1
|
Du YN, Chen YJ, Zhang HY, Wang X, Zhang ZF. Inverse association between systemic immune-inflammation index and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:650-654. [PMID: 33588682 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1885642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NLR) were associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 413 postmenopausal women who never received menopause hormone therapy. The relationship between SII, NLR, and BMD was investigated by linear regression analysis. RESULTS Significant inverse association was observed between SII and BMD in postmenopausal women. The mean BMD in each quartile of SII level were 0.923, 0.914, 0.900, and 0.876 g/cm2, respectively (p = .011). After adjusting for covariates, SII levels remained significantly associated with BMD (regression coefficients for quartiles 1-3 vs. quartile 4 were 0.035, 0.029, and 0.023, respectively; p for trend <.05). An inverse association was also found between NLR and BMD in postmenopausal women. However, there was no significant association between NLR and BMD after adjusting for covariates. CONCLUSION The quartile of SII was negatively associated with the mean BMD in postmenopausal women, independent of age, body mass index, sex hormone levels, and other factors. Therefore, SII can be used as a new predictor of bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y N Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y J Chen
- Department of the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z F Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of the Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ko YE, Yoon SY, Ly SY, Kim JH, Sohn KY, Kim JW. 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) reduces hepatic injury in concanavalin A-treated mice. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1392-1405. [PMID: 28749086 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG), a chemically synthesized monoacetyldiaglyceride, is one of the constituents in Sika deer antlers and has been known traditionally as having immunomodulatory effects. However, the mechanism by which PLAG controls neutrophil migration, which evokes liver injury in the hepatitis animal model, remains largely unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of PLAG on cytokine secretion and neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro. Concanavalin A (Con A) induced leukocyte infiltration in the liver and increased plasma cytokine levels. Pretreatment with PLAG reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, and CXCL2, but maintained interferon (IFN)-γ levels and modulated neutrophil recruitment toward the liver. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-4 and CXCL2 in liver tissue were also decreased in the Con A-treated mice. Liver histology analyses showed that PLAG reduced Con A-induced hepatic necrosis, which was accompanied by leukocyte infiltration. The in vitro studies revealed that PLAG reduced IL-4 secretion in Con A stimulated T cell and blocked signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) Con A induced hepatocyte. PLAG attenuated IL-4 induced activation of atypical protein kinase C (PKC)/STAT6 in hepatocytes and inhibited neutrophil migration toward the liver tissue through suppression of IL-8/vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) expression. These results suggest that PLAG could mitigate excess neutrophil migration into liver tissue and potentially have a therapeutic effect on immune-mediated liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young E Ko
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Y Yoon
- Division of Global New Drug Development, ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun Y Ly
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo H Kim
- Department of Pathology, EulJi University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Y Sohn
- Division of Global New Drug Development, ENZYCHEM Lifesciences, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae W Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dudli S, Sing DC, Hu SS, Berven SH, Burch S, Deviren V, Cheng I, Tay BKB, Alamin TF, Ith MAM, Pietras EM, Lotz JC. ISSLS PRIZE IN BASIC SCIENCE 2017: Intervertebral disc/bone marrow cross-talk with Modic changes. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2017; 26:1362-1373. [PMID: 28138783 PMCID: PMC5409869 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-017-4955-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort analysis of patients with Modic Changes (MC). OBJECTIVE Our goal was to characterize the molecular and cellular features of MC bone marrow and adjacent discs. We hypothesized that MC associate with biologic cross-talk between discs and bone marrow, the presence of which may have both diagnostic and therapeutic implications. BACKGROUND DATA MC are vertebral bone marrow lesions that can be a diagnostic indicator for discogenic low back pain. Yet, the pathobiology of MC is largely unknown. METHODS Patients with Modic type 1 or 2 changes (MC1, MC2) undergoing at least 2-level lumbar interbody fusion with one surgical level having MC and one without MC (control level). Two discs (MC, control) and two bone marrow aspirates (MC, control) were collected per patient. Marrow cellularity was analyzed using flow cytometry. Myelopoietic differentiation potential of bone marrow cells was quantified to gauge marrow function, as was the relative gene expression profiles of the marrow and disc cells. Disc/bone marrow cross-talk was assessed by comparing MC disc/bone marrow features relative to unaffected levels. RESULTS Thirteen MC1 and eleven MC2 patients were included. We observed pro-osteoclastic changes in MC2 discs, an inflammatory dysmyelopoiesis with fibrogenic changes in MC1 and MC2 marrow, and up-regulation of neurotrophic receptors in MC1 and MC2 bone marrow and discs. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a fibrogenic and pro-inflammatory cross-talk between MC bone marrow and adjacent discs. This provides insight into the pain generator at MC levels and informs novel therapeutic targets for treatment of MC-associated LBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dudli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - David C Sing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Serena S Hu
- Stanford Spine Clinic, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, USA
| | - Sigurd H Berven
