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Bruserud Ø, Bratland E, Hellesen A, Delaleu N, Reikvam H, Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. Altered Immune Activation and IL-23 Signaling in Response to Candida albicans in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 28919897 PMCID: PMC5585148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare, childhood onset disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is one of the three major disease components and is, to date, mainly explained by the presence of neutralizing auto-antibodies against cytokines [interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22] from T helper 17 cells, which are critical for the protection against fungal infections. However, patients without current auto-antibodies also present CMC and we, therefore, hypothesized that other immune mechanisms contribute to CMC in APS-1. METHODS Whole blood was stimulated with Candida albicans (C. albicans) in a standardized assay, and immune activation was investigated by analyzing 46 secreted immune mediators. Then, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with curdlan, a Dectin-1 agonist and IL-23 inducer, and the IL-23p19 response in monocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found an altered immune response in APS-1 patients compared with healthy controls. Patients fail to increase the essential ILs, such as IL-2, IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-23, when stimulating whole blood with C. albicans. A significantly altered IL-23p19 response was detected in patients' monocytes upon stimulation with curdlan. CONCLUSION APS-1 patients have an altered immune response to C. albicans including a dysregulation of IL-23p19 production in monocytes. This probably contributes to the selective susceptibility to CMC found in the majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Perri V, Gianchecchi E, Scarpa R, Valenzise M, Rosado MM, Giorda E, Crinò A, Cappa M, Barollo S, Garelli S, Betterle C, Fierabracci A. Altered B cell homeostasis and Toll-like receptor 9-driven response in patients affected by autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 1: Altered B cell phenotype and dysregulation of the B cell function in APECED patients. Immunobiology 2017; 222:372-383. [PMID: 27622939 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
APECED is a T-cell mediated disease with increased frequencies of CD8+ effector and reduction of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells. Antibodies against affected organs and neutralizing to cytokines are found in the peripheral blood. The contribution of B cells to multiorgan autoimmunity in Aire-/- mice was reported opening perspectives on the utility of anti-B cell therapy. We aimed to analyse the B cell phenotype of APECED patients compared to age-matched controls. FACS analysis was conducted on PBMC in basal conditions and following CpG stimulation. Total B and switched memory (SM) B cells were reduced while IgM memory were increased in patients. In those having more than 15 years from the first clinical manifestation the defect included also mature and transitional B cells; total memory B cells were increased, while SM were unaffected. In patients with shorter disease duration, total B cells were unaltered while SM and IgM memory behaved as in the total group. A defective B cell proliferation was detected after 4day-stimulation. In conclusion APECED patients show, in addition to a significant alteration of the B cell phenotype, a dysregulation of the B cell function involving peripheral innate immune mechanisms particularly those with longer disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perri
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Gianchecchi
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scarpa
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariella Valenzise
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Crinò
- Endocrinology Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Susi Barollo
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Garelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Corrado Betterle
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Immuno-Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Area, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: New insights on the role of Toll-like receptors. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:971-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene cause a rare inherited form of autoimmune disease, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. The patients suffer from multiple endocrine deficiencies, the most common manifestations being hypoparathyroidism, Addison’s disease, hypogonadism, and secondary amenorrhea, usually accompanied by typical autoantibodies against the target tissues. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is also a prominent part of the disease. The highest expression of AIRE is found in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Murine studies suggest that it promotes ectopic transcription of self antigens in mTECs and is thus important for negative selection. However, failed negative selection alone is not enough to explain key findings in human patients, necessitating the search for alternative or additional pathogenetic mechanisms. A striking feature of the human AIRE-deficient phenotype is that all patients develop high titers of neutralizing autoantibodies against type I interferons, which have been shown to downregulate the expression of interferon-controlled genes. These autoantibodies often precede clinical symptoms and other autoantibodies, suggesting that they are a reflection of the pathogenetic process. Other cytokines are targeted as well, notably those produced by Th17 cells; these autoantibodies have been linked to the defect in anti-candida defenses. A defect in regulatory T cells has also been reported in several studies and seems to affect already the recent thymic emigrant population. Taken together, these findings in human patients point to a widespread disruption of T cell development and regulation, which is likely to have its origins in an abnormal thymic milieu. The absence of functional AIRE in peripheral lymphoid tissues may also contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Petteri Arstila
