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Jahanshahi S, Nejad HR, Kazemi B, Saeedi P. Cytokines signatures and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients from Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. Gene 2024; 903:148224. [PMID: 38286270 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a complex, multifactorial disease that results from environmental factors such as parasite polymorphism, phlebotomine vectors, and host genetic factors. Some studies have identified specific genetic factors that may be associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The objective of this research was to resolve the association of 8 cytokine polymorphisms, including TNF-α -308 A/G (rs 1800629), TNF-α -238 A/G (rs 361525), TGF-β1 -509 T/C (rs 1800469), TGF-β1+ 915 G/C (rs 1800471), IFN-γ -874 T/A (rs 2430561), IFN-γ -179 G/A (rs 2069709), IL-10 -819 C/T (rs 1800871), and IL-10 -592 A/C (rs 1800872) with susceptibility to CL. METHODS A total of 152 patients with designated CL and 100 healthy controls were selected from those referred to Sistan and Baluchestan hospitals. CL was diagnosed by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained samples and culture. Leishmania species were identified using ITS2 gene PCR amplification with universal primers. Genetic polymorphism was determined by the ARMS PCR method on extracted genomic DNA of individuals. Eight SNPs cytokines were genotyped. RESULTS Most of the Genotypic and allelic frequency comparisons between patients with CL and healthy subjects showed no difference, except 3. Individual SNP analysis showed highest association of TGF-β1 -509 (rs1800469) -CC genotype (P = 0.03, OR = 7.05, 95 % CI = 3.3-15) with 5.7-fold increase, IFN-γ -874 (rs 2430561) -AA genotype (P = 0.04, OR = 4.72, 95 % CI = 1.6-14) with 4.2-fold increase, and IL10 -819 (rs1800871) -CC genotype (P = 0.05, OR = 3.63, 95 % CI = 2.5-5.3) with 1.9-fold increase, with CL. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated to assess the association power. CONCLUSION Our results conclude that rs1800469 (TGF-β1), rs2430561 (INF-γ), and rs1800872 (IL10) polymorphisms are associated with CL in southeastern Iranian people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Jahanshahi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Rouhani Nejad
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Saeedi
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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de Moraes LS, Galué-Parra AJ, Hage AAP, Moura HA, Garcia MSA, Macêdo CG, Rodrigues APD, Guilhon GMSP, da Silva EO. In Vitro Leishmanicidal Activity of Copaiba Oil and Kojic Acid Combination on the Protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Host Cell. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2925. [PMID: 38138069 PMCID: PMC10745933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Leishmaniasis refers to a group of anthropozoonotic diseases caused by Leishmania. The major chemotherapeutic agent used for its treatment is Glucantime®®, but the search continues for new compounds that are economically viable and act on the protozoan without causing damage to the host cell. As an alternative approach, this study used a combination of copaiba oil (CO) and kojic acid (KA) to determine their in vitro action on host cells, on the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis protozoan and its interaction with macrophages. (2) Methods: In vitro culture, analysis of cytokine release and microscopy assays were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA (GraphPad Prism). (3) Results: The combination did not induce cytotoxic effects on macrophages after treatment but promoted morphological changes in the protozoan, such as nuclear alterations (apoptotic characteristics), alterations in the cellular body and an increase in the number of electrodense structures and acidocalcisomes, observed mainly at the concentrations of CO20KA50 and CO30KA50 μg/mL. We observed reductions in the intracellular amastigote number and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, after treatment with CO30KA at 50 µg/mL. (4) Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that the combination of CO and KA may be a promising approach against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienne Silveira de Moraes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesús Galué-Parra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Amanda Anastácia Pinto Hage
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Hévila Aragão Moura
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Marcus Savio Araujo Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Caroline Gomes Macêdo
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas’s Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém 70723-040, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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Weber JI, Rodrigues AV, Valério-Bolas A, Nunes T, Carvalheiro M, Antunes W, Alexandre-Pires G, da Fonseca IP, Santos-Gomes G. Insights on Host-Parasite Immunomodulation Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles of Cutaneous Leishmania shawi and Leishmania guyanensis. Cells 2023; 12:1101. [PMID: 37190011 PMCID: PMC10137031 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of sand flies vector. Macrophages (MΦ), the target cells of Leishmania parasites, are phagocytes that play a crucial role in the innate immune microbial defense and are antigen-presenting cells driving the activation of the acquired immune response. Exploring parasite-host communication may be key in restraining parasite dissemination in the host. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) constitute a group of heterogenous cell-derived membranous structures, naturally produced by all cells and with immunomodulatory potential over target cells. This study examined the immunogenic potential of EVs shed by L. shawi and L. guyanensis in MΦ activation by analyzing the dynamics of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), innate immune receptors, and cytokine generation. L. shawi and L. guyanensis EVs were incorporated by MΦ and modulated innate immune receptors, indicating that EVs cargo can be recognized by MΦ sensors. Moreover, EVs induced MΦ to generate a mix of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and favored the expression of MHCI molecules, suggesting that EVs antigens can be present to T cells, activating the acquired immune response of the host. Since nano-sized vesicles can be used as vehicles of immune mediators or immunomodulatory drugs, parasitic EVs can be exploited by bioengineering approaches for the development of efficient prophylactic or therapeutic tools for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Inês Weber
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armanda Viana Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Carvalheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), 1849-012 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 2825-466 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 2825-466 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ferreira LC, Quintella LP, Schubach ADO, Miranda LDFC, Madeira MDF, Pimentel MIF, Vasconcellos ÉDCFE, Lyra MR, de Oliveira RDVC, Menezes RC. Comparison between Colorimetric In Situ Hybridization, Histopathology, and Immunohistochemistry for the Diagnosis of New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Human Skin Samples. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:344. [PMID: 36355886 PMCID: PMC9695648 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
New world cutaneous leishmaniasis (NWCL) is an anthropozoonosis caused by different species of the protozoan Leishmania. Colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) was shown to satisfactorily detect amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. in animal tissues, yet it was not tested for the diagnosis of human NWCL. The aim of this study was to compare CISH, histopathology (HP), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques to diagnose NWCL in human cutaneous lesions. The sample comprised fifty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens from patients with NWCL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. These specimens were analyzed by CISH, using a generic probe for Leishmania, IHC, and HP to assess the sensitivity of these methods by using a parasitological culture as a standard reference. Additional specimens from three patients diagnosed with cutaneous mycoses were also included to evaluate cross-reactions between CISH and IHC. The sensitivities of IHC, CISH, and HP for detecting amastigotes was 66%, 54%, and 50%, respectively. IHC, unlike CISH, cross-reacted with different species of fungi. Together, these results demonstrate that CISH may be a complementary assay for the detection of amastigote in the laboratorial diagnosis routine of human NWCL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Cláudio Ferreira
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Armando de Oliveira Schubach
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratory of Clinical Research and Surveillance of Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Laboratory of Clinical Research on Dermatozoonoses in Domestic Animals, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Anuntasomboon P, Siripattanapipong S, Unajak S, Choowongkomon K, Burchmore R, Leelayoova S, Mungthin M, E-kobon T. Making the Most of Its Short Reads: A Bioinformatics Workflow for Analysing the Short-Read-Only Data of Leishmania orientalis (Formerly Named Leishmania siamensis) Isolate PCM2 in Thailand. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091272. [PMID: 36138751 PMCID: PMC9495971 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by flagellated protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Multiple genome sequencing platforms have been employed to complete Leishmania genomes at the expense of high cost. This study proposes an integrative bioinformatic workflow for assembling only the short-read data of Leishmania orientalis isolate PCM2 from Thailand and produce an acceptable-quality genome for further genomic analysis. This workflow gives extensive information required for identifying strain-specific markers and virulence-associated genes useful for drug and vaccine development before a more exhaustive and expensive investigation. Abstract Background: Leishmania orientalis (formerly named Leishmania siamensis) has been neglected for years in Thailand. The genomic study of L. orientalis has gained much attention recently after the release of the first high-quality reference genome of the isolate LSCM4. The integrative approach of multiple sequencing platforms for whole-genome sequencing has proven effective at the expense of considerably expensive costs. This study presents a preliminary bioinformatic workflow including the use of multi-step de novo assembly coupled with the reference-based assembly method to produce high-quality genomic drafts from the short-read Illumina sequence data of L. orientalis isolate PCM2. Results: The integrating multi-step de novo assembly by MEGAHIT and SPAdes with the reference-based method using the L. enriettii genome and salvaging the unmapped reads resulted in the 30.27 Mb genomic draft of L. orientalis isolate PCM2 with 3367 contigs and 8887 predicted genes. The results from the integrated approach showed the best integrity, coverage, and contig alignment when compared to the genome of L. orientalis isolate LSCM4 collected from the northern province of Thailand. Similar patterns of gene ratios and frequency were observed from the GO biological process annotation. Fifty GO terms were assigned to the assembled genomes, and 23 of these (accounting for 61.6% of the annotated genes) showed higher gene counts and ratios when results from our workflow were compared to those of the LSCM4 isolate. Conclusions: These results indicated that our proposed bioinformatic workflow produced an acceptable-quality genome of L. orientalis strain PCM2 for functional genomic analysis, maximising the usage of the short-read data. This workflow would give extensive information required for identifying strain-specific markers and virulence-associated genes useful for drug and vaccine development before a more exhaustive and expensive investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchai Anuntasomboon
