, metabolic syndrome). The remarkable differences among the few available data on the association between GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms and psoriasis suggest the need for further studies, on different and larger populations, to improve knowledge on the pathogenesis of psoriasis and possibly provide more precise and personalised prevention and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guarneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D Sapienza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Papaianni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - I Marafioti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Guarneri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Mondello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Roccuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Asmundo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental and of Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S P Cannavò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Srivastava DSL, Jain VK, Verma P, Yadav JP. Polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genes and susceptibility to psoriasis disease: A study from North India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2018; 84:39-44. [PMID: 29067933 DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_1128_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress and resulting inflammation has been emphasized as a factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases including psoriasis. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect against oxidative stress, inflammation, and genotoxicity. Polymorphisms in the GST genes may lead to an imbalance in pro- and antioxidant systems resulting in the increased production of reactive oxygen species that could influence the pathogenesis of psoriasis. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the association between GSTs (GSTM1 and GSTT1) gene polymorphism in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis as a factor in the susceptibility and development of psoriasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed 128 patients with psoriasis and 250 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by the phenol chloroform method. The null GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS The null genotype of GSTM1 and GSTT1 was seen in 45.3% and 40.6% in psoriasis patients whereas in the controls it was 34.4% and 20.0%, respectively. A significant association was seen between the null alleles of the GSTT1 (OR = 2.74) and GSTM1 (OR = 1.58) alone or in combination with tobacco use (P < 0.001) and psoriasis risk. The presence of both null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 further increased the risk of psoriasis (OR = 3.52) when compared with the positive genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1. LIMITATIONS A major limitation of this study was the small sample size. A large epidemiological study is necessary to confirm these findings. CONCLUSIONS The null genotype of GSTT1 is a strong predisposing factor for psoriasis in North India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay K Jain
- Department of Skin and VD, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Verma
- Department of Skin and VD, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Jaya P Yadav
- Department of Genetics, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Figueras Nart I, Cerio R, Dirschka T, Dréno B, Lear JT, Pellacani G, Peris K, Ruiz de Casas A. Defining the actinic keratosis field: a literature review and discussion. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:544-563. [PMID: 29055153 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the chronic and increasingly prevalent nature of actinic keratosis (AK) and existing evidence supporting assessment of the entire cancerization field during clinical management, a standardized definition of the AK field to aid in the understanding and characterization of the disease is lacking. The objective of this review was to present and appraise the available evidence describing the AK cancerization field, with the aim of determining a precise definition of the AK field in terms of its molecular (including genetic and immunological), histological and clinical characteristics. Eight European dermatologists collaborated to conduct a review and expert appraisal of articles detailing the characteristics of the AK field. Articles published in English before August 2016 were identified using PubMed and independently selected for further assessment according to predefined preliminary inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, a retrospective audit of patients with AK was performed to define the AK field in clinical terms. A total of 32 review articles and 47 original research articles provided evidence of sun-induced molecular (including genetic and immunological) and histological skin changes in the sun-exposed area affected by AK. However, the available literature was deemed insufficient to inform a clinical definition of the AK field. During the retrospective audit, visible signs of sun damage in 40 patients with AK were assessed. Telangiectasia, atrophy and pigmentation disorders emerged as 'reliable or very reliable' indicators of AK field based on expert opinion, whereas 'sand paper' was deemed a 'moderately reliable' indicator. This literature review has revealed a significant gap of evidence to inform a clinical definition of the AK field. Therefore, the authors instead propose a clinical definition of field cancerization based on the identification of visible signs of sun damage that are reliable indicators of field cancerization based on expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Figueras Nart
- Department of Dermatology, Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Cerio
- Department of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, The Royal London Hospital and QMUL, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - T Dirschka
- CentroDerm® Clinic, Wuppertal, Germany.,Faculty of Health, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - B Dréno
- Department of Dermato-Cancerology, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J T Lear
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, MAHSC, Manchester University and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Infirmary, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - K Peris
- Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ruiz de Casas
- Dermatology Unit, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Seville, Spain