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shane Burch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vedat Deviren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ivan Cheng
- Stanford Spine Clinic, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, USA
| | - Bobby K B Tay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Todd F Alamin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Eric M Pietras
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S-1164, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Type 2 Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling in Neutrophils Antagonizes Their Expansion and Migration during Infection and Inflammation. Immunity 2016; 45:172-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
5
|
Cohen ND, Bourquin JR, Bordin AI, Kuskie KR, Brake CN, Weaver KB, Liu M, Felippe MJB, Kogut MH. Intramuscular administration of a synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide modulates functional responses of neutrophils of neonatal foals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109865. [PMID: 25333660 PMCID: PMC4198146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in protecting against infection. Foals have age-dependent deficiencies in neutrophil function that may contribute to their predisposition to infection. Thus, we investigated the ability of a CpG-ODN formulated with Emulsigen to modulate functional responses of neutrophils in neonatal foals. Eighteen foals were randomly assigned to receive either a CpG-ODN with Emulsigen (N = 9) or saline intramuscularly at ages 1 and 7 days. At ages 1, 3, 9, 14, and 28, blood was collected and neutrophils were isolated from each foal. Neutrophils were assessed for basal and Rhodococcus equi-stimulated mRNA expression of the cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-8 using real-time PCR, degranulation by quantifying the amount of β-D glucuronidase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using flow cytometry. In vivo administration of the CpG-ODN formulation on days 1 and 7 resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased IFN-γ mRNA expression by foal neutrophils on days 3, 9, and 14. Degranulation was significantly (P<0.05) lower for foals in the CpG-ODN-treated group than the control group at days 3 and 14, but not at other days. No effect of treatment on ROS generation was detected. These results indicate that CpG-ODN administration to foals might improve innate and adaptive immune responses that could protect foals against infectious diseases and possibly improve responses to vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah D. Cohen
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica R. Bourquin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela I. Bordin
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Kuskie
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney N. Brake
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaytee B. Weaver
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mei Liu
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - M. Julia B. Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Kogut
- Food and Feed Safety Research, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keyhani A, Riazi-Rad F, Pakzad SR, Ajdary S. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce cytokines in response to Leishmania major promastigotes. APMIS 2014; 122:891-7. [PMID: 24698213 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) release cytokines that may influence the development of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Little is known about cytokines produced by human PMN in response to Leishmania (L.). In this study, mRNA expression of Interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-12p35, Interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-1, and IL-4 in PMN of volunteers stimulated with L. major promastigotes has been investigated by real-time PCR and the results were confirmed by flow cytometer. The results showed that L. major did not induce mRNA expression of IL12p40, IL12p35, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in PMN, while IL-1 and IL-4 mRNA were induced. Flow cytometry results confirmed no IFN-γ production by PMN with or without stimulation. IL-12p70 was present in untreated and L. major-treated PMN, and these cells release IL-12 following incubation with L. major. Significant amount of IL-1 even without treatment with promastigotes was detected in PMN. Moreover, the proportion of PMN, which produce IL-1 in response to L. major, was increased compared with the percent of unstimulated IL-1-producing PMN. The results showed the accumulation of small amounts of IL-4 in PMN after stimulation. In conclusion, our results indicate that IL-12 and IL-1 are pre-stored in human PMN, nor L. major induces IL-1 and IL-4, but not IL-12, IFN-γ, nor TGF-β expression in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Keyhani
- Islamic Azad University-Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Moran K, Beauchamp G, Mauel S, Steinbach F, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Martin JG, Lavoie JP. IL-4 activates equine neutrophils and induces a mixed inflammatory cytokine expression profile with enhanced neutrophil chemotactic mediator release ex vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L472-82. [PMID: 20639353 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are potent contributors to the lung pathophysiological changes occurring in allergic airway inflammation, which typically involve T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine overexpression. We have previously reported that equine pulmonary endothelial cells are activated by the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and express chemotactic factors for neutrophils after stimulation. We have further explored the possible mechanisms linking Th2-driven inflammation and neutrophilia by studying the effects of recombinant equine IL-4, a prototypical Th2 cytokine, on peripheral blood neutrophils (PBN) isolated from normal animals and from horses with asthmatic airway inflammation (equine heaves). We found that IL-4 induced morphological changes in PBN, dose- and time-dependent expression of IL-8 mRNA, as well as the release of chemotactic factors for neutrophils in culture supernatants. Also, IL-4 induced a mixed inflammatory response in PBN from control and asthmatic-animals with increased expression of proinflammatory IL-8 and TNF-α but a marked inhibition of IL-1β. IL-4 type I receptor (IL-4Rα) and CD23 (FcεRII) expression were also upregulated by IL-4. Importantly, disease as well as chronic antigenic exposure modified gene expression by PBN. Finally, we found that activation of equine neutrophils with IL-4 involved STAT6 phosphorylation and p38 MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); the pharmacological inhibitors, SB-203580 and LY-294002, respectively, significantly reversed IL-4-induced gene modulation in PBN. Overall, results from this study add to the link between Th2-driven inflammation and neutrophilia in the equine model and further extend the characterization of IL-4 effects on neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Lavoie-Lamoureux