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Sasimanas Unajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Teerasak E-kobon
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-812-85-4672
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Medeiros RMTE, Carvalho AMRS, Ferraz IDA, Medeiros FAC, Cruz LDR, Rocha MODC, Coelho EAF, Gonçalves DU, Mendes TADO, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D. Mapping linear B-cell epitopes of the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase and its implications in the serological diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106521. [PMID: 35595092 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is essential to avoid permanent damage and severe functional sequelae and there is an urgent need to discover new antigens. The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential use of the Tryparedoxin Peroxidase (TryP) as an antigen for serological tests. The proposal integrates data from immunoproteomics with immunoinformatics, in addition to a precise analysis of protein levels in the evolutionary stages of the parasite by flow cytometry. To evaluate the performance in the diagnosis of TL, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) assays were performed using the recombinant protein and the respective B-cell epitope, followed by an analysis of the contribution of this peptide in the recognition of the protein by patients, evaluated by serum depletion assays. We showed that the TryP has a linear B-cell epitope with high divergence compared to orthologs from Trypanosoma cruzi and Homo sapiens. The results also show high expression and positive cells for TryP (TryP+) in the infective metacyclic promastigotes (MET) and intracellular (24 and 48 hours) stages. From the depletion assays, it was possible to confirm the contribution of the peptide in the specific recognition of the TryP protein by patients with TL (13.7-15.9%). ELISA using the peptide showed high performance in the diagnosis compared to the recombinant TryP (rTryP), Soluble Leishmania braziliensis Antigen (sLba) and Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) with accuracy of 94.29, 89.29, 65.00 and 37.14%, respectively). We can conclude that the MNEPAPP peptide is a potential antigen for the diagnosis of TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutyanne Maria Tonelli Elisei Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Andrade Ferraz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alvarenga Cardoso Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dos Reis Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Orgânica Sintética, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Floro e Silva M, Roque GAS, Machado DDA, Rocha FJS, Giorgio S. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis replicates in mouse bone marrow. Acta Trop 2022; 230:106407. [PMID: 35304124 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes the cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of the disease. Experimental cutaneous infection of mice is one of the most important preclinical research models of leishmaniasis. Here, we investigated the course of infection in mice inoculated with two reference strains of L. (V.) braziliensis (MHOM/BR/00/BA788 strain [BA] and MHOM/BR/94/H-3227 strain [CE]). Although both parasite strains induced detectable footpad lesions, BA-infected mice developed small non-ulcerated lesions that self-healed, whereas CE-infected mice developed small non-ulcerated lesions that did not regress. The parasites were detected in the footpad lesions, lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation, spleen, and bone marrow of mice infected with BA or CE parasites at 6 and 25 weeks post-inoculation. These data indicate that L (V.) braziliensis-infected mice harbor parasites that spread, even when these animals do not display overt lesions. In addition, this is the first report of the presence of the parasite in the bone marrow of mice inoculated with L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Barajas-Solano C, Muñoz B, Chicano-Gálvez E, Escobar P, Mejía-Ospino E. Discriminator for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using MALDI-MSI in a Murine Model. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:952-960. [PMID: 35549471 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a skin disease caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia. Around 1 million new cases occur in the world annually, with a total of 12 million people affected, mainly in rural areas with low access to health services and adequate treatments. In the area of the Americas, Colombia has one of the highest infection rates after Brazil. Topical treatments with pentamidine isethionate (PMD) present an attractive alternative due to their ease of application and low costs. However, cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions present nodules with seropurulent exudate that, when drying, form hyperkeratotic lesions, hindering the effective penetration of drugs for their treatment. The use of molecular histology techniques, such as MALDI-MSI, allow in situ evaluation of the penetration of the treatment to the sections of the dermis where the disease-causing parasite resides. However, the large volume of information generated makes it impossible to process it manually. Machine learning techniques allow the unsupervised processing of large amounts of information, generating prediction models for the classification of new information. This work proposes a low-cost method to generate cutaneous leishmaniasis detection and classification models using MALDI-MSI images taken from murine models. The proposed models allow a 95% efficiency when separating healthy samples from infected samples and an effectiveness of 67% when separating effectively treated samples from unsuccessfully treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisostomo Barajas-Solano
- Systems Engineering Department, Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, 687033 Barrancabermeja, Colombia
| | - Betsy Muñoz
- Center of Research in Tropical Diseases (CINTROP), Universidad Industrial de Santander, 680002 Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Chicano-Gálvez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Proteomic Unit, 14004 Córdoba Spain
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Center of Research in Tropical Diseases (CINTROP), Universidad Industrial de Santander, 680002 Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Enrique Mejía-Ospino
- Laboratorio de Espectroscopia Atómica y Molecular (LEAM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, 680002 Bucaramanga, Colombia
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9
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Lago T, Carvalho LP, Nascimento M, Guimarães LH, Lago J, Castellucci L, Carvalho AM, Lago A, Carvalho EM. Influence of Obesity on Clinical Manifestations and Response to Therapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1020-1026. [PMID: 33725723 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a single ulcer or multiple cutaneous lesions with raised borders. Cure rates <60% are observed in response to meglumine antimoniate therapy. We investigated the impact of obesity on CL clinical presentation and therapeutic response. METHODS A total of 90 age-matched patients with CL were included (30 obese, 30 overweight, and 30 with normal body mass index [BMI]). CL was diagnosed through documentation of L. braziliensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction or identification of amastigotes in biopsied skin-lesion samples. Serum cytokine levels were determined by chemiluminescence. Antimony therapy with Glucantime (Sanofi-Aventis; 20 mg/kg/day) was administered for 20 days. RESULTS Obese CL patients may present hypertrophic ulcers rather than typical oval, ulcerated lesions. A direct correlation between BMI and healing time was noted. After 1 course of antimony, cure was achieved in 73% of patients with normal BMI, 37% of overweight subjects, yet just 18% of obese CL patients (P < .01). Obese CL cases additionally presented higher leptin levels than overweight patients or those with normal BMI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Obesity modifies the clinical presentation of CL and host immune response and is associated with greater failure to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainã Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Nascimento
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Federal University of Southern Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Léa Castellucci
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Lago
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital Complex, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia Medical School, Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
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10
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Development of a chimeric protein based on a proteomic approach for the serological diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6805-6817. [PMID: 34432132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is responsible for most cases of human tegumentary leishmaniasis (HTL) and has caused a wide range of clinical manifestations, including cutaneous (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). The diagnosis is based on criteria that consider epidemiological data, clinical findings, and laboratory tests and is hard to establish. For laboratory tests, none of the assays available can be considered gold standards for disease detection. In addition, the Montenegro skin test, essential to supporting infectologists in the clinical management of the disease, is no longer available in Brazil. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop new targets to be used in diagnostic tests for HTL. In the first step, we carried out two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by mass spectrometry, combined with heat map analysis and immunoproteomics approach, and disclosed eight proteins expressed in the amastigote stage specifically recognized by serum from CL and ML patients. A chimeric protein was designed based on the combination of thirteen linear B-cell epitopes, identified by immunoinformatics analysis, from L. braziliensis proteins. Our results showed that the strategy used in this work was successful in developing an antigen to be used in immunological assays (100.0% sensitivity and specificity) in the detection of HTL cases and in comparison with results obtained from an ELISA using soluble L. braziliensis antigen (SLb-Antigen) and immunofluorescence assay (Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ). The present technology opens the door for its use in field exams by means of an immunochromatographic test, which will be even more helpful in regions without laboratory structures.Key points• Rational strategy to develop antigens.• Integration between immunoproteomic and immunoinformatics analysis.• Chimeric protein shows high performance in HTL diagnosis.
