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Zhang Q, Wang J, Huang F, Yao Y, Xu L. Leptin induces NAFLD progression through infiltrated CD8+ T lymphocytes mediating pyroptotic-like cell death of hepatocytes and macrophages. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:598-605. [PMID: 33172809 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease, which causes serious health problems worldwide. Hyperleptinemia and inflammatory stress are crucial in the progression of NAFLD. However, the relationship between leptin and immune cells or hepatocytes is still unclear. AIMS This study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of leptin-mediated disease progression through immune cells and its relationship with hepatocytes. METHODS An NAFLD rat model was established to verify the relationship between hyperleptinemia and CD8+ T lymphocytes and cytokines in liver tissue. CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with macrophages or hepatocytes stimulated with leptin or treated with granzyme inhibitors to observe target cell morphology and expression of pivotal protein family members. RESULTS CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration positively correlated with blood leptin, IL-18 and IL-1β levels and was related to macrophage recruitment and differentiation in a rat model of NAFLD. Leptin could induce activated caspase-1 and caspase-3 in hepatocytes and trigger hepatocyte pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin may regulate the pyroptotic-like death of macrophages and hepatocytes through CD8+ T lymphocytes in NAFLD progression. The intervention of related pathways of leptin and immune cells may provide a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
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Citro A, Scrivo R, Martini H, Martire C, De Marzio P, Vestri AR, Sidney J, Sette A, Barnaba V, Valesini G. CD8+ T Cells Specific to Apoptosis-Associated Antigens Predict the Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128607. [PMID: 26061065 PMCID: PMC4465029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells specific to caspase-cleaved antigens derived from apoptotic T cells (apoptotic epitopes) represent a principal player in chronic immune activation, which is known to amplify immunopathology in various inflammatory diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship involving these autoreactive T cells, the rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology, and the response to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy. The frequency of autoreactive CD8+ T cells specific to various apoptotic epitopes, as detected by both enzyme-linked immunospot assay and dextramers of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules complexed with relevant apoptotic epitopes, was longitudinally analyzed in the peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients who were submitted to etanercept treatment (or other tumor necrosis factor inhibitors as a control). The percentage of apoptotic epitope-specific CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in healthy donors, and correlated with the disease activity. More important, it was significantly more elevated in responders to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy than in non-responders before the start of therapy; it significantly dropped only in the former following therapy. These data indicate that apoptotic epitope-specific CD8+ T cells may be involved in rheumatoid arthritis immunopathology through the production of inflammatory cytokines and that they may potentially represent a predictive biomarker of response to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy to validate in a larger cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Citro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossana Scrivo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Helene Martini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Martire
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo De Marzio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Vestri
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, United States of America
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00185 Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Guido Valesini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Coppieters KT, Harrison LC, von Herrath MG. Trials in type 1 diabetes: Antigen-specific therapies. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:345-55. [PMID: 23490422 PMCID: PMC5777514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from an aberrant immunological response against the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of the pancreas. The ideal therapy would restore immune balance in a safe and lasting fashion, stopping the process of beta cell decay. The efficacy of immune suppressive agents such as cyclosporin underscores the notion that T1D can in principle be prevented, albeit at an unacceptable long-term safety risk. Immune modulatory drugs such as monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody, on the other hand, have recently had rather disappointing results in phase 3 trials, possibly due to inadequate dosing or choice of inappropriate endpoints. Therefore, it is argued that striking the right balance between safety and efficacy, together with careful trial design, will be paramount in preventing T1D. Here we outline the concept of antigen-specific tolerization as a strategy to safely induce long-term protection against T1D, focusing on available clinical trial data, key knowledge gaps and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard C. Harrison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Clinical Immunology and Burnet Clinical Research Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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von Herrath M, Peakman M, Roep B. Progress in immune-based therapies for type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:186-202. [PMID: 23574316 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-based therapies that prevent type 1 diabetes or preserve metabolic function remaining at diagnosis have become a major objective for funding agencies and international trial consortia, and receive backing from notable patient advocate groups. The development of immune-based therapeutic strategies in this arena requires a careful balancing of the risks of the therapy against the potential benefits, because many individuals are diagnosed or identified as being at increased risk of disease in early childhood, a period when manipulation of the developing immune system should be undertaken with caution. In addition, a therapy exists (daily insulin injection) that is life-saving in the acute stages of disease and can be used effectively over a lifetime as maintenance. Conversely, the disease is increasing in incidence; is peaking in ever-younger age groups; carries significant risk of increased morbidity and early mortality; and remains difficult to manage effectively in many settings. With these issues in mind, in this article we review progress towards immune-based strategies for this chronic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M von Herrath
