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Li L, Li S, Han S, Li P, Du G, Wu J, Cao X, Shang Y. Inhibition of caspase-1-dependent apoptosis suppresses peste des petits ruminants virus replication. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e55. [PMID: 37638708 PMCID: PMC10556287 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), caused by the PPR virus (PPRV), is an acute and fatal contagious disease that mainly infects goats, sheep, and other artiodactyls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are considered the primary innate immune cells. OBJECTIVES PBMCs derived from goats were infected with PPRV and analyzed to detect the relationship between PPRV replication and apoptosis or the inflammatory response. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to identify PPRV replication and cytokines expression. Flow cytometry was conducted to detect apoptosis and the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after PPRV infection. RESULTS PPRV stimulated the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, PPRV induced apoptosis in goat PBMCs. Furthermore, apoptosis and the inflammatory response induced by PPRV could be suppressed by Z-VAD-FMK and Z-YVAD-FMK, respectively. Moreover, the virus titer of PPRV was attenuated by inhibiting caspase-1-dependent apoptosis and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that apoptosis and the inflammatory response play an essential role in PPR viral replication in vitro, providing a new mechanism related to the cell host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology for Animal Diseases, Xining 810016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shengqing Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology for Animal Diseases, Xining 810016, China
| | - Shengyi Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology for Animal Diseases, Xining 810016, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Guoyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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El-Hennamy REED, Mahmoud SM, El-Yamany NA, Hassanein HH, Amer ME, Mohamed AF. Comparative evaluation of gold nanoparticles and Alum as immune enhancers against rabies vaccine and related immune reactivity, physiological, and histopathological alterations: in vivo study. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:32-46. [PMID: 36844690 PMCID: PMC9950229 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to compare the immune-enhancing potential of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to Alum against rabies vaccine and the related immunological, physiological, and histopathological effects. Materials and Methods Alum and AuNPs sole and in combination with rabies vaccine were used at 0.35 mg/mL and 40 nM/mL, respectively. Rats used were categorized into six groups (20/each): control rats, rabies vaccine, aluminum phosphate gel, rabies vaccine adsorbed to Alum, AuNPs, and rabies vaccine adjuvant AuNPs. Results Liver and kidney functions were in the normal range after AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine compared to control. Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ levels were significantly increased in groups immunized with Alum and AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine, the peak level was in the case of AuNP adjuvanted vaccine on the 14th day. Ninety days post-vaccination, total immunoglobulin G (IgG) against adjuvanted rabies vaccine showed a significantly elevated anti-rabies IgG with AuNPs and Alum adsorbed vaccine compared with unadjuvanted one. The total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly increased post-adjuvanted AuNPs adjuvanted vaccine vaccination than in Alum adsorbed vaccine, while MDA was significantly decreased. The histopathological examination revealed detectable alterations post-AuNPs and Alum adjuvanted vaccine immunization compared with liver and kidney profiles post-administration of unadjuvanted and non-immunized groups, meanwhile, splenic tissue revealed hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles indicating increased immune reactivity. Conclusion The AuNPs are promising enhancers of the immune response as Alum, and the undesirable effects of AuNPs could be managed by using suitable sizes, shapes, and concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nabil Ahmed El-Yamany
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Hassan Hassanein
- The Holding Company for Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs (VACSERA-EgyVac), Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- The Holding Company for Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs (VACSERA-EgyVac), Giza, Egypt
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3