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11
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Genetic diversity of Leishmania tropica: Unexpectedly complex distribution pattern. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105888. [PMID: 33713626 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized a collection of clinical samples obtained from Syrian and Turkish patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. All obtained sequences belonged to Leishmania tropica. Combining them with those available from GenBank allowed us performing a broad-scale analysis of genetic diversity for this species. We demonstrated that L. tropica has a complex phylogeographic pattern with some haplotypes being widespread across endemic countries and others restricted to particular regions. We hypothesize that at least some of them may be associated with alternative vectors or animal reservoirs.
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12
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Passelli K, Billion O, Tacchini-Cottier F. The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649348. [PMID: 33732265 PMCID: PMC7957080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected infectious vector-borne diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from local cutaneous, to visceral forms of the diseases. The parasites are deposited in the mammalian skin during the blood meal of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. The skin is a complex organ acting as the first line of physical and immune defense against pathogens. Insults to skin integrity, such as that occurring during insect feeding, induces the local secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules generating the rapid recruitment of neutrophils. At the site of infection, skin keratinocytes play a first role in host defense contributing to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected dermis, of which neutrophils are the first recruited cells. Although neutrophils efficiently kill various pathogens including Leishmania, several Leishmania species have developed mechanisms to survive in these cells. In addition, through their rapid release of cytokines, neutrophils modulate the skin microenvironment at the site of infection, a process shaping the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils may also be recruited later on in unhealing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the spleen and liver in visceral forms of the disease. Here, we will review the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment to the skin following Leishmania infection focusing on the role of keratinocytes in this process. We will also discuss the distinct involvement of neutrophils in the outcome of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oaklyne Billion
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Carvalheiro M, Vieira J, Faria-Silva C, Marto J, Simões S. Amphotericin B-loaded deformable lipid vesicles for topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis skin lesions. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:717-728. [PMID: 33534106 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), the most common clinical form of human leishmaniasis, is a non-fatal chronic and disabling disease characterized by erythema and nodular or ulcerative skin lesions that may cause permanent scars and disfigurement. Topical drug delivery represents a simple and efficacious approach to treat CL skin lesions. The association of drugs with nanocarrier systems enhances their permeation properties and increases the drug amount available in the dermis. Here, a deformable lipid vesicle (DLV) was optimized for the topical administration of Amphotericin B (AmB), with the aim of studying and understanding the advantages of this type of delivery system in the transport of a drug through the skin layers. AmB-DVL were characterized in terms of incorporation parameters, stability, and elasticity, and evaluated in vitro for their permeation properties, cytotoxicity, and anti-leishmanial activity. The AmB-DVL exhibited a translucent fluid gel-like aspect and a yellow color, a mean size of 132 nm (PdI ≤ 0.1), zeta potential values around zero (mV), and an AmB incorporation efficiency of 95%. Permeation and penetration assays suggest that AmB-DLV are suitable for topical administration since AmB was detected in the epidermal and dermal skin layers. AmB-DVL was able to reduce promastigote viability in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the number of intracellular amastigotes in THP-1 macrophages. Selectivity index (SI) value for AmB-DLV was considerably higher than that observed for free AmB. Results suggest that DLV may represent an attractive vehicle for dermal delivery of AmB and a new low-cost and safe therapeutic option in CL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Carvalheiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Vieira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Faria-Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Ambrosio AR, Bavia L, Borges BS, Hiraiwa PM, Pietsch JLM, Ribeiro MCVDC, Figueiredo FB, Messias-Reason IJ. Novel findings on the role of ficolins and colectins in the innate response against Leishmania braziliensis. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105673. [PMID: 32827454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main agent of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease that affects thousands of people in Brazil. It has been shown that complement plays a critical role at early stages of Leishmania infection and that is involved in the invasion of macrophages by the promastigotes. Ficolins and collectins are soluble pattern recognition and triggering molecules of the lectin complement pathway. We investigated here whether lectin pathway activators ficolin-1, ficolin-2, ficolin-3 and CL-11 bind to live L. braziliensis promastigotes in vitro. Promastigote forms in the stationary growth phase were incubated with normal human serum (NHS) or recombinant ficolins 1, 2 and 3, MBL and CL-11, and protein binding was evaluated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Ficolins 1, 2 and 3, MBL and CL-11 were able to bind to the surface of live promastigotes after incubation with either NHS or recombinant proteins. A partial inhibition by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine characterizing the participation of acetylated groups in the deposition of ficolins and CL-11 to glycoconjugates on the surface of L. braziliensis was observed. These evidences highlight a role for the lectin pathway in the innate response to L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altair Rogerio Ambrosio
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Medical Department, Positivo University, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Luis Machado Pietsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iara Jose Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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15
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Takahashi EA, Masoud L, Mukbel R, Guitian J, Stevens KB. Modelling habitat suitability in Jordan for the cutaneous leishmaniasis vector (Phlebotomus papatasi) using multicriteria decision analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008852. [PMID: 33226979 PMCID: PMC7721129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonotic vector-borne neglected tropical disease transmitted by female Phlebotomine sand flies. It is distributed globally but a large proportion of cases (70-75%) are found in just ten countries. CL is endemic in Jordan yet there is a lack of robust entomological data and true reporting status is unknown. This study aimed to map habitat suitability of the main CL vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, in Jordan as a proxy for CL risk distribution to (i) identify areas potentially at risk of CL and (ii) estimate the human population at risk of CL. A literature review identified potential environmental determinants for P. papatasi occurrence including temperature, humidity, precipitation, vegetation, wind speed, presence of human households and presence of the fat sand rat. Each predictor variable was (a) mapped; (b) standardized to a common size, resolution and scale using fuzzy membership functions; (c) assigned a weight using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP); and (d) included within a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) model to produce monthly maps illustrating the predicted habitat suitability (between 0 and 1) for P. papatasi in Jordan. Suitability increased over the summer months and was generally highest in the north-western regions of the country and along the Jordan Valley, areas which largely coincided with highly populated parts of the country, including areas where Syrian refugee camps are located. Habitat suitability in Jordan for the main CL vector-P. papatasi-was heterogeneous over both space and time. Suitable areas for P. papatasi coincided with highly populated areas of Jordan which suggests that the targeted implementation of control and surveillance strategies in defined areas such as those with very high CL vector suitability (>0.9 suitability) would focus only on 3.42% of the country's total geographic area, whilst still including a substantial proportion of the population at risk: estimates range from 72% (European Commission's Global Human Settlement population grid) to 89% (Gridded Population of the World) depending on the human population density data used. Therefore, high impact public health interventions could be achieved within a reduced spatial target, thus maximizing the efficient use of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi A. Takahashi
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Masoud
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rami Mukbel
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Javier Guitian
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kim B. Stevens
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2496713. [PMID: 32656269 PMCID: PMC7320295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2496713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Contribution of Leishmania braziliensis antigen-specific CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: Cytotoxic, activation and exhaustion profiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229400. [PMID: 32203546 PMCID: PMC7089553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is dictated mainly by the immune-mediated-tissue inflammation developed. The understanding of the immunological mechanisms that generate tissue damage or resolution of lesions is the key to the development of effective vaccine protocols and proper therapeutic schemes. It is clear that the specific immune response mediated by T cells is responsible for the beneficial outcome of the disease, however, the roles of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and NKT cell subpopulations in immunopathogenesis of CL need to be elucidated. Peripheral blood cells from patients before, during and after the antimonial therapy, as well as healthy individuals (HI) were cultured with (LbAgS) or without (NS) L. braziliensis antigens (LbAg). Afterwards, the frequencies of LbAg-specific-cytotoxic CD8+ T, CD4+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells, as well as their activation and exhaustion profiles, were defined by flow cytometry. We observed higher frequencies of CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and lower frequencies of CD4+ T lymphocytes in LbAgS cell cultures from patients before treatment. The specific response to LbAg resulted in an expansion of cytotoxic-activated CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells, before and during treatment, indicating specificity in the response by these cells against L. braziliensis. Furthermore, comparing the differences of frequencies of cytotoxic-activated CD4+T, CD8+T, and NK cells, among before and during treatment patients and HI groups, we conclude that these cell populations are in charge of immune response elicited by antimonial therapy. Interestingly, we also observed that NK cells were induced by LbAg to an exhaustion profile during all clinical stages of the disease. The increased antigen-specific activation and cytotoxic activity are in line with the strong inflammatory response described in this disease, a likely cause of tissue damage. These findings reinforce the involvement of these distinct cytotoxic-activated cell populations in the immunopathogenesis of CL, showing a character of specificity in this immune response.