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deng X, Luyendyk JP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Inflammatory stress and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: hints from animal models. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:262-82. [PMID: 19805476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) present a serious human health problem. They are major contributors to hospitalization and mortality throughout the world (Lazarou et al., 1998; Pirmohamed et al., 2004). A small fraction (less than 5%) of ADRs can be classified as "idiosyncratic." Idiosyncratic ADRs (IADRs) are caused by drugs with diverse pharmacological effects and occur at various times during drug therapy. Although IADRs affect a number of organs, liver toxicity occurs frequently and is the primary focus of this review. Because of the inconsistency of clinical data and the lack of experimental animal models, how IADRs arise is largely undefined. Generation of toxic drug metabolites and induction of specific immunity are frequently cited as causes of IADRs, but definitive evidence supporting either mechanism is lacking for most drugs. Among the more recent hypotheses for causation of IADRs is that inflammatory stress induced by exogenous or endogenous inflammagens is a susceptibility factor. In this review, we give a brief overview of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and the inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We discuss the inflammatory stress hypothesis and use as examples two drugs that have caused IADRs in human patients: ranitidine and diclofenac. The review focuses on experimental animal models that support the inflammatory stress hypothesis and on the mechanisms of hepatotoxic response in these models. The need for design of epidemiological studies and the potential for implementation of inflammation interaction studies in preclinical toxicity screening are also discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poubelle PE, Chakravarti A, Fernandes MJ, Doiron K, Marceau AA. Differential expression of RANK, RANK-L, and osteoprotegerin by synovial fluid neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and by healthy human blood neutrophils. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R25. [PMID: 17341304 PMCID: PMC1906801 DOI: 10.1186/ar2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional links between bone remodeling and the immune system in chronic inflammatory arthritis are mediated, in part, by the ligand of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B (RANK-L). Because neutrophils play a crucial role in chronic inflammation, the goal of this study was to determine whether proteins of the RANK/RANK-L pathway are expressed by synovial fluid (SF) neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to characterize this pathway in normal human blood neutrophils. The expression of RANK-L, osteoprotegerin (OPG), RANK, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) was determined by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and cytofluorometry. RANK signaling was analyzed by the degradation of inhibitor of kappaB-alpha (I-κB-α). SF neutrophils from patients with RA express and release OPG and express the membrane-associated forms of RANK-L and RANK. In contrast, normal blood neutrophils express only the membrane-associated form of RANK-L. They do not express the mRNAs encoding OPG and RANK. SF neutrophils from RA patients and normal blood neutrophils release no soluble RANK-L. They express the mRNA for TRAF6. The expression of OPG and RANK by normal human blood neutrophils, however, can be induced by interleukin-4 + tumor necrosis factor-alpha and by SFs from patients with RA. In contrast, SFs from patients with osteoarthritis do not induce the expression of OPG and RANK. Moreover, the addition of RANK-L to normal blood neutrophils pretreated by SF from patients with RA decreased I-κB-α, indicating that RANK signaling by neutrophils stimulated with SF is associated with nuclear factor-kappa-B activation. In summary, RANK-L is expressed by inflammatory and normal neutrophils, unlike OPG and RANK, which are expressed only by neutrophils exposed to an inflammatory environment. Taken together, these results suggest that neutrophils may contribute to bone remodeling at inflammatory sites where they are present in significantly large numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice E Poubelle
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CRCHUL), 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arpita Chakravarti
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CRCHUL), 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Maria J Fernandes
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CRCHUL), 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Karine Doiron
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CRCHUL), 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Andrée-Anne Marceau