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Immunobiology Research Program, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Torres MJ, Blazquez AB, Gómez E, Fernandez TD, Doña I, Ariza A, Andreu I, Melendez L, Blanca M, Mayorga C. Synergistic effect between amoxicillin and TLR ligands on dendritic cells from amoxicillin-delayed allergic patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74198. [PMID: 24066120 PMCID: PMC3774803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoxicillin, a low-molecular-weight compound, is able to interact with dendritic cells inducing semi-maturation in vitro. Specific antigens and TLR ligands can synergistically interact with dendritic cells (DC), leading to complete maturation and more efficient T-cell stimulation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the synergistic effect of amoxicillin and the TLR2, 4 and 7/8 agonists (PAM, LPS and R848, respectively) in TLR expression, DC maturation and specific T-cell response in patients with delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to amoxicillin. Monocyte-derived DC from 15 patients with DTH to amoxicillin and 15 controls were cultured with amoxicillin in the presence or absence of TLR2, 4 and 7/8 agonists (PAM, LPS and R848, respectively). We studied TLR1-9 gene expression by RT-qPCR, and DC maturation, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production by flow cytometry. DC from both patients and controls expressed all TLRs except TLR9. The amoxicillin plus TLR2/4 or TLR7/8 ligands showed significant differences, mainly in patients: AX+PAM+LPS induced a decrease in TLR2 and AX+R848 in TLR2, 4, 7 and 8 mRNA levels. AX+PAM+LPS significantly increased the percentage of maturation in patients (75%) vs. controls (40%) (p=0.036) and T-cell proliferation (80.7% vs. 27.3% of cases; p=0.001). Moreover, the combinations AX+PAM+LPS and AX+R848 produced a significant increase in IL-12p70 during both DC maturation and T-cell proliferation. These results indicate that in amoxicillin-induced maculopapular exanthema, the presence of different TLR agonists could be critical for the induction of the innate and adaptive immune responses and this should be taken into account when evaluating allergic reactions to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana B. Blazquez
- Research Laboratory, Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez
- Research Laboratory, Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Adriana Ariza
- Research Laboratory, Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Andreu
- Joint Research Unit IIS La Fe and Polytechnical University of Valencia, Spain
- Institute of Chemical Technology UPV-CSIC, Polytechnical University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lidia Melendez
- Research Laboratory, Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanca
- Allergy Service Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Research Laboratory, Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Allergy Service Carlos Haya Hospital-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sukhithasri V, Nisha N, Biswas L, Anil Kumar V, Biswas R. Innate immune recognition of microbial cell wall components and microbial strategies to evade such recognitions. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:396-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Radwan M, Gavriilidis C, Robinson JH, Davidson R, Clark IM, Rowan AD, Young DA. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in response to double-stranded RNA in human chondrocytes. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2013; 65:1290-301. [PMID: 23334990 DOI: 10.1002/art.37868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression in chondrocytes via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). METHODS Differential expression of PRRs was determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and patients with femoral neck fracture (as normal control). Isolated human articular chondrocytes and the chondrosarcoma cell line SW-1353 were activated with poly(I-C) of different molecular weights as a dsRNA mimic, and changes in gene and protein expression were monitored by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS The dsRNA signaling moieties Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor X1 were all differentially expressed in OA cartilage compared to normal cartilage, as determined by gene expression screening. Depletion of the dsRNA-sensing receptors TLR-3, RIG-1, or melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5) suppressed the induction of MMP13 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by poly(I-C), regardless of its mode of delivery. In addition, depletion of the downstream transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 resulted in reduced induction of MMP13 mRNA expression by poly(I-C). CONCLUSION Signaling by dsRNA in chondrocytes requires a range of PRRs, including TLR-3, RIG-1, and MDA-5, for the full-induction of MMP13, thus providing tight regulation of a gene critical for maintenance of cartilage integrity. Our data add to the understanding of MMP13 regulation, which is essential before such mechanisms can be exploited to alleviate the cartilage destruction associated with OA.
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MESH Headings
- Cartilage, Articular/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/enzymology
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Femoral Neck Fractures/genetics
- Femoral Neck Fractures/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Interleukin-1alpha/pharmacology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism
- Necrosis
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/genetics
- Osteoarthritis/metabolism
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/drug effects
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
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8
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Inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity underlie chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 12:616-22. [PMID: 23026768 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328358cc0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by recurrent or persistent symptomatic infection of the nails, skin and mucosae mostly by Candida albicans. CMC is common in patients with profound primary T-cell immunodeficiency, who often display multiple infectious and autoimmune diseases. Patients with syndromic CMC, including autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome (AD-HIES) and autosomal recessive autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type I (APS-I), display fewer other infections. Patients with isolated CMC (CMCD) rarely display any other severe disease. We review here recent progress in the genetic dissection of these three types of inherited CMC. RECENT FINDINGS Low IL-17 T-cell proportions were reported in patients with AD-HIES bearing heterozygous STAT3 mutations, prone to CMC and staphylococcal diseases, and in a kindred with autosomal recessive CARD9 deficiency, prone to CMC and other fungal infections. High levels of neutralizing autoantibodies against IL-17 cytokines were documented in patients with APS-I presenting with CMC as their only infectious disease. The first three genetic causes of CMCD were then reported: autosomal recessive IL-17RA and autosomal dominant IL-17F deficiencies and autosomal dominant STAT1 gain-of-function, impairing IL-17-producing T-cell development. SUMMARY Inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity underlie CMC. Impaired IL-17 immunity may therefore account for CMC in other settings, including patients with acquired immunodeficiency.