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Yao Y, Xu X, Li Y, Wang X, Yang H, Chen J, Liu S, Deng Y, Zhao Z, Yin Q, Sun M, Shi L. Study of the association of seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms and their haplotypes in the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes with the antibody response to inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2449-2455. [PMID: 32186960 PMCID: PMC7644173 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1724743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes contribute to variations in vaccine-induced immune responses after immunization with the inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (IJEV), a total of 369 individuals who received the IJEV were enrolled. Based on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) neutralization antibodies (NAbs), the individuals were divided into seropositive (SP) and seronegative (SN) groups. Then, 17 SNPs in the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes were genotyped using the TaqMan method. Although there was no association of the TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 genes with JEV seropositivity triggered by JEV vaccination when all the individuals in the SP and SN groups were compared, differences were observed in a subgroup analysis. In the male group, rs2243291 in the IL-4 gene showed a difference between the JEV SP and SN groups with the overdominant model (P = .045), and the C/G genotypes conferred more JEV seropositivity (OR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.01-3.49); the CT genotype of rs3093726 in the TNF-α gene showed higher JEV NAbs geometric mean titer (GMT) than the TT genotype (P = .018, CT: 1.677 ± 0.144 vs TT: 1.271 ± 0.039). Furthermore, the rs1800629 genotype in the TNF-α gene and the rs1800896 genotype in the IL-10 gene exhibited a trend of association with JEV seropositivity in the female group, but the difference was not significant. The present study suggested that the polymorphisms in the cytokine genes could be associated with sex-specific JEV NAbs seroconversion. However, more samples should be studied, and further functional verification should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Xiuwen Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Yaheng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Development on Severe Infectious Disease , Kunming, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Development on Severe Infectious Disease , Kunming, China
| | - Zhimei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Development on Severe Infectious Disease , Kunming, China
| | - Qiongzhou Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Development on Severe Infectious Disease , Kunming, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research, Development on Severe Infectious Disease , Kunming, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming, China
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Zhang Z, Wang C, Liu Z, Zou G, Li J, Lu M. Host Genetic Determinants of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Genet 2019; 10:696. [PMID: 31475028 PMCID: PMC6702792 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health problem worldwide. Recently, a great number of genetic studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome-wide association studies have been performed to search for host determinants of the development of chronic HBV infection, clinical outcomes, therapeutic efficacy, and responses to hepatitis B vaccines, with a focus on human leukocyte antigens (HLA), cytokine genes, and toll-like receptors. In addition to SNPs, gene insertions/deletions and copy number variants are associated with infection. However, conflicting results have been obtained. In the present review, we summarize the current state of research on host genetic factors and chronic HBV infection, its clinical type, therapies, and hepatitis B vaccine responses and classify published results according to their reliability. The potential roles of host genetic determinants of chronic HBV infection identified in these studies and their clinical significance are discussed. In particular, HLAs were relevant for HBV infection and pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the need for additional studies with large sample sizes, well-matched study designs, appropriate statistical methods, and validation in multiple populations to improve the treatment of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changtai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Affiliated Anqing Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, China
| | - Zhongping Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guizhou Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Olayan E, El-Khadragy M, Mohamed AF, Mohamed AK, Shebl RI, Yehia HM. Evaluation of Different Stabilizers and Inactivating Compounds for the Enhancement of Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine Stability and Immunogenicity: In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4518163. [PMID: 31008105 PMCID: PMC6441502 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4518163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of rabies virus is essential for rabies vaccine preparation where the inactivating compound that is currently recommended for rabies vaccine preparation is β-propiolactone (β-PL). This compound is considered better than phenol and formalin but it is expensive and potentially carcinogenic. Data revealed that Ascorbic acid (AA) with cupric ions could yield complete and irreversible inactivation of rabies virus without adversely affecting its antigenicity. Additionally, the results of testing the vaccine potency with the selected inactivating compounds were comparable (P<0.05), and ED50 was higher than the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The use of HemaGel (plasma substitute) for testing vaccine stabilization was compared with the currently used vaccine stabilizers (human albumin and lactose). HemaGel yielded better stability than the other tested stabilizers. Monitoring of cellular and humoral immune responses indicated that both the total IgG level against rabies vaccine and the IFN and IL5 levels obtained with the HemaGel-stabilized vaccines were higher than those obtained with human albumin- and lactose-stabilized vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Olayan
