1
|
Halpert G, Sredni B. The effect of the novel tellurium compound AS101 on autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1230-5. [PMID: 25153485 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tellurium is a rare element, which has been regarded as a non-essential trace element despite its relative abundance in the human body. The chemistry of tellurium supports a plethora of activities, but its biochemistry is not clearly established to date. The small tellurium(IV) compound, ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate (AS101) developed and initially investigated by us, is currently being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials in psoriasis patients. AS101 is the first tellurium compound to be tested for clinical efficacy. This compound is a potent immunomodulator both in vitro and in vivo with a variety of potential therapeutic applications. The present review will focus on the immunomodulatory properties of AS101, and specifically, its effects in mitigating autoimmune diseases. AS101 has several activities that act on the immune system, including: 1) its ability to reduce IL-17 levels and to inhibit the function of Th17 cells; 2) its specific unique redox-modulating activities enabling the inhibition of specific leukocyte integrins such as α4β1 and α4β7, that are pivotal for diapedesis of macrophages and CD4(+) T inflammatory/auto-reactive cells into the autoimmune tissues; and 3) its ability to enhance the activity of regulatory T cells (Treg). These activities coupled with its excellent safety profile suggest that AS101 may be a promising candidate for the management of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Halpert
- C.A.I.R. Institute, The Safdié AIDS and Immunology Research Center, The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- C.A.I.R. Institute, The Safdié AIDS and Immunology Research Center, The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ling D, Liu B, Jawad S, Thompson IA, Nagineni CN, Dailey J, Chien J, Sredni B, Nussenblatt RB. The tellurium redox immunomodulating compound AS101 inhibits IL-1β-activated inflammation in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97:934-8. [PMID: 23624272 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE AS101 is a non-toxic organotellurium-IV compound with demonstrated immunomodulating activity in vitro and in vivo. Inflammatory responses are attributed to the pathophysiology of numerous ocular diseases. In this study, we wished to elucidate whether AS101 could mitigate pro-inflammatory activity in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are heavily involved in ocular immune responses, induced by pro-inflammatory IL-β activity. METHODS Primary and transformed RPE cells treated with varying concentrations of AS101 were used in this study. Real-time PCR and ELISA assays were used to detect cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression and protein production. Western blot was used to detect changes in the NFκB pathway. Cell viability and proliferation were detected using a Vi-Cell XR cell counter. To measure the cytoprotective capacity of AS101, cell numbers were compared between cells treated with IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cells treated with IL-1β or LPS in the presence of AS101. RESULTS AS101 inhibited IL-1β-induced mRNA expression and protein production of IL-6 and IL-8 in RPE cells. The viability of RPE cells treated with IL-1β and LPS was unaffected. AS101 slightly inhibited RPE cell growth in the presence of higher levels of IL-1β. Also, AS101 downregulated the IL-1β activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p65, an NFκB subunit. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that AS101 reduces IL-1β-induced inflammatory responses in the RPE. In previous studies, AS101 exhibited therapeutic effects in various disease models and was a safe profile in clinical trials. These results suggest that AS101 may have potent anti-inflammatory potential in the eye and confer the downregulation of RPE inflammatory responses in a pathological environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diamond Ling
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reifen R, Blank M, Afek A, Kopilowiz Y, Sklan D, Gershwin ME, German B, Yoshida S, Shoenfeld Y. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin antibodies production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998; 7:192-7. [PMID: 9607643 DOI: 10.1191/096120398678919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, including linseed oil which contains 70% omega-3 fatty acids, on autoantibody production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Five different fats were fed to mice with induced SLE and antibody titers to anti-DNA and anti-cardiolipin were determined and histological examination of kidneys were carried out. RESULTS SLE mice fed linseed oil showed lower titers of antibodies to DNA and to cardiolipin and less severe kidney damage than mice fed other diets, including fish oil. CONCLUSION Use of linseed oil may attenuate the severity of SLE and this diet may be recommended for other auto-immune diseases as well.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/blood
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/drug effects
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- DNA/immunology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Female
- Linseed Oil/administration & dosage
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Minerals/blood
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Reifen