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CRCHUL), 2705 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dacre KJ, McGorum BC, Marlin DJ, Bartner LR, Brown JK, Shaw DJ, Robinson NE, Deaton C, Pemberton AD. Organic dust exposure increases mast cell tryptase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and airway epithelium of heaves horses. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1809-18. [PMID: 17956586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell degranulation is believed to act as a key event in initiating and maintaining airway response to allergen challenge in human asthma. It is hypothesized that the mast cell may play a similar role in equine heaves, which shares many similarities with occupational dust-induced asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the mast cell proteinase tryptase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from control and heaves-susceptible horses and to investigate tryptase mRNA and protein expression in pulmonary mast cells. METHODS Equine BALF tryptase concentrations were determined by ELISA from control and heaves-susceptible horses pre and post 24 h hay/straw challenge (HSC). Tryptase mRNA and protein expression were investigated by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in bronchial and bronchiolar tissue samples of control and heaves-susceptible horses. RESULTS Both control and heaves-susceptible horses had significantly increased BALF tryptase concentrations following HSC (P=0.003 and 0.034, respectively). Increased numbers of tryptase-expressing intra-epithelial mast cells were demonstrated in heaves horses, but not controls, following challenge (P=0.02). Bronchiolar tissue from heaves horses removed from challenge contained significantly lower tryptase transcripts than that from control horses (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Mast cell degranulation and tryptase release into the airways occur following HSC of control and heaves-susceptible horses. The greater number of mast cells available in the bronchiolar epithelium of heaves horses may be clinically significant in the pulmonary inflammatory response of heaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Dacre
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Midlothian, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang H, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Moran K, Lavoie JP. IL-4 stimulates the expression of CXCL-8, E-selectin, VEGF, and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA by equine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1147-54. [PMID: 17494951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00294.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known concerning the possible contribution of T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines to the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung tissue. In the present study, endothelial cells from equine pulmonary arteries were cultured in the presence of recombinant equine (re) IL-4 and reIL-5, and the cytokine mRNA expression of molecules implicated in the chemotaxis and migration of neutrophils was studied using real-time RT-PCR. The functional response of reIL-4-induced endothelial cell stimulation on neutrophil migration was also studied using a chemotaxis chamber. ReIL-4 either increased the expression of CXCL-8, E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), or potentiated the coeffects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on CXCL-8. Supernatants collected from cultured endothelial cells stimulated with reIL-4 significantly promoted neutrophil migration in a dose-dependent manner. Dexamethasone (DXM) decreased the expression of CXCL-8, VEGF, and iNOS induced by reIL-4, while 1400W dihydrochloride (1400W), a selective inhibitor of iNOS, decreased the expression of E-selectin, VEGF, and iNOS. DXM and 1400W attenuated the mRNA expression of E-selectin and iNOS induced by the costimulation of reIL-4, reTNF-alpha, and LPS. Neither equine nor human recombinant IL-5 influenced the mRNA expression of CXCL-8, E-selectin, or VEGF. These findings suggest that Th2-type cytokines may contribute to pulmonary neutrophilia during allergic inflammation by the increased expression of neutrophil chemokines and adhesion molecules by endothelial cells. DXM and the iNOS inhibitors may decrease pulmonary neutrophilia due, in part, to a direct inhibition of some of these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Megiovanni AM, Sanchez F, Robledo-Sarmiento M, Morel C, Gluckman JC, Boudaly S. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils deliver activation signals and antigenic molecules to dendritic cells: a new link between leukocytes upstream of T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:977-88. [PMID: 16501052 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0905526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are rapidly recruited to tissues upon injury or infection. There, they can encounter local and/or recruited immature dendritic cells (iDCs), a colocalization that could promote at least transient interactions and mutually influence the two leukocyte populations. Using human live blood PMNs and monocyte-derived iDCs, we examined if these leukocytes actually interacted and whether this influenced DC function. Indeed, coculture with live but not apoptotic PMNs led to up-regulation of membrane CD40, CD86, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR on DCs. Whereas CD40 up-regulation was dependent on soluble factors released by PMNs, as determined in cultures conducted in different chambers, cell contact was necessary for CD86 and HLA-DR up-regulation, a process that was inhibited by anti-CD18 antibodies, indicating that CD18 ligation was required. We also found that via a cell contact-dependent mechanism, DCs acquired Candida albicans-derived antigens from live as well as from apoptotic PMNs and could thus elicit antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses. Altogether, our data demonstrate the occurrence of cross-talk between human PMNs and DCs and provide new insights into the immune processes occurring upstream of the interactions between DCs and T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Megiovanni