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal El-Khadragy
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- Holding Company for Production of Sera, Vaccines and Drugs (VACSEA), Egypt
| | | | - Rania Ibrahim Shebl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Egypt
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6
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Humphreys IR, Sebastian S. Novel viral vectors in infectious diseases. Immunology 2018; 153:1-9. [PMID: 28869761 PMCID: PMC5721250 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of vaccinia virus as a vaccine vector in 1984, the utility of numerous viruses in vaccination strategies has been explored. In recent years, key improvements to existing vectors such as those based on adenovirus have led to significant improvements in immunogenicity and efficacy. Furthermore, exciting new vectors that exploit viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have emerged. Herein, we summarize these recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on CMV, VSV, measles and modified adenovirus. We discuss the potential utility of these exciting approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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7
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Rodrigues L, Bonorino C. Role of IL-15 and IL-21 in viral immunity: applications for vaccines and therapies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:167-77. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Stebbings R, Li B, Lorin C, Koutsoukos M, Février M, Mee ET, Page M, Almond N, Tangy F, Voss G. Immunogenicity of a recombinant measles HIV-1 subtype C vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:6079-86. [PMID: 24161574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic is greatest in Sub-Saharan Africa and India where HIV-1 subtype C is predominant. To control the spread of HIV in these parts of the world a preventive HIV-1 subtype C vaccine is urgently required. Here we report the immunogenicity of a candidate HIV-1 subtype C vaccine delivered by a recombinant measles vector carrying an insert encoding HIV-1 subtype C Gag, RT and Nef (MV1-F4), in MHC-typed non-human primates. HIV-1 specific cytokine secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were detected in 15 out of 16 vaccinees. These HIV-specific T cell responses persisted in lymphoid tissues. Anti-HIV-1 antibody responses were detected in 15 out of 16 vaccinees and titres were boosted by a second immunisation carried out 84 days later. These findings support further exploration of the MV1-F4 vector as a candidate HIV-1 subtype C vaccine or as part of a wider vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Stebbings
- Division of Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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9
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Immunogenicity of a recombinant measles-HIV-1 clade B candidate vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50397. [PMID: 23226275 PMCID: PMC3511521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated measles virus is one of the most efficient and safest vaccines available, making it an attractive candidate vector for a HIV/AIDS vaccine aimed at eliciting cell-mediated immune responses (CMI). Here we have characterized the potency of CMI responses generated in mice and non-human primates after intramuscular immunisation with a candidate recombinant measles vaccine carrying an HIV-1 insert encoding Clade B Gag, RT and Nef (MV1-F4). Eight Mauritian derived, MHC-typed cynomolgus macaques were immunised with 105 TCID50 of MV1-F4, four of which were boosted 28 days later with the same vaccine. F4 and measles virus (MV)-specific cytokine producing T cell responses were detected in 6 and 7 out of 8 vaccinees, respectively. Vaccinees with either M6 or recombinant MHC haplotypes demonstrated the strongest cytokine responses to F4 peptides. Polyfunctional analysis revealed a pattern of TNFα and IL-2 responses by CD4+ T cells and TNFα and IFNγ responses by CD8+ T cells to F4 peptides. HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing cytokines waned in peripheral blood lymphocytes by day 84, but CD8+ T cell responses to F4 peptides could still be detected in lymphoid tissues more than 3 months after vaccination. Anti-F4 and anti-MV antibody responses were detected in 6 and 8 out of 8 vaccinees, respectively. Titres of anti-F4 and MV antibodies were boosted in vaccinees that received a second immunisation. MV1-F4 carrying HIV-1 Clade B inserts induces robust boostable immunity in non-human primates. These results support further exploration of the MV1-F4 vector modality in vaccination strategies that may limit HIV-1 infectivity.