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9
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Kisand K, Peterson P. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy: known and novel aspects of the syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1246:77-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Immunogenetic Variability Associated with Different Susceptibility Patterns to Candida and Aspergillus Infections. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-011-0059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Zhu W, Yang W, He Z, Liao X, Wu J, Sun J, Yang Y, Li Y. Overexpressing autoimmune regulator regulates the expression of toll-like receptors by interacting with their promoters in RAW264.7 cells. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:156-63. [PMID: 21628060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is a transcriptional activator that regulates the ectopic expression of many tissue-restricted antigens in medullary thymic epithelial cells, and that has an important role in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells. However, the roles of Aire expression in peripheral lymphoid tissues and hematopoietic cells, especially monocytes/macrophages, remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the mRNA and protein expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR3, and TLR8 were notably up-regulated in a mouse macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7) stably expressing Aire, while the expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR9 were not significantly changed. In addition, the mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR8 were significantly increased in primary peritoneal macrophages transiently transfected with Aire. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and a luciferase activity assay, we also found that Aire interacted with the TLR1, TLR3, and TLR8 promoters and increased the luciferase transcriptional activity of these promoters in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, after stimulation by Pam(3)CSK(4), a TLR1 ligand, and poly(I:C), a TLR3 ligand, we found that the mRNA expression levels of IL-1α, TNFα, iNOS, and IFNα were increased in RAW264.7 cells stably expressing Aire. Together, these data suggest that Aire has a crucial role in the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms and peripheral immune tolerance in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by regulating the expression of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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12
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Kollios K, Tsolaki A, Antachopoulos C, Moix I, Morris MA, Papadopoulou M, Roilides E. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APECED) due to AIRET16M mutation in a consanguineous Greek girl. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2011; 24:599-601. [PMID: 21932610 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APECED) or autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of the AutoImmune REgulator (AIRE) gene, an important mediator of tolerance to self-antigens. It is characterized by two out of three major components: chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and Addison's disease. We present an 11-year-old girl suffering from recurrent episodes of mucocutaneous candidiasis and onychomycosis from 1 to 6 years of age, and transient alopecia at the age of 4 years. Hypoparathyroidism and dental enamel hypoplasia were diagnosed at 8 years. Autoantibodies to thyroid and adrenal glands were not detected and all other endocrine functions have remained normal. Genetic analysis revealed that the patient was homozygous for the mutation T16M in exon 1 of the AIRE gene (p.T16M, c.47C>T). This is the first APECED case reported for carrying this mutation in homozygous form. Parents were third cousins and heterozygous carriers of this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kollios
- Third Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University School of Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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McCormack E, Skavland J, Mujic M, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Lentinan: hematopoietic, immunological, and efficacy studies in a syngeneic model of acute myeloid leukemia. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:574-83. [PMID: 20574918 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lentinan, a beta-glucan nutritional supplement isolated from the shitake mushroom (Lentula edodes), is a biological response modifier with immunostimulatory properties. Concomitantly, the role of beta-glucans as chemoimmunotherapeutic in a number of solid cancers has been widely documented. We investigated the effects of nutritional grade lentinan upon BN rats and in a preclinical syngeneic model of acute myeloid leukemia. BN rats supplemented daily with lentinan exhibited weight gains, increased white blood cells, monocytes, and circulating cytotoxic T-cells; and had a reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and additionally IL-6. Lentinan treatment of BN rats with BNML leukemia resulted in improved cage-side health and reduced cachexia in the terminal stage of this aggressive disease. Combination of lentinan with standards of care in acute myeloid leukemia, idarubicin, and cytarabine increased average survival compared with monotherapy and reduced cachexia. These results indicate that nutritional supplementation of cancer patients with lentinan should be further investigated.