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18
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Saliba M, Shalhoub A, Taraif S, Loya A, Houreih MA, El Hajj R, Khalifeh I. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evolving disease with ancient roots. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:834-843. [PMID: 30968403 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a prioritized neglected tropical disease. CL novel presentations call for updating its features. METHODS A multiregional cohort of 396 patients with confirmed CL was reviewed. Lesion's clinical stage and eruption type were assigned. Disease was considered as extensive if numerous (≥5), large (>3 cm), disfiguring, threatening vital sensory organs, and/or older than 12 months. Microscopically, Ackerman's inflammatory pattern, Ridley's pattern (RP), and parasitic index (PI) were recorded. Microscopic variables pertaining to the organisms, epidermis, and host's inflammatory response were also assessed. All cases were confirmed and speciated molecularly. RESULTS In our region, 71.8% of cases showed extensive disease with 15.7% exceeding 12 months duration. Leishmania tropica accounted for 91.3% of cases while Leishmania major constituted 8.7% and presented solely as dry lesions. The dominant inflammatory composite consisted of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and histiocytes. Granulomatous inflammation was present in 55.5%. Most cases showed interface changes (72.7%), spongiosis (75.3%), and marked epidermal hyperplasia (63.9%). Transepidermal elimination of organisms was present in 29.2% of cases. None of traditional classification patterns (clinical stage, microscopic pattern, and RP) showed the predicted linear correlation with lesion age. High and low PI levels correlated with early and healing microscopic patterns, respectively, but did not correlate with the corresponding RPs. PI was bimodal with peaks at 3-6 and 9-12 months. CONCLUSION Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an evolving disease defying the traditional prediction classifications. Our study sets the ground for adopting updated clinical courses, microscopic presentation, and species mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelle Saliba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Awss Shalhoub
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Suad Taraif
- Department of Pathology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Asif Loya
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad A Houreih
- Department of Pathology, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Rana El Hajj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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19
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Oyama J, Lera-Nonose DSSL, Ramos-Milaré ÁCFH, Padilha Ferreira FB, de Freitas CF, Caetano W, Hioka N, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Potential of Pluronics ® P-123 and F-127 as nanocarriers of anti-Leishmania chemotherapy. Acta Trop 2019; 192:11-21. [PMID: 30659806 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and drugs approved for its treatment often lead to abandonment, failure of therapy and even death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be a promising, non-invasive and selective for a target region without requiring high-cost technology. Usually, it is employed a photosensitizing agent (PS) incorporated into nanoparticles (NP). Pluronics® P-123 and F-127 micelles are very interesting aqueous NP promoting efficient and selective delivery and less adverse effects. This study aimed to detect the activity of Pluronics® P-123 and F-127 themselves since there is a scarcity of data on these NP activities without drugs incorporation. This study evaluated, in vitro, the activity of Pluronics® against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and also their cytotoxicities. Additionally, the determination of the mitochondria membrane potential in promastigotes, internalization of these Pluronics® in the parasite membrane and macrophages and its stability in the culture medium was evaluated. Results showed that Pluronics® did not cause significant damage to human red cells and promastigotes. The P-123 and F-127 inhibited the survival rate of L. amazonensis amastigotes, and also presented loss of mitochondrial membrane potential on promastigotes. The Pluronics® showed low cytotoxic activity on J774A.1 macrophages, while only P-123 showed moderate cytotoxicity for BALB/c macrophages. The stability of P-123 and F-127 in culture medium was maintained for ten days. In conclusion, the NP studied can be used for incorporating potent leishmanicidal chemotherapy, due to their selectivity towards macrophages, being a promising system for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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20
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Braz LMA. Tegumentary leishmaniasis diagnosis: what happened with MST (Montenegro Skin Test) in Brazil? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e17. [PMID: 30864622 PMCID: PMC6413772 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Maria Almeida Braz
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Lopes DM, Oliveira SC, Page B, Carvalho LP, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Schistosoma mansoni rSm29 Antigen Induces a Regulatory Phenotype on Dendritic Cells and Lymphocytes From Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3122. [PMID: 30687325 PMCID: PMC6333737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response induced by Schistosma mansoni antigens is able to prevent immune-mediated diseases. Conversely, the inflammatory response in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), although responsible for controlling the infection, is also associated with the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the S. mansoni Sm29 antigen to change certain aspects of the profiles of monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and lymphocytes from subjects with CL in vitro. Expression of surface molecules and intracellular cytokines in the MoDCs and lymphocytes as well as the proliferation of Leishmania braziliensis were evaluated by flow cytometry. Levels of cytokines were evaluated in culture supernatants by ELISA. It was observed that stimulation by rSm29 increased the frequency of expression of CD83, CD80, CD86, and IL-10R in MoDCs compared to non-stimulated cultures. Additionally rSm29 decreased the frequency CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD28 and increased the frequency of CD4+CD25hi and CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes. Addition of rSm29 to cultures increased IL-10 levels and decreased levels of IL-12p40 and IFN-γ, while not altering TNF levels compared to non-stimulated cultures. This study showed that rSm29 induced a regulatory profile in MoDCs and lymphocytes and thereby regulated the exaggerated inflammation observed in CL. Considering that there are few therapeutic options for leishmaniasis, the use of rSm29 may be an alternative to current treatment and may be an important strategy to reduce the healing time of lesions in patients with CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Costa Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (DT/CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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22
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Nguyen AK, Yang KH, Bryant K, Li J, Joice AC, Werbovetz KA, Narayan RJ. Microneedle-Based Delivery of Amphotericin B for Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:8. [PMID: 30617619 PMCID: PMC10357955 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic options against cutaneous leishmaniasis are plagued by several weaknesses. The effective topical delivery of an antileishmanial drug would be useful in treating some forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Toward this end, a microneedle based delivery approach for the antileishmanial drug amphotericin B was investigated in murine models of both New World (Leishmania mexicana) and Old World (Leishmania major) infection. In the L. mexicana model, ten days of treatment began on day 35 post infection, when the area of nodules averaged 9-15 mm2. By the end of the experiment, a significant difference in nodule area was observed for all groups receiving topical amphotericin B at 25 mg/kg/day after application of microneedle arrays of 500, 750, and 1000 μM in nominal length compared to the group that received this dose of topical amphotericin B alone. In the L. major model, ten days of treatment began on day 21 post infection when nodule area averaged 51-65 mm2 in the groups. By the end of the experiment, there was no difference in nodule area between the group receiving 25 mg/kg of topical amphotericin B after microneedle application and any of the non-AmBisome groups. These results show the promise of topical delivery of amphotericin B via microneedles in treating relatively small nodules caused by L. mexicana. These data also show the limitations of the approach against a disseminated L. major infection. Further optimization of microneedle delivery is needed to fully exploit this strategy for cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Nguyen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7115, USA
| | - Kai-Hung Yang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7115, USA
| | - Kelsey Bryant
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Junan Li
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - April C Joice
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karl A Werbovetz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Roger J Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7115, USA.