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Başak K, Başak PY, Doğuç DK, Aylak F, Oğuztüzün S, Bozer BM, Gültekin F. Does maternal exposure to artificial food coloring additives increase oxidative stress in the skin of rats? Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:1023-1030. [PMID: 27852938 DOI: 10.1177/0960327116678297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) metabolize and detoxify carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, and reactive oxygen species. Changes of GST expression in tissues and gene mutations have been reported in association with many neoplastic skin diseases and dermatoses. Widely used artificial food coloring additives (AFCAs) also reported to effect primarily behavioral and cognitive function and cause neoplastic diseases and several inflammatory skin diseases. We aimed to identify the changes in expression of GSTs, CYP1A1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat skin which were maternally exposed AFCAs. A rat model was designed to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure of AFCAs on skin in rats. "No observable adverse effect levels" of commonly used AFCAs as a mixture were given to female rats before and during gestation. Immunohistochemical expression of GSTs, CYP1A1, and VEGF was evaluated in their offspring. CYP1A1, glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GSTA), glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM), glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT), and VEGF were expressed by epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, sebaceous glands, hair follicle, and subcutaneous striated muscle in the normal skin. CYP1A1, GSTA, and GSTT were expressed at all microanatomical sites of skin in varying degrees. The expressions of CYP1A1, GSTA, GSTT, and VEGF were decreased significantly, while GSTM expression on sebaceous gland and hair follicle was increased. Maternal exposure of AFCAs apparently effects expression of the CYP1A1, GSTs, and VEGF in the skin. This prominent change of expressions might play role in neoplastic and nonneoplastic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Başak
- 1 Department of Pathology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Turkish Ministry of Health, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P Y Başak
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Turkish Ministry of Health, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D K Doğuç
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - F Aylak
- 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - S Oğuztüzün
- 5 Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - B M Bozer
- 5 Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - F Gültekin
- 6 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
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Solak B, Karkucak M, Turan H, Ocakoğlu G, Özemri Sağ Ş, Uslu E, Yakut T, Erdem T. Glutathione S-Transferase M1 and T1 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Chronic Plaque-Type Psoriasis: A Case-Control Study. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25:155-8. [PMID: 26535568 PMCID: PMC5588339 DOI: 10.1159/000442165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme polymorphisms as susceptibility factors in patients with psoriasis in a Turkish cohort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this case-control study, 105 patients with plaque-type psoriasis and 102 healthy controls were recruited from the dermatology outpatient clinics of two university hospitals. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using a DZ DNA isolation kit. Multiplex PCR was used to determine GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in the isolated DNAs. RESULTS Of the 150 patients with psoriasis, 83 (79%) were identified with the GSTT1 genotype and 22 (21%) with the null genotype. Of the 102 patients in the control group, 69 (67.6%) subjects were identified with the GSTT1 genotype and 33 (32.4%) with the null genotype. There was no significant difference between the patient and control groups (p = 0.063). Regarding the GSTM1 polymorphism, 54 (51.4%) patients were identified with this genotype and 51 (48.6%) with the null genotype; in the control group, 50 (49%) were identified with this genotype and 52 (51%) with the null genotype. Again there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.957). CONCLUSION In this Turkish cohort of patients with psoriasis, neither GSTT1 nor GSTM1 polymorphisms were associated with disease susceptibility. Larger studies with a wider range of GST isoenzyme are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Solak
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Bursa, Turkey
- *Berna Solak, MD, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Konuralp Street, No:81/1, TR—54000 Sakarya (Turkey), E-Mail
| | - Mutlu Karkucak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Turan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Düzce University, Sakarya, and Departments of, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Ocakoğlu
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Biostatistics, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Özemri Sağ
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Esma Uslu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Düzce University, Sakarya, and Departments of, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tahsin Yakut
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Teoman Erdem
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Bursa, Turkey
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Schmitt JV, Miot HA. Actinic keratosis: a clinical and epidemiological revision. An Bras Dermatol 2013; 87:425-34. [PMID: 22714759 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratoses are benign intraepithelial skin neoplasms constituted by atypical proliferation of keratinocytes that may evolve to squamous cell carcinoma. They develop in photoexposed skin areas; they are induced mainly by ultraviolet radiation and are considered cutaneous markers of chronic exposure to sunlight. They develop mainly in adults and older, fair skinned individuals, and are the fourth most common cause of dermatologic consultation in Brazil. Damage to the apoptosis pathway in photoexposed epithelium favors cellular proliferation and the permanence of the lesions. In this revision, the authors assemble the main epidemiological data regarding this disease and suggest that strategies to identify risky phenotypes, early diagnosis, adequate treatment, clinical follow-up, stimulus to skin self examination, photoeducation and photoprotection should be promoted with the aim of avoiding the progression to malignancy and also the prevention and the diagnose of concomitant neoplasms also induced by ultraviolet radiation.
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Guarneri F, Asmundo A, Sapienza D, Cannavò SP. Glutathione S-transferase M1/T1 gene polymorphisms and vitiligo in a Mediterranean population. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:731-3. [PMID: 21615880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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