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shoenfeld Y, Krause I, Blank M. New methods of treatment in an experimental murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus induced by idiotypic manipulation. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56:5-11. [PMID: 9059133 PMCID: PMC1752242 DOI: 10.1136/ard.56.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article we have presented our experiences and those of others with various experimental and novel treatments in an experimental model of murine SLE, induced by immunisation with pathogenic anti-DNA antibody (fig 4). Many of the treatments (summarised in the table) were highly effective in ameliorating clinical, serological, and histological manifestations of the disease. According to our results, it seems that hormonal treatments--such as testosterone metabolites, anti-oestrogens, or bromocriptine--as well as immunomodulation with IVIG or anti-CD4 antibodies, hold the most promising potential for application in lupus patients. We believe, therefore, that these types of treatment should receive high priority in human trials. It should be emphasised, however, that the timing of treatment may be critical, since several treatments were effective when used before or during the induction of the disease. This limitation may pose difficulty for human application, since the aetiology of SLE is still obscure and is probably multifactorial38; therefore it is not yet possible to identify patients at risk of developing SLE. Nevertheless, those treatments which proved to be effective might be used early in the course of the disease in lupus patients and hence influence the outcome of the disease, or may even induce partial or complete remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zandman-Goddard G, George J, Bland M, Levy Y, Yanai P, Halperin T, Shoenfeld Y, Barak V. The effects of early and late administration of M-20 derived interleukin-1 inhibitor on experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Lett 1996; 53:77-82. [PMID: 9024982 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(96)02606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
M-20 interleukin-1 inhibitor is produced by a myelomonocytic cell line. The effects of this molecule, mediated via IL-1 inhibition, include decreased proliferative responses of mouse thymocytes, human T-cells and fibroblasts and reduction in parameters of acute inflammation. Previously, we have demonstrated the emergence of a disease resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in naive mice immunized with anti-DNA antibodies carrying different pathogenic idiotypes. The disease was manifested by increased titers of various mouse antibodies, concomitant with the appearance of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), proteinuria and leukopenia. We have applied this model of experimental SLE (immunized with MIV-7, a human monoclonal antibody) to evaluate the influence of M-20 IL-1 inhibitor, administered at different stages (2 weeks before, 1 month and 3 months following immunization) for a period of 2 weeks, on the findings of the disease in mice. It was shown that M-20 IL-1 inhibitor given 2 weeks prior to the immunization resulted in suppression of the disease induction as documented by lower antibody titer level (30%-50% in the immunized mice as compared with controls). Furthermore, reduced autoantibody levels were accompanied by other beneficial findings consisting of lower ESR, less severe proteinuria and elevated leukocyte counts. No beneficial effects of M-20 IL-1 inhibitor were observed when the agent was administered 1 or 3 months following immunization. We conclude that M-20 IL-1 inhibitor has a favorable effect on experimental SLE in mice, provided it is administered before induction of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Zandman-Goddard
- Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zandman-Goddard G, George J, Levy Y, Blank M, Slavin S, Shoenfeld Y. Modulation of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus with linomide. Lupus 1996; 5:328-33. [PMID: 8869907 DOI: 10.1177/096120339600500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the beneficial effects of an early administration of low dose linomide, a new immunomodulator, in an animal model of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Experimental SLE was induced in naive BALB/c mice, by immunization with anti-DNA mAb (MIV-7). Control Mice immunized with irrelevant human IgM served as controls. The immunized mice were treated with linomide (0.1 mg/ml in the drinking water), four weeks prior to the first immunization, at an early stage of the disease induction (one month after boost injection), or at a later stage (3 months following boost immunization). The treatment duration was 3 months in all schedules. The follow-up studies continued for 8 weeks after discontinuation of the treatment. The presence in the serum of autoantibodies against ssDNA, dsDNA histones, phospholipids and an irrelevant autoantigen-pyruvate dehydrogenase, was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical parameters assessed included erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral blood cell counts and proteinuria. RESULTS There was a 50-64% decrease in autoantibody levels in the sera of mice immunized with anti-DNA (MIV-7) mAb at the early stage of experimental SLE in mice which received linomide for a period of 3 months. No effect of linomide was noted in mice which received the drug during the later stages of experimental SLE when the disease was fully developed. Linomide had a preventive effect on the induction of experimental SLE in naive mice, when the treatment was initiated before the induction of the disease. This effect was abolished following cessation of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Linomide proved to be effective at the early stages of induction of the experimental SLE. However, the autoantibody levels rose following discontinuation of the therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Zandman-Goddard
- Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blank M, Manosroi J, Tomer Y, Manosroi A, Kopolovic J, Charcon-Polak S, Shoenfeld Y. Suppression of experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with specific anti-idiotypic antibody-saporin conjugate. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98:434-41. [PMID: 7994908 PMCID: PMC1534502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb05509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the idiotypic network is represented in experimental SLE induced by active immunization of naive mice with an anti-DNA idiotype (Ab1) emulsified in adjuvant. The mice after 4 months of incubation generate Ab3 having anti-DNA activity. In addition, the mice develop other serological markers for SLE associated with clinical and histopathological manifestations characteristic of the disease. To confirm further the etiological role of the idiotype in this experimental model, the mice were treated with specific anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) which were also conjugated to a toxin-saporin (Immunotoxin (IT)). Pretreatment of hybridoma cell line producing the anti-anti-Id (anti-DNA = (Ab3)) for 48 h with the anti-Id MoAb (Ab2) reduced the production of anti-DNA by 58%, while pretreatment with the IT resulted in 86% decrease in anti-DNA secretion (saporin alone had only 12% effect). The anti-Id MoAb had no effect on the production of immunoglobulin by an unrelated cell line. In vivo treatment of mice with experimental SLE led to a significant decrease in titres of serum autoantibodies, with diminished clinical manifestations. The results were more remarkable when the IT was employed. These suppressive effects were specific, since an anti-Id treatment of experimental anti-phospholipid syndrome was of no avail. The anti-Id effect was mediated via a reduction in specific anti-DNA antibody-forming cells, and lasted only while anti-Id injections were given. Discontinuation of the anti-Id injection was followed by a rise in titres of anti-DNA antibodies. No immunological escape of new anti-DNA Ids was noted. Our results point to the importance of pathogenic idiotypes in SLE and to the specific potential of implementing anti-idiotypic therapy, enhanced by the conjugation of the anti-Id to an immunotoxin, in particular one with low spontaneous toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Blank
- Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Handwerger BS, Rus V, da Silva L, Via CS. The role of cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of lupus. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1994; 16:153-80. [PMID: 7716703 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B S Handwerger
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blank M, Ben-Bassat M, Shoenfeld Y. The effect of cyclosporin A on early and late stages of experimental lupus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1992; 35:1350-5. [PMID: 1445452 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780351116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) on the development of lupus in an experimental model. METHODS Lupus was induced in naive mice following injection of a human anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) monoclonal antibody carrying the 16/6 idiotype (Id). CSA was injected into the mice at an early stage of the disease (2 months after immunization) and at a late stage (4 months after immunization). RESULTS CSA was found to have a suppressive effect on autoantibody production, as well as on the appearance of other disease manifestations, in the mice with lupus. The effects of the drug were more prominent when the mice were treated at an early stage. This was reflected by a dramatic decrease, to normal levels, in autoantibodies to dsDNA, histones, cardiolipin, Sm, RNP, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, and anti-DNA 16/6 Id. Similar effects on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count, and urinary protein levels were noted. These data were supported by electron microscopy analysis showing a lack of immunoglobulin deposition in the kidneys of mice in which treatment was started early. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that, similar to findings in other autoimmune conditions (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), administration of CSA at an early stage in systemic lupus erythematosus may be more beneficial than if the drug is given at a later stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Blank
- Research Unit of Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fishman P, Bakimer R, Blank M, Sredni D, Djaldetti M, Shoenfeld Y. The putative role of cytokines in the induction of primary anti-phospholipid syndrome in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90:266-70. [PMID: 1424285 PMCID: PMC1554616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb07940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, thromboembolic phenomena and recurrent fetal loss, associated with anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) and/or lupus anticoagulant. The syndrome may be primary or may be associated with other conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study we induced primary APLS following immunization of BALB/c mice with a human monoclonal ACA (H-3). Analysis of the cytokine profile of the mice with experimental APLS indicated low production of IL-2, IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocytes of H-3 immunized mice. It seems that the low levels of IL-3 and GM-CSF have a potential role in the fetal loss of the APLS. Whatever the mechanism of IL-3 and GM-CSF in preventing fetal loss, these results may have therapeutic bearing on the reproductive outcome in women and other species with APLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fishman
- Hematology Research Unit, Golda Medical Centre, Hasharon Hospital, Petach Tiqva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|