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23
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Combination of flow cytometry and qPCR to study the immune response of american cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:433-439. [PMID: 30076983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem. The immunological response is mainly dependent on T cell cytokine responses and might influence disease presentation, susceptibility and development. The understanding of the host immune response role in the control and in the pathology of leishmaniasis is relevant and has implications on diagnosis, follow-up and vaccine development. In this study, the differences in the immune response and T cell profile of patients before treatment was investigated through flow cytometry and real time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after different antigenic stimulations. Among the main findings are the significant presence of TNF and IFN-γ gene expression after 24 h of in vitro stimulation, and 48 h later the presence of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells producing IL-10 and IL-4. This may be due to the differences in cytokine release over time and the presence of cells other than lymphocytes influencing the mRNA transcript detection. Evaluation of the immune response of individuals with leishmaniasis or other diseases should associate different technologies and times points for a clear and more reliable assessment of the immune response. This would help in the design of vaccine strategies/immunotherapies.
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24
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Conceição-Silva F, Leite-Silva J, Morgado FN. The Binomial Parasite-Host Immunity in the Healing Process and in Reactivation of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 29971054 PMCID: PMC6018218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by different species of protozoa from the Leishmania genus. Classically, the disease can be classified into two main clinical forms: Visceral (VL) and Tegumentary (TL) leishmaniasis. TL is a skin/mucosal granulomatous disease that manifests mainly as cutaneous localized or disseminated ulcers, papules diffusely distributed, mucosal lesions or atypical lesions. Once the etiology of the infection is confirmed, treatment can take place, and different drugs can be administered. It has already been shown that, even when the scar is clinically evident, inflammation is still present in the native tissue, and the decrease of the inflammatory process occurs slowly during the 1st years after clinical healing. The maintenance of residual parasites in the scar tissue is also well documented. Therefore, it is no longer a surprise that, under some circumstances, therapeutic failure and/or lesion reactivation occurs. All over the years, an impressive amount of data on relapses, treatment resistance and lesion reactivation after healing has been collected, and several factors have been pointed out as having a role in the process. Different factors such as Leishmania species, parasite variability, Leishmania RNA virus 1, parasite load, parasite persistence, age, nutritional status, gender, co-morbidities, co-infection, pregnancy, immunosuppression, lesion duration, number and localization of lesions, drug metabolism, irregular treatment and individual host cellular immune response were described and discussed in the present review. Unfortunately, despite this amount of information, a conclusive understanding remains under construction. In addition, multifactorial influence cannot be discarded. In this context, knowing why leishmaniasis has been difficult to treat and control can help the development of new approaches, such as drugs and immunotherapy in order to improve healing maintenance. In this sense, we would like to highlight some of the findings that may influence the course of Leishmania infection and the therapeutic response, with an emphasis on TL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Leite-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Antileishmanial Activity of 2-Methoxy-4H-spiro-[naphthalene-1,2'-oxiran]-4-one (Epoxymethoxy-lawsone): A Promising New Drug Candidate for Leishmaniasis Treatment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040864. [PMID: 29642584 PMCID: PMC6017818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxymethoxy-lawsone is a naphthoquinone derivative promising as drug candidate for the treatment of leishmaniases. In the present work the effectiveness of epoxymethoxylawsone, and meglumine antimoniate on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis parasites and on mice paw lesions of infected BALB/c mice was assessed. In an intracellular amastigotes assay, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for epoxymethoxylawsone was slightly higher (1.7-fold) than that found for meglumine antimoniate. The efficacy of both drugs became more evident after 48 h of exposure when either the oxirane compound and reference drug reached 18-fold and 7.4-fold lower IC50 values (0.40 ± 0.001 µM and 0.60 ± 0.02 µM), respectively. Promastigotes were also affected by epoxymethoxylawsone after 24 h of incubation (IC50 = 45.45 ± 5.0 µM), but with IC50 6-fold higher than those found for intracellular amastigotes. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that epoxymethoxylawsone (CC50 = 40.05 ± µM) has 1.7-fold higher effects than meglumine antimoniate (CC50 = 24.14 ± 2.6 µM). Treatment of the paw lesion in infected BALB/c mice with epoxymethoxy-lawsone led to a significant 27% reduction (p < 0.05) of the lesion size, for all administrated doses, compared to the control group. Lesion reduction was also detected after mice treatment with meglumine antimoniate, reaching 31.0% (0.23 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day and 2.27 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day) and 64.0% (22.7 mg of Sb(V)/Kg/day). In addition, mice lesion ultrastructural changes were evidenced in amastigotes. The set of data gathered here indicate that epoxymethoxylawsone has pronounced effects on parasites and merits furthering to the preclinical stage.
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26
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Khattab SN, Khalil HH, Bekhit AA, Abd El-Rahman MM, de la Torre BG, El-Faham A, Albericio F. 1,3,5-Triazino Peptide Derivatives: Synthesis, Characterization, and Preliminary Antileishmanial Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:725-735. [PMID: 29388337 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A library of short di-, tri-, and tetra-peptides with an s-triazine moiety at the N terminus and either an amide or ethyl ester C terminus was prepared in solution and on the solid phase. The two remaining positions of the s-triazine moiety were substituted with methoxy, morpholino, or piperidino groups. All the synthesized peptide derivatives were analyzed by HPLC and fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF). A preliminary study of the antileishmanial activity of the 1,3,5-triazinyl peptide derivatives revealed that four dipeptide amide derivatives showed higher antipromastigote or antiamastigote activity than the reference standard drug miltefosine with no significance acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine N Khattab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.,Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory(CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Hosam H Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Bekhit
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory(CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KRISP, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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27
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Kassem R, Peretz A, Porat Ben Amy D. Topical Paromomycin for treating solitary mucosal leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:721-723. [PMID: 29377089 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riad Kassem
- Dermatology Unit, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poria, Israel.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Dermatology Department, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avi Peretz
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poria, Israel
| | - Dalit Porat Ben Amy
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.,Oral Medicine Unit, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poria, Israel
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28
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Lopes DM, de Almeida TVVS, de Souza RDP, Ribeiro LEV, Page B, Fernandes JDS, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Susceptibility of dendritic cells from individuals with schistosomiasis to infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:173-183. [PMID: 29197260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection with leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis has been associated with increased time to healing of cutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Leishmania braziliensis infection on co-cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) with autologous lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis and patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. MoDCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, isolated by magnetic beads, infected with L. braziliensis, and co-cultured with autologous lymphocytes. Expression of HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) on MoDCs as well as CD28, CD40L, CD25, and CTLA-4 on lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. The production of the cytokines IL-10, TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were evaluated by sandwich ELISA of the culture supernatant. The infectivity evaluation was performed by light microscopy after concentration of cells by cytospin and Giemsa staining. It was observed that the frequency of MoDCs expressing CD83, CD80, and CD86 as well as the MFI of HLA-DR were smaller in the group of patients with schistosomiasis compared to the group of patients with leishmaniasis. On the other hand, the frequency of IL-10R on MoDCs was higher in patients with schistosomiasis than in patients with leishmaniasis. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with schistosomiasis presented a lower frequency of CD28 and a higher frequency of CTLA-4 compared to lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis. Levels of IL-10 were higher in the supernatants of co-cultures from individuals with schistosomiasis compared to those with leishmaniasis. However, levels of TNF, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ were lower in the group of individuals with schistosomiasis. Regarding the frequency of MoDCs infected by L. braziliensis after 72h in culture, it was observed that higher frequencies of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were infected compared to cells from patients with leishmaniasis. It was concluded that MoDCs from patients with schistosomiasis are more likely to be infected by L. braziliensis, possibly due to a lower degree of activation and a regulatory profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Vila Verde S de Almeida