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10
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Patel A, Rajak KK, Balamurugan V, Sen A, Sudhakar SB, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK, Pandey AB. Cytokines expression profile and kinetics of Peste des petits ruminants virus antigen and antibody in infected and vaccinated goats. Virol Sin 2012; 27:265-71. [PMID: 22899436 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with the co-ordination of cytokine (IL-4 and IFN-γ) expression and kinetics of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus antigen and antibody in PPRV infected and vaccinated goats. The infected animals exhibited mixed cytokine (both T(H)1 and T(H)2) responses in the initial phase of the disease. The infected and dead goats had increased IFN-γ response before their death; while IL-4 remained at the base level. The cytokine expression in recovered animals was almost similar to that of vaccinated ones, where a unique biphasic response of IL-4 expression was observed with an up-regulation of IFN-γ on 7(th) days post vaccination (dpv). Analysis of PPR virus antigen and antibody kinetics in different components of blood from infected and vaccinated animals revealed that the PPR virus antigen load was highest in plasma followed by serum and blood of the infected animals, whereas vaccinated animals showed only marginal positivity on 9(th) dpv. The antibody titer was high in serum followed by plasma and blood in both vaccinated and infected animals. Therefore, it is inferred that the presence of antigen and antibody were significant with the expression of cytokine, and that a decreased response of IL-4 was noticed during intermediate phase of the disease i.e., 7 to 12(th) days post infection (dpi). This indicates the ability to mount a functional T(H)2 response after 14(th) dpi could be a critical determinant in deciding the survival of the PPR infected animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Patel
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India
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11
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Umlauf BJ, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Associations between demographic variables and multiple measles-specific innate and cell-mediated immune responses after measles vaccination. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:29-36. [PMID: 22239234 PMCID: PMC3271368 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a public health concern due to a lack of vaccine use and vaccine failure. A better understanding of the factors that influence variations in immune responses, including innate/inflammatory and adaptive cellular immune responses, following measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination could increase our knowledge of measles vaccine-induced immunity and potentially lead to better vaccines. Measles-specific innate/inflammatory and adaptive cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses were characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to quantify the levels of secreted IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IFN-λ1, and TNF-α in PBMC cultures following in vitro stimulation with measles virus (MV) in a cohort of 764 school-aged children. IFN-γ ELISPOT assays were performed to ascertain the number of measles-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. Cytokine responses were then tested for associations with self-declared demographic data, including gender, race, and ethnicity. Females secreted significantly more TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α (p<0.001, p<0.002, p<0.04, respectively) compared to males. Caucasians secreted significantly more IFN-λ1, IL-10, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-α (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.003, p<0.01, and p<0.02, respectively) compared to the other racial groups combined. Additionally, Caucasians had a greater number of IFN-γ-secreting cells compared to other racial groups (p<0.001). Ethnicity was not significantly correlated with variations in measles-specific CMI measures. Our data suggest that innate/inflammatory and CMI cytokine responses to measles vaccine vary significantly by gender and race. These data further advance our understanding regarding inter-individual and subgroup variations in immune responses to measles vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - V. Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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12
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Pan L, Zhang W, Liang Z, Wu X, Zhu X, Li J, Li T, Wang L, Li H, Liu Y. Association between polymorphisms of the cytokine and cytokine receptor genes and immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in a Chinese Han population. J Med Virol 2011; 84:26-33. [PMID: 22052597 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune response to hepatitis B vaccination varies among individuals. It has been reported that polymorphisms in cytokine and cytokine receptor genes are associated with these individual differences. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between polymorphisms of the Th1/Th2 cytokine and cytokine receptor genes and the response to hepatitis B vaccination in a Chinese Han population. A total of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed in 6 genes (TNFRSF1A, IL12A, IL12B, IFNG, IL4, and IL10) were genotyped in 214 high-responders [hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) ≥1,000 mIU/ml] and 107 low-responders (anti-HBs: 10-99 mIU/ml). The minor CTCTAA allele of rs17860508 in the IL12B gene was associated with a low response to hepatitis B vaccination (P = 0.039, odds ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.99). In addition, a significant gene-gene interaction was found: the frequency of the combined genotypes IL12A rs2243115 TT and IL12B rs17860508 CTCTAA/CTCTAA was significantly higher in the low-response group than in the high-response group (P = 0.008, odds ratio = 2.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.23-3.93). These findings suggest that polymorphisms in the IL12A and IL12B genes might play an important role jointly in determining the response to hepatitis B vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pan