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dewachi O, Joubert P, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:31-6. [PMID: 16159669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heaves, a condition associated with airway neutrophilia, is believed to result from an allergic response to environmental dust particles. However, the contribution of neutrophils to the allergic response is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that Th2-type cytokines can directly activate neutrophils to produce pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study focused on the presence of receptors for the Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 on peripheral blood neutrophils of horses with heaves. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood of horses with heaves (n=7), and normal control (n=5) before (pasture) and 3 weeks following a continuous natural allergen challenge (stabling). Horses with heaves had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils expressing IL-5 and IL-9 receptors compared to control while in pasture, and further increased during stabling in heaves affected horses but not in control animals. These results provide a possible mechanism by which Th2-type cytokines may activate neutrophils in equine heaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oday Dewachi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3650 St-Urbain, Montreal, Que., Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur P. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:729-59, table of contents. [PMID: 15489345 PMCID: PMC523562 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.729-759.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases remain significant causes of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, despite the dramatic ability of antiretroviral therapy to reconstitute immunity. Notable advances have been achieved in understanding, at the molecular level, the relationships between the progression of HIV infection, the acquisition, maintenance, and clonality of oral candidal populations, and the emergence of antifungal resistance. However, the critical immunological defects which are responsible for the onset and maintenance of mucosal candidiasis in patients with HIV infection have not been elucidated. The devastating impact of HIV infection on mucosal Langerhans' cell and CD4(+) cell populations is most probably central to the pathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. However, these defects may be partly compensated by preserved host defense mechanisms (calprotectin, keratinocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and phagocytes) which, individually or together, may limit Candida albicans proliferation to the superficial mucosa. The availability of CD4C/HIV transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 in immune cells has provided the opportunity to devise a novel model of mucosal candidiasis that closely mimics the clinical and pathological features of candidal infection in human HIV infection. These transgenic mice allow, for the first time, a precise cause-and-effect analysis of the immunopathogenesis of mucosal candidiasis in HIV infection under controlled conditions in a small laboratory animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arruda C, Valente-Ferreira RC, Pina A, Kashino SS, Fazioli RA, Vaz CAC, Franco MF, Keller AC, Calich VLG. Dual role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis: endogenous IL-4 can induce protection or exacerbation of disease depending on the host genetic pattern. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3932-40. [PMID: 15213137 PMCID: PMC427439 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.3932-3940.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important endemic mycosis in Latin America, is thought to be primarily mediated by cellular immunity and the production of gamma interferon. To assess the role of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a Th2 cytokine, pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis in IL-4-depleted susceptible (B10.A) and intermediate (C57BL/6) mice was studied. Two different protocols were used to neutralize endogenous IL-4 in B10.A mice: 1 mg of anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody (MAb)/week and 8 mg 1 day before intratracheal infection with 10(6) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells. Unexpectedly, both protocols enhanced pulmonary infection but did not alter the levels of pulmonary cytokines and specific antibodies. Since in a previous work it was verified that C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in IL-4 were more resistant to P. brasiliensis infection, we also investigated the effect of IL-4 depletion in this mouse strain. Treatment with the MAb at 1 mg/week led to less severe pulmonary disease associated with impaired synthesis of Th2 cytokines in the lungs and liver of control C57BL/6 mice. Conversely, in IL-4-depleted C57BL/6 mice, increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-12 were found in the lungs and liver, respectively. In addition, higher levels of immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and lower levels of IgG1 antibodies were produced by IL-4-depleted mice than by control mice. Lung pathologic findings were equivalent in IL-4-depleted and untreated B10.A mice. In IL-4-depleted C57BL/6 mice, however, smaller and well-organized granulomas replaced the more extensive lesions that developed in untreated mice. These results clearly showed that IL-4 can have a protective or a disease-promoting effect in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis depending on the genetic background of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celina Arruda
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cordeau ME, Joubert P, Dewachi O, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 97:87-96. [PMID: 14700540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heaves is a common condition of horses of cold climate that is characterized by small airway inflammation and obstruction following exposure of susceptible horses to moldy hay and straw. It has been shown that helper T lymphocytes (Th) orchestrate the inflammatory response in asthma and in various animal models of allergic lung diseases by the release of Th2-type cytokines. Results of previous studies indicate that a predominant expression of Th2-type response by airway cells may also be present in heaves. To evaluate the temporal mRNA expression of Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) type cytokines in heaves and their relationship to clinical disease, we studied the pulmonary mechanics and cytokine mRNA expression (IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma) in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes of horses with heaves (n=6) and control (n=6) before and after 24h and 9 days of continuous natural inhalation challenge. Starting 24h after challenge horses with heaves, but not control horses, had a significant increase in pulmonary elastance and the number of lymphocytes expressing mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5. These changes were further increased at 9 days, at which time the number of cells positive for IFN-gamma mRNA was decreased. In this study we have shown that BAL lymphocytes of horses with heaves during clinical exacerbation have a predominant Th2-type cytokine response and that this response coincides in time with the presence of airway obstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Cordeau