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Robson da Paixão de Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luís Eduardo Viana Ribeiro
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT- DT) -CNPQ/MCT, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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29
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Gaspari V, Ortalli M, Foschini M, Baldovini C, Lanzoni A, Cagarelli R, Gaibani P, Rossini G, Vocale C, Tigani R, Gentilomi G, Misciali C, Pesci S, Patrizi A, Landini M, Varani S. New evidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north-eastern Italy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1534-1540. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Gaspari
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - M. Ortalli
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - M.P. Foschini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences; Anatomic Pathology “M.Malpighi” at Bellaria Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Baldovini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuro Motor Sciences; Anatomic Pathology “M.Malpighi” at Bellaria Hospital; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Lanzoni
- Unit of Dermatology; Bellaria Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - R. Cagarelli
- Public Health Authority; Emilia-Romagna Region Italy
| | - P. Gaibani
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - G. Rossini
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Vocale
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - R. Tigani
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - G.A. Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Misciali
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Pesci
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Patrizi
- Unit of Dermatology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
| | - M.P. Landini
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a carattere scientifico; Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Varani
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
- Unit of Microbiology; Regional Reference Center for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM); St. Orsola Malpighi University Hospital; Bologna Italy
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30
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Zhang M, Liu F, Liu H, Hu W, Sang H. Imported cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in a Chinese laborer who worked in Saudi Arabia. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:365-7. [PMID: 27438208 PMCID: PMC4938285 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20163820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an imported case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a 37-year-old man from
Saudi Arabia caused by Leishmania major. He presented with non-healing
nodulo-ulcerative lesions with a "volcanic crater" on the lower limbs. It was
clearly cutaneous leishmaniasis - a rare disease in China - as reflected by the
patient's clinical history, the lesions' morphology, histopathological
examination, culture and PCR analysis of the lesions. The patient was completely
cured after two cycles of sodium stibogluconate treatment. This case report
demonstrates that dermatologists should be aware of sporadic cutaneous
leishmaniasis cases in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Southern Medical University, Jinling Hospital - Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Southern Medical University, Jinling Hospital - Nanjing, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Jinling Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University- Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Hu
- Jinling Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University- Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Sang
- Southern Medical University, Jinling Hospital - Nanjing, China
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31
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Ekşi F, Özgöztaşı O, Karslıgil T, Sağlam M. Genotyping Leishmania promastigotes isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south-eastern Turkey. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:114-122. [PMID: 28222637 PMCID: PMC5536583 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516677155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a significant disease in south-eastern Anatolia because it is prevalent among Syrian refugees. We identified the causative Leishmania species in CL patients using molecular methods. Methods Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle medium was inoculated with aspirated fluid from suspected CL lesions and tested for amastigotes with Giemsa staining. PCR amplified the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the Leishmania genome in cultures containing Leishmania promastigotes from 100 patients, which were genotyped with a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from ITS1 sequences of 95 culture fluid samples from these patients. Results Leishmania amastigotes were detected in 92% of cultures with growth. Leishmania promastigotes were typed as Leishmania tropica with both PCR–RFLP and sequencing. Conclusions Identification of L. tropica as the causative agent of CL in our region allows the clinical course to be predicted, and guides treatment decisions and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahriye Ekşi
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Orhan Özgöztaşı
- 2 Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Tekin Karslıgil
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sağlam
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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32
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Antinarelli LMR, Souza IDO, Glanzmann N, Almeida ADC, Porcino GN, Vasconcelos EG, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES. Aminoquinoline compounds: Effect of 7-chloro-4-quinolinylhydrazone derivatives against Leishmania amazonensis. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Salloum T, Khalifeh I, Tokajian S. Detection, molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania isolated from cases of leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:159-168. [PMID: 29988171 PMCID: PMC5991828 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a parasitic protozoan with more than two-dozen species causing the disease leishmaniasis. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female phlebotomine sand-fly vector. In the past two years the incidence of leishmaniasis has been drastically increasing in Lebanon. This was in parallel with the deterioration of the security in Syria forcing thousands to flee and seek shelter in poorly maintained refugee camps and collective shelters. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is now considered a public health problem, but its epidemiology has not been fully elucidated. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing two different molecular methods for the detection and identification of Leishmania tropica in Lebanon. Two molecular typing methods of 39 FFPE Leishmania isolates were used: the ITS1-PCR RFLP and the nested ITS1-5.8S rDNA gene amplification followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The efficiency of these two techniques in Leishmania identification was compared and the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates were illustrated based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The results were statistically correlated with the parasitic index (PI). The DNA storage in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues was assessed as well. The parasites identified were all L. tropica as determined by both techniques. ITS1-5.8S rDNA gene based typing proved to be more sensitive in the detection of parasites (positive in 69.2% of the isolates) as opposed to the ITS1-PCR RFLP method that was successful in identifying L. tropica in only 43.6% of the isolates. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed high levels of heterogeneity. A statistically significant correlation was observed between PI and the results of the nested ITS1-5.8S rDNA gene PCR. Genotyping at the species level is essential for monitoring the relative frequency of CL in the Mediterranean area that is correlated to three different Leishmania species (Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major and L. tropica), each characterized by distinct epidemiological features. The obtained results highlight the need to find a universally accepted diagnostic tool for Leishmania typing.
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Key Words
- 5.8S rDNA gene
- Bp, base pair
- CL, cutaneous leishmaniasis
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- ITS1
- L. tropica, Leishmania tropica
- Leishmania
- MLST, multilocus sequence typing
- NJ, neighbor-joining
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PI, parasitic index
- RFLP
- RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim Khalifeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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Handler MZ, Patel PA, Kapila R, Al-Qubati Y, Schwartz RA. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential diagnosis, diagnosis, histopathology, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 73:911-26; 927-8. [PMID: 26568336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be challenging because it mimics both infectious and malignant conditions. A misdiagnosis may lead to an unfavorable outcome. Using culture, histologic, and/or polymerase chain reaction study results, a diagnosis of leishmaniasis can be established and treatment initiated. Appropriate management requires an accurate diagnosis, which often includes identification of the specific etiologic species. Different endemic areas have varying sensitivities to the same medication, even within individual species. Species identification may be of practical value, because infections with select species have a substantial risk of visceral involvement. In addition, HIV and otherwise immunocompromised patients with leishmaniasis have a propensity for diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. For most New World Leishmania species, parenteral antimonial drugs remain the first line of therapy, while Old World species are easily treated with physical modalities. Historically, live organism vaccination has been used and is effective in preventing leishmaniasis, but results in an inoculation scar and an incubation period that may last for years. A more effective method of vaccination would be welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Z Handler
- Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Parimal A Patel
- Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Rajendra Kapila
- Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Robert A Schwartz
- Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Rutgers School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, New Jersey.