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Vierkant RA, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Differential cellular immune responses to wild-type and attenuated edmonston tag measles virus strains are primarily defined by the viral phosphoprotein gene. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1966-75. [PMID: 20872725 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus phosphoprotein (P) gene encodes the P, V, and C proteins, which have multiple functions including type I interferon (IFN) inhibition. With a focus on viral immune modulation, we conducted a study on healthy vaccinees (n=179) to compare cytokine secretion patterns/cell frequencies and gene expression after in vitro encounter with a highly attenuated strain of measles virus (MVEdmtag), wild-type MV (MVwt) or recombinant MVEdmtag expressing the wild-type P gene (MVwtP). Cytokines were quantified by ELISA and Elispot. Gene expression profiling was performed using real-time PCR. We found differential MV-specific cytokine responses to all detected cytokines characterized by significantly higher cytokine levels (P<0.001) and higher frequencies (P<0.0001) of cytokine-producing cells after stimulation with the highly attenuated MVEdmtag strain in comparison with MVwt or MVwtP. Furthermore, gene expression profiling revealed significant cytokine suppression at the transcriptional level for viruses encoding the functional wt P gene, compared to attenuated MVEdmtag (P<0.05). Using lentivirus-mediated stable expression of P gene-encoded proteins in human cell lines, we demonstrated that the expression of the functional wt V protein significantly down-modulated the induction of IFNs type I, II, and III in lymphocytes and monocytes. Taken together our results indicate that Th1, Th2, and innate/inflammatory cytokine responses in vaccinees are suppressed both at the protein and transcriptional level by viruses expressing the functional wt P gene products. The functional P gene-encoded viral proteins (particularly V proteins) emerge as crucial immune evasion factors for modulating and shaping the measles virus-specific cytokine responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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14
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Influence of cytokine gene variations on immunization to childhood vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:6991-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Pasetti MF, Ramirez K, Resendiz-Albor A, Ulmer J, Barry EM, Levine MM. Sindbis virus-based measles DNA vaccines protect cotton rats against respiratory measles: relevance of antibodies, mucosal and systemic antibody-secreting cells, memory B cells, and Th1-type cytokines as correlates of immunity. J Virol 2009; 83:2789-94. [PMID: 19129445 PMCID: PMC2648279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02191-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in developing countries, especially among infants who are too young to receive the current licensed live attenuated measles vaccine. We developed two Sindbis virus DNA vaccines encoding the measles virus hemagglutinin (pMSIN-H) and fusion proteins (pMSINH-FdU) and examined their immunogenicities and protective efficacies when administered alone or followed by the live measles virus vaccine in cotton rats. Neutralizing antibodies, mucosal and systemic antibody-secreting cells, memory B cells, and gamma interferon-secreting T cells developed after priming and increased after boosting. pMSIN-H priming conferred 100% protection against pulmonary measles, whereas pMSINH-FdU protected only in conjunction with the live measles virus vaccine boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St., Room 480, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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16
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Howe R, Dillon S, Rogers L, McCarter M, Kelly C, Gonzalez R, Madinger N, Wilson CC. Evidence for dendritic cell-dependent CD4(+) T helper-1 type responses to commensal bacteria in normal human intestinal lamina propria. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:317-32. [PMID: 19174326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactivity of lamina propria (LP) T cells to commensal bacteria has been demonstrated in animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in humans with IBD, but few studies have evaluated the function of such cells in normal individuals. LP mononuclear cells (LPMC) were disaggregated from healthy human intestinal tissue and cultured with heat-killed commensal and pathogenic bacteria. CD3(+)CD4(+) IFN-gamma-producing (Th1) cells reactive to commensal bacteria were demonstrated at frequencies ranging from 0.05 to 2.28% in LPMC. Bacteria-specific Th1 responses were inhibited by anti-HLA-DR antibodies and chloroquine exposure, were enriched in LP relative to peripheral blood, and expressed effector memory cell markers. Bacteria-specific CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro was dependent on the presence of LP dendritic cells (DCs), which produced pro-inflammatory cytokines upon bacterial exposure. These results suggest that bacteria-reactive DCs and CD4(+) T cells in normal LP have substantial pro-inflammatory potential that is revealed upon disaggregation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawleigh Howe