- Center for Type 1 Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Abstract
Following almost 30 years of intensive research, initiated by the observation that Type 1 diabetes development is associated with a characteristic pancreatic immune cell infiltrate, a picture is emerging of which of the diverse effector arms of the immune system are involved in β-cell destruction. Like any chronic pathology, there is considerable complexity, and our ability to model the disease is hampered by a lack of ready access to the target organ and limited longitudinal analyses. However, it seems that putative pathways can start to be ruled in and out, in part as a result of focused mechanistic studies that make use of new technologies, and in part through analysis of the outcomes of clinical trials of new agents aimed at halting the disease process. The picture that emerges suggests a pathway to prevention that may require combinations of therapeutic agents that target different aspects of the immune system and will need to be used with due attention to their risk-benefit profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Medicine and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College, London, UK.
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Coppieters KT, Sehested Hansen B, von Herrath MG. Clinical potential of antigen-specific therapies in type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:328-37. [PMID: 23804270 PMCID: PMC3740700 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), pancreatic beta-cells are attacked and destroyed by the immune system, which leads to a loss of endogenous insulin secretion. The desirable outcome of therapeutic intervention in autoimmune diseases is the restoration of immune tolerance to prevent organ damage. Past trials with immune suppressive drugs highlight the fact that T1D is in principle a curable condition. However, the barrier in T1D therapy in terms of drug safety is set particularly high because of the predominantly young population and the good prognosis associated with modern exogenous insulin therapy. Thus, there is a general consensus that chronic immune suppression is associated with unacceptable long-term safety risks. On the other hand, immune-modulatory biologicals have recently failed to confer significant protection in phase 3 clinical trials. However, the concept of antigen-specific tolerization may offer a unique strategy to safely induce long-term protection against T1D. In this review, we analyze the potential reasons for the failure of the different tolerization therapies, and describe how the concept of antigen-specific toleraization may overcome the obstacles associated with clinical therapy in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center, Novo Nordisk Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Coppieters KT, Wiberg A, Tracy SM, von Herrath MG. Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:39-46. [PMID: 22385231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence now indicates that viruses are associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) development and progression. Human enteroviruses (HEV) have emerged as prime suspects, based on detection frequencies around clinical onset in patients and their ability to rapidly hyperglycaemia trigger in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Whether or not HEV can truly cause islet autoimmunity or, rather, act by accelerating ongoing insulitis remains a matter of debate. In view of the disease's globally rising incidence it is hypothesized that improved hygiene standards may reduce the immune system's ability to appropriately respond to viral infections. Arguments in favour of and against viral infections as major aetiological factors in T1D will be discussed in conjunction with potential pathological scenarios. More profound insights into the intricate relationship between viruses and their autoimmunity-prone host may lead ultimately to opportunities for early intervention through immune modulation or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Coppieters
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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8
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Coppieters KT, Wiberg A, Tracy SM, von Herrath MG. Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:5-11. [PMID: 22385231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence now indicates that viruses are associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) development and progression. Human enteroviruses (HEV) have emerged as prime suspects, based on detection frequencies around clinical onset in patients and their ability to rapidly hyperglycaemia trigger in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Whether or not HEV can truly cause islet autoimmunity or, rather, act by accelerating ongoing insulitis remains a matter of debate. In view of the disease's globally rising incidence it is hypothesized that improved hygiene standards may reduce the immune system's ability to appropriately respond to viral infections. Arguments in favour of and against viral infections as major aetiological factors in T1D will be discussed in conjunction with potential pathological scenarios. More profound insights into the intricate relationship between viruses and their autoimmunity-prone host may lead ultimately to opportunities for early intervention through immune modulation or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Coppieters
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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