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Head and neck cutaneous leishmania: clinical characteristics, microscopic features and molecular analysis in a cohort of 168 cases. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3819-3826. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bozorgomid A, Hajipirloo HM, Tappeh KH, Nazari N, Karamati SA, Shirooie S. Evaluation of the alum-naloxone adjuvant activity against experimental murine leishmaniasis due to L. major. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1141-1145. [PMID: 27876902 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by intracellular parasites of Leishmania species, which are transmitted by the bite of the sandfly. Recovery and protection against the infection depends on the induction of a strong Th1 type of immune response. Vaccination of mice with the opioid antagonist naloxone can promote the activation of the Th1 responses. We studied the efficacy of the mixture of naloxone and alum, as an adjuvant, to enhance immune responses and induce protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c as a susceptible mouse model. BALB/c mice were immunized with Ag-naloxone-alum, Ag-alum, Ag-naloxone or PBS subcutaneously three times at 2-week intervals. The humoral and cellular specific immune responses were assessed 2 weeks after the last immunization and compared with the control mice. Our results indicated that the administration of alum-naloxone as an adjuvant increased the capability of L. major promastigote antigens to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, the levels of IFN-γ, and the IFN-γ/IL-5 ratio. The results of DTH showed that there were no significant differences in footpad swelling between the groups of immunized mice as compared with the non-vaccinated control group; however, no significant differences were observed in the survival rate among groups. It can be concluded that although immunization with the alum-naloxone mixture in combination with the autoclaved L. major promastigote antigens could enhance cellular immunity and shift the immune response to a Th1 pattern, it could not protect the mice against Leishmania major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Bozorgomid
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Habib Mohammadzadeh Hajipirloo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Road of Nazloo, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naser Nazari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Shiroudi Blvrd., Daneshgah St., Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Karamati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vakil NH, Fujinami N, Shah PJ. Pharmacotherapy for Leishmaniasis in the United States: Focus on Miltefosine. Pharmacotherapy 2015; 35:536-45. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niyati H. Vakil
- Department of Pharmacy; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Noriko Fujinami
- Department of Pharmacy; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles California
| | - Punit J. Shah
- Department of Pharmacy; Alexian Brothers Health System; Elk Grove Village Illinois
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Gomes CM, Paula NAD, Morais OOD, Soares KA, Roselino AM, Sampaio RNR. Complementary exams in the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 89:701-9. [PMID: 25184908 PMCID: PMC4155947 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is a difficult but essential task when considering the high toxicity profile of the drugs available. Since the discovery of its etiologic agent, numerous diagnostic tests have been developed. None of the tests available today can be considered as the gold standard, since they do not add enough accuracy for the disease detection. Good epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the disease are fundamental precepts of the dermatology practice and precede the rational use of existing diagnostic tests. In this article we aim, through extensive literature review, to recall fundamental concepts of any diagnostic test. Subsequently, based on this information, we will weave important comments about the characteristics of existing diagnostic tests, including immunological tests such as Montenegro's skin test, serology and detection of parasites by direct examination, culture or histopathology. Finally we will discuss the new technologies and options for the diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The molecular biology technique is considered a promising tool, promoting the rapid identification of the species involved. We also aim to educate dermatologists about a disease with high morbidity and assist in its difficult recognition.
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Epoxy-α-lapachone has in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis effects and inhibits serine proteinase activity in this parasite. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1910-8. [PMID: 25583728 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04742-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is a protozoan that causes infections with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The currently available chemotherapeutic treatments present many problems, such as several adverse side effects and the development of resistant strains. Natural compounds have been investigated as potential antileishmanial agents, and the effects of epoxy-α-lapachone on L. (L.) amazonensis were analyzed in the present study. This compound was able to cause measurable effects on promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite, affecting plasma membrane organization and leading to death after 3 h of exposure. This compound also had an effect in experimentally infected BALB/c mice, causing reductions in paw lesions 6 weeks after treatment with 0.44 mM epoxy-α-lapachone (mean lesion area, 24.9 ± 2.0 mm(2)), compared to untreated animals (mean lesion area, 30.8 ± 2.6 mm(2)) or animals treated with Glucantime (mean lesion area, 28.3 ± 1.5 mm(2)). In addition, the effects of this compound on the serine proteinase activities of the parasite were evaluated. Serine proteinase-enriched fractions were extracted from both promastigotes and amastigotes and were shown to act on specific serine proteinase substrates and to be sensitive to classic serine proteinase inhibitors (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, aprotinin, and antipain). These fractions were also affected by epoxy-α-lapachone. Furthermore, in silico simulations indicated that epoxy-α-lapachone can bind to oligopeptidase B (OPB) of L. (L.) amazonensis, a serine proteinase, in a manner similar to that of antipain, interacting with an S1 binding site. This evidence suggests that OPB may be a potential target for epoxy-α-lapachone and, as such, may be related to the compound's effects on the parasite.
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Mashayekhi-Ghoyonlo V, Kiafar B, Rohani M, Esmaeili H, Erfanian-Taghvaee MR. Correlation between Socioeconomic Status and Clinical Course in Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:40-4. [PMID: 25775662 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2014.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmaniasis has long been known as a poverty-associated disease, which is particularly prevalent in developing and less developed countries. The role of socioeconomic status in the clinical course of the disease is less clearly defined. In this study, we investigated the potential relationship between the clinical course of cutaneous leishmaniasis in terms of its evolution into chronic forms and the socioeconomic status of the patients. METHODS A total of 140 patients attending the dermatology clinic in Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, were enrolled. The patients were grouped into high, medium, and low socioeconomic classes according to a comprehensive questionnaire. They received routine treatment protocols for leishmaniasis and were followed up for 1 year. RESULTS We found a statistically significant relationship between the clinical course of the disease and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION Poverty might prolong the course of cutaneous leishmaniasis for many different reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mashayekhi-Ghoyonlo
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of MedicineHealth Center, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of HealthDepartment of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bita Kiafar
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of MedicineHealth Center, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of HealthDepartment of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rohani
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of MedicineHealth Center, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of HealthDepartment of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaeili
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of MedicineHealth Center, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of HealthDepartment of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Erfanian-Taghvaee
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, School of MedicineHealth Center, Faculty of MedicineHealth Sciences Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of HealthDepartment of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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[Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Diagnosis and therapy in northern Afghanistan]. DER HAUTARZT 2014; 65:125-9. [PMID: 24337239 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The German S1 guidelines from 2009 contain a variety of recommendations for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report the results of our diagnostic procedures and treatment of 32 international patients in autumn 2010 in northern Afghanistan. RESULTS Giemsa stain confirmed the clinical diagnosis within 24 hours. Eleven simple lesions and one larger ulcer responded well to cryotherapy and intralesional sodium stibogluconate. More complex lesions in 19 patients responded well to oral miltefosine. One patient refused outpatient therapy. CONCLUSIONS Cryotherapy and intralesional antimony compounds showed good results in early lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Afghanistan. Outpatient treatment of complex lesions with miltefosine was successful in all cases.