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
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17
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Borte S, Liebert UG, Borte M, Sack U. Efficacy of measles, mumps and rubella revaccination in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with methotrexate and etanercept. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 48:144-8. [PMID: 19074187 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of low-dose MTX and etanercept treatment on efficacy of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) revaccination in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. METHODS A prospective nested case-control study was performed to investigate markers of MMR revaccination induced humoral and cell-mediated immunity in 15 patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (ages 6-17 yrs), treated with either low-dose MTX therapy alone or in combination with etanercept. The control group consisted of 22 healthy children. Production of IFN-gamma by T memory cells upon in vitro stimulation with measles, mumps and rubella antigens and seroprevalence of virus-specific IgG antibodies were assessed. Medication use, disease activity and patients' comments on side-effects were observed during the period of 6 months before and after revaccination. RESULTS Low-dose MTX therapy following MMR vaccination proved not to hamper T-cell mediated immunity in vitro. Neither low-dose MTX nor etanercept treatment, given simultaneously with revaccination, markedly interfered with generation of long-lived virus-restricted T cells and protective levels of virus-specific IgG antibodies. No increase in disease activity or medication use was seen within 6 months after MMR revaccination, including JIA patients using etanercept. No overt measles, mumps, rubella or secondary severe infections were noted. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose MTX and etanercept treatment do not seem to interfere with intended outcome of MMR revaccination in children with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borte
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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18
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19
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Park EY, Shim JY, Kim DS, Shim JW, Jung HL, Park MS. Elevated serum soluble E-selectin levels in Korean children with measles. Pediatr Int 2008; 50:519-22. [PMID: 18937755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles is a highly infectious, acute viral illness characterized by high fever and generalized skin rash of which pathogenesis is uncertain. E-selectin, a ligand of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)+ T lymphocytes is highly expressed on vascular endothelium in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, but in the past there has been a lack of statistical data on its impact on patients with measles. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the serum soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) levels are elevated in children with measles. METHODS Twenty-five children with measles, 33 children with atopic dermatitis, 20 with atopic asthma and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum sE-selectin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Serum levels of sE-selectin were found to be significantly higher in children with measles than in children with atopic dermatitis, atopic asthma and healthy controls. But it was not significantly correlated with the duration of rash or with the presence of a complication in children with measles. Serum TNF-alpha levels were higher in children with measles than in children with atopic dermatitis. There was no correlation between sE-selectin and TNF-alpha levels. CONCLUSIONS sE-selectin levels are elevated in children with measles, which may imply that CLA+ T lymphocytes are associated with the development of measles rash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Y Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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HLA homozygosity does not adversely affect measles vaccine-induced cytokine responses. Virology 2007; 364:87-94. [PMID: 17397893 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The association between HLA homozygosity and measles-specific Th(1) (IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-12p40) and Th(2) (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine responses were assessed in a group of 339 healthy schoolchildren 12-18 years of age previously immunized with two doses of live-attenuated measles virus vaccine. No associations were observed between class I HLA homozygosity and measles-specific cytokine levels. Children who were homozygous at the class II DRB1, DQA1, DPA1 and DPB1 loci had higher median IFN-gamma secretion levels compared with children who were heterozygous for DRB1 (77.7 vs. 39.5 pg/ml, p=0.05), DQA1 (60.9 vs. 36.6 pg/ml, p=0.03), DPA1 (46.1 vs. 27.1 pg/ml, p=0.01) and DPB1 (61.5 vs. 36.0 pg/ml, p=0.01) loci, respectively. Homozygosity at increasing numbers of HLA loci ( >or=4) was associated with increased IFN-gamma secretion levels (test for trend p-value=0.01). Our results suggest that HLA homozygosity showed no disadvantage for measles-specific cytokine responses and instead was associated with increased IFN-gamma levels.