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Que., Canada J2S 7C6
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Crepaldi L, Silveri L, Calzetti F, Pinardi C, Cassatella MA. Molecular basis of the synergistic production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by human neutrophils stimulated with IL-4 and IL-10. Int Immunol 2002; 14:1145-53. [PMID: 12356680 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report that the release of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from IL-4-stimulated neutrophils is markedly enhanced in the presence of IL-10. We also show that up-regulation of IL-1ra release by IL-10 in IL-4-stimulated neutrophils takes place through IL-1ra mRNA stabilization and enhancement of IL-1ra de novo synthesis. Furthermore, we report that the ability of IL-10 to up-regulate IL-1ra mRNA expression in IL-4-treated neutrophils requires 5-6 h and it is preceded by the acquisition of the capacity to activate Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation. This latter response to IL-10 was strictly dependent on the levels of expression of IL-10R1, which were in fact significantly increased by IL-4 in cultured neutrophils via a signaling pathway sensitive to the serine/threonine kinase inhibitor H-7. Collectively, our data emphasize the central role of IL-10R1 expression in regulating cell responsiveness to IL-10. In addition, the fact that IL-10 strongly up-regulates IL-1ra production in IL-4-activated neutrophils uncovers a novel mechanism whereby IL-10 and IL-4 cooperate to negatively modulate the inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Crepaldi
- Department of Pathology, General Pathology Unit, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 4, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bober LA, Rojas-Triana A, Jackson JV, Leach MW, Manfra D, Narula SK, Grace MJ. Regulatory effects of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 on human neutrophil function ex vivo and on neutrophil influx in a rat model of arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2660-7. [PMID: 11145023 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2660::aid-anr5>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the capacity of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 to block polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) activation in an ex vivo human model system, and to confirm their effect on neutrophil function in an animal model of arthritis. METHODS The ex vivo phagocytic capacity of cytokine-activated human PMNs was assessed by use of assays for measuring the ingestion of heat-killed yeast and by subsequent hexose-monophosphate shunt activation using nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The in vivo activity of IL-4 and IL-10 was measured using a rat adjuvant arthritis model in which the mycobacterial antigen concentration was titrated to modify disease intensity. RESULTS IL-4 and IL-10 suppressed the ex vivo activation state of interferon-gamma- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-activated human neutrophils. In the rat adjuvant arthritis model, treatment with systemic murine IL-10 (mIL-10) effectively suppressed all disease parameters in rats that received the lower concentrations of mycobacteria, whereas systemic mIL-4 was effective against even the most severe disease. Both cytokines were effective in lowering the absolute PMN cell number recovered and the PMN activation state in the joint synovia. We also observed lower levels of the messenger RNA transcript for CINC protein (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant; a rat homolog for human IL-8) in the synovia. CONCLUSION IL-10 is an effective antiarthritic agent and has a major effect on the presence and function of PMNs in the joint synovia when disease intensity is not severe. IL-4 has an inhibitory profile that is similar to that of IL-10, but is effective in modifying even the most severe disease. Both cytokines reduced the phagocytic activation of human PMNs in response to proinflammatory cytokines. These data demonstrate that IL-4 and IL-10 can exert powerful regulatory effects on neutrophil function that translate into a therapeutic response in a disease model of arthritis. Treatment with these cytokines alone or in combination may therefore be very useful in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Bober
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elahi S, Pang G, Clancy R, Ashman RB. Cellular and cytokine correlates of mucosal protection in murine model of oral candidiasis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5771-7. [PMID: 10992484 PMCID: PMC101536 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5771-5777.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2000] [Accepted: 06/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host protection against Candida albicans infection in a model of oral candidiasis involving infection-prone [DBA/2 (H-2(d))] and less infection-prone [BALB/c (H-2(d))] mouse strains was analyzed in terms of antibody and cellular responses, and in terms of cytokine patterns from regional lymph node cells. There was a selective expansion of gamma/delta(+) T-cell receptor cells, which correlated with the patterns of colonization in both mouse strains, with higher numbers of gamma/delta T cells detected in BALB/c mice. Antigen-induced T-cell proliferation was significantly higher in BALB/c mice than in DBA/2 mice. Higher levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and salivary IgA antibodies were detected in BALB/c mice than in DBA/2 mice, but only after the infection was cleared. The cervical lymph node cells from infected mice were assessed for interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-12, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mRNA gene expression by reverse transcription-PCR and protein production in the culture supernatants following restimulation in vitro. In BALB/c mice, an early increase in levels of IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 correlated with rapid elimination of C. albicans. In DBA/2 mice, where resolution of infection was delayed, IL-4 message expression was delayed and the IL-4 secretion level was lower. Neutralization of IL-4 by multiple injections of an anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody in BALB/c mice resulted in increased carriage rate and delayed clearance of the yeasts. Collectively, the data suggest that the T-cell response to C. albicans in the regional lymph nodes which correlates best with rapid oral clearance of C. albicans is a balanced Th0 cytokine response involving early secretion of both IFN-gamma and IL-4.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Fungal/biosynthesis