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14
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Netea MG, Maródi L. Innate immune mechanisms for recognition and uptake of Candida species. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:346-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Shi L, Hu LH, Li YR. Autoimmune regulator regulates autophagy in THP-1 human monocytes. FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE IN CHINA 2010; 4:336-41. [PMID: 21191841 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a crucial factor for the induction of central tolerance, and mutations in this gene lead to abnormal immune responses. However, the role of AIRE in autophagy in immune cells, especially in monocytes, is obscure. In the present study, we found that overexpression of AIRE in THP-1 human monocytes resulted in increased endogenous light chain 3 (LC3)-II level and elevated LC3 positive vesicles. Moreover, an autophagy inhibitor or knockdown of AIRE by small interference RNA attenuated these effects. In contrast, the expression of p62/SQSTM1 remained unchanged in THP-1 cells after the corresponding treatment. Our findings indicate that AIRE plays a role in the regulation of autophagy in THP-1 human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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16
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Wolff ASB, Oftedal BEV, Kisand K, Ersvaer E, Lima K, Husebye ES. Flow cytometry study of blood cell subtypes reflects autoimmune and inflammatory processes in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. Scand J Immunol 2010; 71:459-67. [PMID: 20500699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. AIRE is expressed in medullary epithelial cells where it activates transcription of organ-specific proteins in thymus, thereby regulating autoimmunity. Patients with APS I have, in addition to autoimmune manifestations in endocrine organs, also often ectodermal dystrophies and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The aim of this study was to characterize immune cell subpopulations in patients with APS I and their close relatives. Extensive blood mononuclear cell immunophenotyping was carried out on 19 patients with APS I, 18 first grade relatives and corresponding sex- and age-matched healthy controls using flow cytometry. We found a significant relative reduction in T helper cells coexpressing CCR6 and CXCR3 in patients with APS I compared to controls (mean = 4.10% versus 5.94% respectively, P = 0.035). The pools of CD16(+) monocytes and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were also lower in patients compared with healthy individuals (mean = 15.75% versus 26.78%, P = 0.028 and mean = 4.12% versus 6.73%, P = 0.029, respectively). This is the first report describing reduced numbers of CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) T helper cells and CD16(+) monocytes in patients with APS I We further confirm previous findings of reduced numbers of Tregs in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S B Wolff
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Puel A, Döffinger R, Natividad A, Chrabieh M, Barcenas-Morales G, Picard C, Cobat A, Ouachée-Chardin M, Toulon A, Bustamante J, Al-Muhsen S, Al-Owain M, Arkwright PD, Costigan C, McConnell V, Cant AJ, Abinun M, Polak M, Bougnères PF, Kumararatne D, Marodi L, Nahum A, Roifman C, Blanche S, Fischer A, Bodemer C, Abel L, Lilic D, Casanova JL. Autoantibodies against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I. J Exp Med 2010; 207:291-7. [PMID: 20123958 PMCID: PMC2822614 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS-I) display chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). We hypothesized that this CMC might result from autoimmunity to interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines. We found high titers of autoantibodies (auto-Abs) against IL-17A, IL-17F, and/or IL-22 in the sera of all 33 patients tested, as detected by multiplex particle-based flow cytometry. The auto-Abs against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 were specific in the five patients tested, as shown by Western blotting. The auto-Abs against IL-17A were neutralizing in the only patient tested, as shown by bioassays of IL-17A activity. None of the 37 healthy controls and none of the 103 patients with other autoimmune disorders tested had such auto-Abs. None of the patients with APS-I had auto-Abs against cytokines previously shown to cause other well-defined clinical syndromes in other patients (IL-6, interferon [IFN]-gamma, or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) or against other cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, IL-26, IFN-beta, tumor necrosis factor [alpha], or transforming growth factor beta). These findings suggest that auto-Abs against IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 may cause CMC in patients with APS-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rainer Döffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Angels Natividad
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Barcenas-Morales
- Laboratory of Immunology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Izcalli, Edo de Mexico, 54700 Mexico
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Toulon
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- Novel Primary Immunodeficiency and Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Department of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WP, England, UK
| | - Colm Costigan
- Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin 12, Republic of Ireland
| | - Vivienne McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrew J. Cant
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, England, UK
| | - Mario Abinun
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, England, UK
| | - Michel Polak
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Development of Endocrine Organs, INSERM, U845, Pediatric Endocrinology Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Dinakantha Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - László Marodi
- Department of Infectious and Pediatric Immunology, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Amit Nahum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaim Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Development of the Immune System, INSERM, U768, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Desa Lilic
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Study Center of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Dermatology Unit, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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