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21
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Yerkovich ST, Rowe J, Richmond P, Suriyaarachchi D, Heaton T, Hollams E, Ladyman C, Serralha M, Sadowska A, Loh R, Wesselingh SL, Sly PD, Holt PG. Assessment of the potency and potential immunomodulatory effects of the measles mumps rubella and varicella vaccine in infants. Vaccine 2007; 25:1764-70. [PMID: 17224218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the potency and immunomodulatory effects of measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine given to infants alone or in combination with varicella (MMR and V). In an additional group, MMR vaccination was delayed 42 days to permit analysis of potential effects on underlying maturation of systemic immune functions. Assessment of immunity to the vaccines indicated consistent antibody production coupled with mixed Th1/Th2 memory, and no significant differences between vaccine groups or to the group who had their MMR vaccination delayed. Parallel analyses of cytokine responses to phytohaemagglutinin and tetanus toxoid did not detect any "bystander" effects of the vaccines on systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Yerkovich
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, and Centre for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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22
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Ovsyannikova IG, Ryan JE, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. Human leukocyte antigen and interleukin 2, 10 and 12p40 cytokine responses to measles: is there evidence of the HLA effect? Cytokine 2007; 36:173-9. [PMID: 17234427 PMCID: PMC1948883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I and class II associations were examined in relation to measles virus-specific cytokine responses in 339 healthy children who had received two doses of live attenuated measles vaccine. Multivariate linear regression modeling analysis revealed suggestions of associations between the expression of DPA1*0201 (p=0.03) and DPA1*0202 (p=0.09) alleles and interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine production (global p-value 0.06). Importantly, cytokine production and DQB1 allele associations (global p-value 0.04) revealed that the alleles with the strongest association with IL-10 secretion were DQB1*0302 (p=0.02), DQB1*0303 (p=0.07) and DQB1*0502 (p=0.06). Measles-specific IL-10 secretion associations approached significance with DRB1 and DQA1 loci (both global p-values 0.08). Specifically, suggestive associations were found between DRB1*0701 (p=0.07), DRB1*1103 (p=0.06), DRB1*1302 (p=0.08), DRB1*1303 (p=0.06), DQA1*0101 (p=0.08), and DQA1*0201 (p=0.04) alleles and measles-induced IL-10 secretion. Further, suggestive association was observed between specific DQA1*0505 (p=0.002) alleles and measles-specific IL-12p40 secretion (global p-value 0.09) indicating that cytokine responses to measles antigens are predominantly influenced by HLA class II genes. We found no associations between any of the alleles of HLA A, B, and Cw loci and cytokine secretion. These novel findings suggest that HLA class II genes may influence the level of cytokine production in the adaptive immune responses to measles vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna E. Ryan
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Robert M. Jacobson
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | | | | | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Ovsyannikova IG, Dhiman N, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms: variable humoral immune responses to viral vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:33-43. [PMID: 16451106 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody formation in response to antigen stimulation remains the basis for measuring an individual's response and protection for most viral vaccines. A significant proportion of the variation in individual humoral immune response to vaccination appears to be genetic. The collection of genes found on chromosome 6 forming the human leukocyte antigen system provides one of the greatest sources of genetic variation in individuals with respect to their immunological responses. Recent research has demonstrated significant associations between vaccine response and human leukocyte antigen alleles. These associations not only explain why vaccine-induced humoral immune responses vary among individuals and between populations, but these variations may also hold the key to the development of future generations of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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24
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Dhiman N, Ovsyannikova IG, Ryan JE, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobsen SJ, Poland GA. Correlations among measles virus-specific antibody, lymphoproliferation and Th1/Th2 cytokine responses following measles-mumps-rubella-II (MMR-II) vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 142:498-504. [PMID: 16297162 PMCID: PMC1809549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to measles is conferred by the interplay of humoral and cellular immune responses, the latter being critical in maintaining long-term recall response. Therefore, it is important to evaluate measles-specific humoral and cellular immunity in populations several years after vaccination and understand the correlations among these measures of immunity. We examined measles-specific antibodies, lymphoproliferation and the Th1/Th2 signature cytokines, interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4, in a population-based cohort of healthy children from Olmsted County, Minnesota after two doses of measles-mumps-rubella-II (MMR-II) vaccine. We detected positive measures of measles-specific cellular and humoral immunity in the majority of our study population. However, a small proportion of subjects demonstrated an immune response skewed towards the Th2 type, characterized by the presence of either IL-4 and/or measles-specific antibodies and a lack of IFN-gamma production. Further, we observed a significant positive correlation between lymphoproliferation and secretion of IFN-gamma (r = 0.20, P = 0.0002) and IL-4 (r = 0.15, P = 0.005). Measles antibody levels were correlated with lymphoproliferation (r = 0.12, P = 0.03), but lacked correlation to either cytokine type. In conclusion, we demonstrated the presence of both long-term cellular and humoral responses after MMR-II vaccination in a significant proportion of study subjects. Further, a positive correlation between lymphoproliferation and IL-4 and IFN-gamma suggests that immunity to measles may be maintained by both Th1 and Th2 cells. We speculate that the Th2 biased response observed in a subset of our subjects may be insufficient to provide long-term immunity against measles. Further examination of the determinants of Th1 versus Th2 skewing of the immune response and long-term follow-up is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dhiman