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Candidiasis, Oral/immunology
- Candidiasis, Oral/prevention & control
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Elahi
- Discipline of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2300, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brandt E, Woerly G, Younes AB, Loiseau S, Capron M. IL‐4 production by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.1.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brandt
- Unité INSERM U167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Qaoud KM, Pearlman E, Hartung T, Klukowski J, Fleischer B, Hoerauf A. A new mechanism for IL-5-dependent helminth control: neutrophil accumulation and neutrophil-mediated worm encapsulation in murine filariasis are abolished in the absence of IL-5. Int Immunol 2000; 12:899-908. [PMID: 10837417 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-5 production and eosinophilia are features of helminth infections, but results concerning the role of IL-5 and eosinophils (EP) in worm control are contradictory. We describe here a novel, IL-5-dependent mechanism of helminth control in vivo, using a fully permissive murine filariasis model, i.e. infection of BALB/c mice with Litomosoides sigmodontis. Worm control was exerted by the formation of inflammatory nodules around adult filariae which initially remained alive but were eventually killed within several weeks. The cell population essential for inflammatory nodule formation was found to be neutrophils (NP) but not EP. Neutralization of IL-5 led to a failure of both EP and NP accumulation at the site of infection (i.e. the thoracic cavity), resulting in cessation of inflammatory nodule formation around worms and in their survival. The role of NP in this process was confirmed by treatment of mice with anti-granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) which also resulted in a lack of inflammatory nodule formation and worm killing albeit in the presence of EP. Since IL-5, due to the absence of IL-5 receptors on NP, does not act on these cells directly, it was investigated if anti-IL-5 altered the production of NP-chemotactic cytokines. In anti-IL-5-treated mice, cytokines known to promote NP accumulation like tumor necrosis factor-alpha, G-CSF and KC (IL-8) were found to be strongly reduced, while NP-deactivating cytokines like IL-10 were increased. In conclusion, IL-5 constitutes a cytokine essential for NP-mediated worm control in filarial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Al-Qaoud
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Interleukin-15 is a recently discovered cytokine produced by several cell types (including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages) in response to endotoxin or microbial infection. In turn, interleukin-15 has been shown to act on various cells of the immune system, including T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, monocytes, eosinophils, and circulating neutrophils. In the latter instance, interleukin-15 was initially observed to induce cytoskeletal rearrangements, to enhance phagocytosis, to increase the synthesis of several cellular proteins, and to delay apoptosis. Recently, interleukin-15 has been found to elicit other functional responses in neutrophils, such as chemokine production. This review recapitulates advances made in the area of interleukin-15/neutrophil interactions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chomarat P, Banchereau J. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13: their similarities and discrepancies. Int Rev Immunol 1999; 17:1-52. [PMID: 9914942 DOI: 10.3109/08830189809084486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and the closely related cytokine, interleukin-13 (IL-13) share many biological and immunoregulatory functions on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and fibroblasts. Both IL-4 and IL-13 genes are located in the same vicinity on chromosome 5 and display identical major regulatory sequences in their respective promoters, thus explaining their restricted secretion pattern to activated T cells and mast cells. The IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are multimeric and share at least one common chain called IL-4R alpha. Recent progress made in the description of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complex have demonstrated the existence of two types of IL-4 receptors: one constituted by the IL-4R alpha and the gamma c chain, and a second constituted by the IL-4 R alpha and the IL-13R alpha 1 and able to transduce both IL-4 and IL-13 signals. Specific IL-13 receptors are results from the association between the IL-4R alpha and the IL-13R alpha 2 or between two IL-13R alpha. Furthermore, similarities in IL-4 and IL-13 signal transduction have been also described, thus explaining the striking overlapping of IL-4- and IL-13-induced biological activities such as regulation of antibody production and inflammation. However, the restricted expression of IL-4 to type 2 helper T lymphocytes as well as the inability of IL-13 to regulate T cell differentiation due to a lack of IL-13 receptors on T lymphocytes represent the major differences between these cytokines. This would indicate that although IL-4 and IL-13 share a large number of properties, precise mechanisms of regulation are also present to guarantee their distinct functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Chomarat