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Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A. Transfusion transmitted leishmaniasis. What to do with blood donors from endemic areas? Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:617-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Costa L, Pinheiro RO, Dutra PML, Santos RF, Cunha-Júnior EF, Torres-Santos EC, da Silva AJM, Costa PRR, Da-Silva SAG. Pterocarpanquinone LQB-118 induces apoptosis in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and controls lesions in infected hamsters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109672. [PMID: 25340550 PMCID: PMC4207686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous results demonstrate that the hybrid synthetic pterocarpanquinone LQB-118 presents antileishmanial activity against Leishmania amazonensis in a mouse model. The aim of the present study was to use a hamster model to investigate whether LQB-118 presents antileishmanial activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which is the major Leishmania species related to American tegumentary leishmaniasis. The in vitro antileishmanial activity of LQB-118 on L. braziliensis was tested on the promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms. The cell death induced by LQB-118 in the L. braziliensis promastigotes was analyzed using an annexin V-FITC/PI kit, the oxidative stress was evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) and the ATP content by luminescence. In situ labeling of DNA fragments by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to investigate apoptosis in the intracellular amastigotes. L. braziliensis-infected hamsters were treated from the seventh day of infection with LQB-118 administered intralesionally (26 µg/kg/day, three times a week) or orally (4,3 mg/kg/day, five times a week) for eight weeks. LQB-118 was active against the L. braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, producing IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values of 3,4±0,1 and 7,5±0,8 µM, respectively. LQB-118 induced promastigote phosphatidylserine externalization accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production and ATP depletion. Intracellular amastigote DNA fragmentation was also observed, without affecting the viability of macrophages. The treatment of L. braziliensis-infected hamsters with LQB-118, either orally or intralesionally, was effective in the control of lesion size, parasite load and increase intradermal reaction to parasite antigen. Taken together, these results show that the antileishmanial effect of LQB-118 extends to L. braziliensis in the hamster model, involves the induction of parasite apoptosis and shows promising therapeutic option by oral or local routes in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Costa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta O. Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M. L. Dutra
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Protozoários e Imunofisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosiane F. Santos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edézio F. Cunha-Júnior
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Torres-Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alcides J. M. da Silva
- Laboratório de Catálise Orgânica, Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. R. Costa
- Laboratório de Química Bioorgânica – Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Silvia A. G. Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Parasitária, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A. Leishmaniasis in travelers: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:563-81. [PMID: 25287721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infection to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Over the last decades, an increase in imported leishmaniasis cases in developed, non-endemic countries, have been pointed-out from a review of the international literature. Among the possible causes are increasing international tourism, influx of immigrants from endemic regions and military operations. The main area for the acquisition of cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially for adventure travelers on long-term trips in highly-endemic forested areas, is represented from South America, whereas popular Mediterranean destinations are emerging as the main areas to acquire visceral variant. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the diagnostic assessment of patients presenting with a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of travel to an endemic area, even if this occurred several months or years before. Adventure travelers, researchers, military personnel, and other groups of travelers likely to be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas, should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mansueto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Seidita
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Giustina Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedicine, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains an important neglected tropical infection that affects children more than adults. Geographical variation exists in the distribution of the various Leishmania species. Although the majority of the disease burden is found in poor countries, leishmaniasis is also endemic in several countries within Southern Europe. Transmission is mediated by the sandfly and may follow an anthroponotic or zoonotic cycle that also varies by region. The expression of leishmaniasis depends on a complex interaction between the type of infecting species and the host immune response. Infection may be asymptomatic or may manifest as cutaneous disease that is pleiomorphic in presentation, muco-cutaneous disease or the visceral form that may be lethal if untreated. Molecular techniques aid diagnosis especially in cases where amastigotes are not visualised. The efficacy of treatment varies with the type of infecting species and resistance patterns. Preventive measures aimed at avoiding sandfly bites are effective in reducing acquisition of leishmaniasis and should be promoted for travellers visiting endemic regions. The persistent lack of a vaccine against human leishmaniasis is a result of the poor investment in this neglected parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pace
- Department of Paediatrics, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Msida MSD 2090, Malta.
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Performance of an ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay in serological diagnosis of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in iran. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2014; 2014:505134. [PMID: 25177349 PMCID: PMC4142716 DOI: 10.1155/2014/505134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays have been extensively evaluated for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and considered as a routine method for diagnosis of VL while these methods are not properly evaluated for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study aimed to assess the performance of indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Sixty-one sera samples from parasitologically confirmed CL patients and 50 sera from healthy controls along with 50 sera from non-CL patients were collected. Antigen was prepared from promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major. IFA was used to detect anti-Leishmania IgG while ELISA was used to detect anti-Leishmania IgM, total IgG, or IgG subclasses (IgG1 and 4). ELISA, for detection of total IgG and IgM, showed sensitivity of 83.6% and 84.7% and specificity of 62.7% and 54.6%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for detecting IgG1 and IgG4 were 64%, 75% and 85%, 49%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of IFA were 91.6% and 81%. Conclusion. Findings of this study demonstrated that serological test, especially IFA, can be used for proper diagnosis of CL.
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Figliuolo VR, Chaves SP, Santoro GF, Coutinho CMLM, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Rossi-Bergmann B, Coutinho-Silva R. Periodate-oxidized ATP modulates macrophage functions during infection with Leishmania amazonensis. Cytometry A 2014; 85:588-600. [PMID: 24804957 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that treating macrophages with ATP impairs the intracellular growth of Leishmania amazonensis, and that the P2X7 purinergic receptor is overexpressed during leishmaniasis. In the present study, we directly evaluated the effect of periodate-oxidized ATP (oATP) on parasite control in Leishmania-infected macrophages. We found that oATP impaired the attachment/entrance of L. amazonensis promastigotes to C57BL/6 mouse macrophages in a P2X7 receptor-independent manner, as macrophages from P2X7(-/-) mice were similarly affected. Although oATP directly inhibited the growth of axenic promastigotes in culture, promoted rapid ultrastructural alterations, and impaired Leishmania internalization by macrophages, it did not affect intracellular parasite multiplication. Upon infection, phagosomal acidification was diminished in oATP-treated macrophages, accompanied by reduced endosomal proteolysis. Likewise, MHC class II molecules expression and ectoATPase activity was decreased by oATP added to macrophages at the time of parasite infection. These inhibitory effects were not due to a cytotoxic effect, as no additional release of lactate dehydrogenase was detected in culture supernatants. Moreover, the capacity of macrophages to produce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species was not affected by the presence of oATP during infection. We conclude that oATP directly affects extracellular parasite integrity and macrophage functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Figliuolo
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho-IBCCF, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Brasil
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Moreno E, Schwartz J, Fernández C, Sanmartín C, Nguewa P, Irache JM, Espuelas S. Nanoparticles as multifunctional devices for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:579-97. [PMID: 24620861 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.885500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are major tropical skin diseases. Topical treatment is currently limited to the least severe forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) without risk of dissemination. It is also recommended in combination with systemic therapy for more severe forms. Progresses in this modality of treatment are hindered by the heterogeneity of the disease and shortcomings in the clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review overlooks three major modalities of topical therapies in use or under investigation against CL: chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy; either with older compounds such as paramomycin or more recent nitric oxide donors, antimicrobial peptides or silver derivatives. The advantages and limitations of their administration with newer formulation strategies such as nanoparticles (NPs) are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy of a topical treatment against CL depends not only on the intrinsic antileishmanial activity of the drug but also on the amount of drug available in the dermis. NPs as sustained release systems and permeation enhancers could favour the creation of a drug reservoir in the dermis. Additionally, certain NPs have immunomodulatory properties or wound healing capabilities of benefit in CL treatment. Pending task is the selective delivery of active compounds to intracellular amastigotes, because even small NPs are unable to penetrate deeply into the skin to encounter infected macrophages (except in ulcerative lesions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Moreno
- University of Navarra, Tropical Health Institute , Irunlarrea, 1 E-31008 Pamplona , Spain +34948425600 ; +34948425619 ;
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Successful vaccines for naturally occurring protozoal diseases of animals should guide human vaccine research. A review of protozoal vaccines and their designs. Parasitology 2014; 141:624-40. [PMID: 24476952 PMCID: PMC3961066 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Effective vaccines are available for many protozoal diseases of animals, including vaccines for zoonotic pathogens and for several species of vector-transmitted apicomplexan haemoparasites. In comparison with human diseases, vaccine development for animals has practical advantages such as the ability to perform experiments in the natural host, the option to manufacture some vaccines in vivo, and lower safety requirements. Although it is proper for human vaccines to be held to higher standards, the enduring lack of vaccines for human protozoal diseases is difficult to reconcile with the comparatively immense amount of research funding. Common tactical problems of human protozoal vaccine research include reliance upon adapted rather than natural animal disease models, and an overwhelming emphasis on novel approaches that are usually attempted in replacement of rather than for improvement upon the types of designs used in effective veterinary vaccines. Currently, all effective protozoal vaccines for animals are predicated upon the ability to grow protozoal organisms. Because human protozoal vaccines need to be as effective as animal vaccines, researchers should benefit from a comparison of existing veterinary products and leading experimental vaccine designs. With this in mind, protozoal vaccines are here reviewed.
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Placa eritematodescamativa de lento crecimiento en la cara y el cuero cabelludo de una mujer anciana. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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