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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25
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Dhiman N, Ovsyannikova IG, Oberg AL, Grill DE, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Immune activation at effector and gene expression levels after measles vaccination in healthy individuals: a pilot study. Hum Immunol 2006; 66:1125-36. [PMID: 16571413 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity to measles vaccination is not fully understood at the effector response and gene expression levels. We enrolled 15 healthy individuals (15-25 years old) previously vaccinated with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella-II vaccine to characterize their cellular immunity. We detected a spectrum of lymphoproliferative response (median stimulation indices of 3.4), low precursor frequencies of interferon-gamma (median 0.11%) and interleukin-4 (median 0.05%) by Elispot, and cosecretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines after measles virus stimulation. Further, global gene expression was examined in five subjects from this cohort after vaccination with an additional dose of measles vaccine (Attenuax, Merck) to identify the genes involved in measles immunity. Linear mixed effect models were used to identify genes significantly up or downregulated in vivo between baseline and Days 7 and 14 after measles vaccination. Measles vaccination induced upregulation of a set of 80 genes, which play a role in measles immunity, signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and metabolic pathways. Among the 34 genes that were downregulated, only interferon-alpha is known to have a direct role in measles immunity. This study suggests that measles vaccination leads to activation of multiple cellular mechanisms that can override the immunosuppressant effects of the measles virus and induce immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Dhiman
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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26
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Ovsyannikova IG, Ryan JE, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Jacobson RM, Poland GA. Immunologic significance of HLA class I genes in measles virus-specific IFN-gamma and IL-4 cytokine immune responses. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:828-36. [PMID: 16331510 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The variability of immune responses modulated by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and secreted cytokines is a significant factor in the development of a protective effect of measles vaccine. We studied the association between type 1 helper T cells (Th1)- and Th2-like cytokine immune responses and HLA class I alleles among 339 schoolchildren who previously received two doses of the measles vaccine. Median values for measles-specific interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines were 40.7 pg/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 8.1-176.7] and 9.7 pg/ml (IQR 2.8-24.3), respectively. Class I HLA-A (*0101 and *3101) and HLA-Cw (*0303 and *0501) alleles were significantly associated with measles-virus-induced IFN-gamma secretion. HLA-A*3101 and Cw*0303 were associated with a higher median IFN-gamma response, while A*0101 and Cw*0501 were associated with lower measles-specific IFN-gamma response. We found limited associations between HLA class I gene polymorphisms and Th2-like (IL-4) immune responses after measles vaccination, indicating that HLA class I molecules may have a limited effect on measles-vaccine-induced IL-4 secretion. Understanding the genetic factors that influence variations in cytokine secretion following measles vaccination will provide insight into the factors that influence both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Howe RC, Ovsyannikova IG, Pinsky NA, Poland GA. Identification of Th0 cells responding to measles virus. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:104-15. [PMID: 15694995 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms involved in the induction of immunity to measles virus (MV) are not well understood. In the present study, we assessed proliferation, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and interleukin (IL)-4 production of MV-specific T cells after secondary in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human donors. Such secondary stimulation resulted in responses substantially higher than after primary in vitro exposure. Most study participants produced both IFN-gamma and IL-4 after secondary in vitro stimulation. Patterns of secondary in vitro responses that use genetically disparate antigen-presenting cells were consistent with T-cell recognition restricted to human leukocyte antigen class II molecules. Limiting dilution analyses indicated that precursor frequencies of cytokine secreting and proliferating cells ranged from about 0.001% to 0.1% among fresh PBMCs. Split-well analyses of limiting dilution cultures suggested that virtually all putative T-cell clones produced either IFN-gamma alone or both IFN-gamma and IL-4. Intracytoplasmic flow cytometric analysis of polyclonal MV-specific secondary in vitro responding T cells revealed a similar pattern of cytokine expression. These results suggest that memory T cells responding in vitro to MV generate cells that produce either IFN-gamma alone (and resemble Th1-like cells) or secreted both IFN-gamma and IL-4 (resembling Th0-like cells) in vitro with few cells expressing a Th2-like pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawleigh C Howe
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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