- Schering-Plough, Laboratory for Immunological Research, Dardilly, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rockett KA, Brookes R, Udalova I, Vidal V, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5314-21. [PMID: 9784538 PMCID: PMC108664 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5314-5321.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1998] [Accepted: 07/29/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages is an important mechanism of the host defense against intracellular infection in mice, but the evidence for significant levels of inducible NO production by human macrophages is controversial. Here we report that the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60, when differentiated to a macrophage-like phenotype, acquires the ability to produce substantial amounts of NO on stimulation with LPS or 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) in the absence of activating factors such as gamma interferon. Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) was confirmed by sequencing of the reverse transcription-PCR product from stimulated HL-60 cells. Kinetic studies after lipopolysaccharide stimulation show that NOS2 mRNA levels rise within 3 to 6 h, that conversion of [14C]arginine to [14C]citrulline is maximal at 5 to 6 days, and that levels of reactive nitrogen intermediates stabilize at around 20 microM at 7 to 8 days. We find that 1,25-D3 acts to suppress the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in these cells and that this effect is inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, suggesting that vitamin D-induced NO production may play a role in the host defense against human tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Rockett
- Molecular Infectious Disease Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jain-Vora S, LeVine AM, Chroneos Z, Ross GF, Hull WM, Whitsett JA. Interleukin-4 enhances pulmonary clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4229-36. [PMID: 9712772 PMCID: PMC108510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.9.4229-4236.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on bacterial clearance from the mouse lung, transgenic mice expressing IL-4 in respiratory epithelial cells under the control of the Clara cell secretory protein promoter (CCSP-IL-4 mice) were infected intratracheally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Survival of CCSP-IL-4 mice following bacterial administration was markedly improved compared with that of control mice. While bacteria proliferated in lungs of wild-type mice, a rapid reduction in the number of bacteria was observed in the IL-4 mice as early as 6 h postinfection. Similarly, intranasal administration of IL-4 enhanced bacterial clearance from the lungs of wild-type mice. While acute and chronic IL-4 increased the numbers of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, bacterial infection was associated with acute neutrophilic pulmonary infiltration, and this response was similar in the presence or absence of IL-4. Local administration or expression of IL-4 in the mouse lung enhanced pulmonary clearance of P. aeruginosa in vivo and decreased mortality following infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jain-Vora
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mencacci A, Del Sero G, Cenci E, d'Ostiani CF, Bacci A, Montagnoli C, Kopf M, Romani L. Endogenous interleukin 4 is required for development of protective CD4+ T helper type 1 cell responses to Candida albicans. J Exp Med 1998; 187:307-17. [PMID: 9449711 PMCID: PMC2212115 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4-deficient mice were used to assess susceptibility to systemic or gastrointestinal Candida albicans infections, as well as parameters of innate and elicited T helper immunity. In the early stage of systemic infection with virulent C. albicans, an unopposed interferon (IFN)-gamma response renders IL-4-deficient mice more resistant than wild-type mice to infection. Yet, IL-4-deficient mice failed to efficiently control infection in the late stage and succumbed to it. Defective IFN-gamma and IL-12 production, but not IL-12 responsiveness, was observed in IL-4-deficient mice that failed to mount protective T helper type 1 cell (Th1)-mediated acquired immunity in response to a live vaccine strain of the yeast or upon mucosal immunization in vivo. In vitro, IL-4 primed neutrophils for cytokine release, including IL-12. However, late treatment with exogenous IL-4, while improving the outcome of infection, potentiated CD4(+) Th1 responses even in the absence of neutrophils. These findings indicate that endogenous IL-4 is required for the induction of CD4(+) Th1 protective antifungal responses, possibly through the combined activity on cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mencacci
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Girard D, Paquin R, Beaulieu AD. Responsiveness of human neutrophils to interleukin-4: induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements, de novo protein synthesis and delay of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 325 ( Pt 1):147-53. [PMID: 9224640 PMCID: PMC1218539 DOI: 10.1042/bj3250147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 are cytokines that share many biological activities. We have previously demonstrated that IL-13 affects a number of neutrophil responses, and here we extend our observations to IL-4. We present, for the first time, direct evidence for the presence of functional IL-4 receptors on human neutrophils. We report that IL-4 induces RNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner and, based on observations of the induction of morphological cell shape changes and spreading onto glass, we demonstrate that IL-4 activates neutrophil cytoskeletal rearrangements. We further show that IL-4 is a potent activator of de novo protein synthesis in neutrophils, and we identify by microsequencing one of these proteins as the cytoskeletal protein actin. We were also able to demonstrate for the first time that actin is cleaved into at least two fragments of approximately 30 kDa (pI 5.4) and approximately 25 kDa (pI 5.0) in neutrophils. Finally, we report that IL-4 delays neutrophil apoptosis, as assessed by morphological observations from cytocentrifuge preparations, as well as by measurement of differences in staining by flow cytometry with both propidium iodide and Hoechst reagent. Taken together, we conclude that IL-4 is a more potent neutrophil agonist than previously believed. We discuss the possibility that the induction of the de novo synthesis of actin by IL-4 is related to the mechanism by which this cytokine delays apoptosis; in addition, the cleavage of this protein is likely to contribute to the apoptotic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Girard
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|