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Gasser B, Kurz J, Mohaupt M. Testosterone/Epitestosterone Ratios-Further Hints to Explain Hyperandrogenemia in Children with Autism. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9010013. [PMID: 33535392 PMCID: PMC7931062 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epitestosterone [E] has for a long time been considered as a biologically inactive androgen. However, recently a distinct antiandrogenic activity of this naturally occurring endogenous epimer of Testosterone has been demonstrated. Especially the ratios of testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) seem to be key as inhibition of epitestosterone on androgen activity was postulated. As in autism, a higher androgen activity was implied. We, therefore, suggested higher levels of T/E ratios of children with autism versus children with typical development. METHODS Urine probes of 22 girls with autism (BMI 18.7 ± 4.3; average age 12.3 ± 3.8 years) and a sample of 51 controls (BMI 17.0 ± 2.6; average age 11.9 ± 4 years), as well as 61 boys with autism (BMI 17.04 ± 2. average age 11.9 ± 2.5 years) and 61 control boys (BMI 17.0 ± 2.6; average age 11.1 ± 3.0 years), were analyzed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS The average T/E ratio of all boys with autism was 2.5 ± 1.8 versus 2.4 ± 1.3 in boys with typical development, respectively. No significant difference between boys with autism versus boys with typical development could be detected (p = 0.977). In girls with autism, the average T/E ratio was 1.4 ± 0.9 versus 2.0 ± 1.4 in girls with typical development, whereby a significant difference could be detected (p = 0.0285). Further, polynomial analysis of the third degree were conducted, showing a dependence from age with reasonable coefficients of determination (0.075 < R2 < 0.22, all samples). DISCUSSION As encompassing steroid hormone analysis are expensive and work-intensive, we hoped to find an easily applicable biomarker to support diagnostics in autism. However, as a relatively small sample of only 22 girls with autism were analyzed and menstrual cycle and pubertal status were only partly controllable through the matching of BMI and age, the question arises if it was an incidental finding. Nevertheless, one suggestion might be that epitestosterone has the effect of a competitive inhibition on the androgen receptor, which would probably help to explain the higher prevalence of autism in boys as compared to girls. Presumably, as no significant difference was detected in boys, this effect might not be as relevant from a steroid hormone perspective, and other effects such as altered 17/20-hydroxylase activity as previously shown in boys and girls with autism seem to have more relevance. Analysis of larger samples, including plenty of metabolites and enzymatic cascades, as well as the role of backdoor pathway activity of androgen synthesis of girls with autism, are demanded in order to validate current findings of altered steroid hormones in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Department für Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit, Universität Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-207-63-18
| | - Johann Kurz
- Intersci Research Association, Karl Morre Gasse 10, 8430 Leibnitz, Austria;
| | - Markus Mohaupt
- Teaching Hospital Internal Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe, 3006 Berne, Switzerland;
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Aoki K, Shinohara H, Tanaka H, Ueki M. Steroid profile analysis and UGT2B17 genotyping of the same urine sample to determine testosterone abuse. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Koenis MMG, Brouwer RM, van Baal GCM, van Soelen ILC, Peper JS, van Leeuwen M, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Boomsma DI, Hulshoff Pol HE. Longitudinal study of hormonal and physical development in young twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E518-27. [PMID: 23430788 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Information on the correlation of normative reproductive hormone levels with physical development (Tanner stages) during puberty and on the influences of genes and environment on variation in these hormones and Tanner stages is limited. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS One hundred twelve healthy 9-year-old twin pairs (n = 224) took part in a longitudinal study, of which 89 pairs participated again at age 12 years (n = 178). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morning urinary LH, FSH, estradiol, and salivary testosterone levels, determined by competitive immunoassays, were measured. Tanner stages were determined through physical examination. RESULTS Over the 3-year interval, all hormone levels showed a 2- to 9-fold increase. LH and FSH at age 9 years predicted sex-specific Tanner stages at age 12 years in both boys and girls. Most of the associations between hormone levels at age 9 years and physical development at 12 years were explained by genetic influences. FSH in 9-year-old boys correlated with all hormone levels and Tanner stages at age 12 years. Moderate to high heritability estimates were found for hormone levels at both ages and in both sexes. In girls a shift from environmental (age 9 years) to genetic influences (age 12 years) was found for estradiol and pubic hair development, and for breast development a shift in the opposite direction was seen. CONCLUSIONS During development LH and FSH (and testosterone in boys) levels predict secondary sexual characteristics in boys and girls 3 years later. These correlations are largely due to genes that are involved in both early pubertal hormone levels and subsequent physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M G Koenis
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ambrosini S, Shinde S, De Lorenzi E, Sellergren B. Glucuronide directed molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction: isolation of testosterone glucuronide from its parent drug in urine. Analyst 2012; 137:249-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15606c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Assessment of the Aquatic Release and Relevance of Selected Endogenous Chemicals: Androgens, Thyroids and Their in Vivo Metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Tse Sum Bui B, Merlier F, Haupt K. Toward the Use of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer in Doping Analysis: Selective Preconcentration and Analysis of Testosterone and Epitestosterone in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4420-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Tse Sum Bui
- Compiègne University of Technology, UMR CNRS 6022, B.P. 20529, 60205 Compiégne cedex, France
| | - Franck Merlier
- Compiègne University of Technology, UMR CNRS 6022, B.P. 20529, 60205 Compiégne cedex, France
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Compiègne University of Technology, UMR CNRS 6022, B.P. 20529, 60205 Compiégne cedex, France
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Verheyden K, Noppe H, Vanhaecke L, Wille K, Bussche JV, Bekaert K, Thas O, Janssen CR, De Brabander HF. Excretion of endogenous boldione in human urine: influence of phytosterol consumption. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:8-14. [PMID: 19520162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (17-hydroxy-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one, Bol) and boldione (androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD), are currently listed as exogenous anabolic steroids by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, it has been reported that these analytes can be produced endogenously. Interestingly, only for Bol a comment is included in the list on its potential endogenous origin. In this study, the endogenous origin of ADD in human urine was investigated, and the potential influence of phytosterol consumption was evaluated. We carried out a 5-week in vivo trial with both men (n=6) and women (n=6) and measured alpha-boldenone, beta-boldenone, boldione, androstenedione, beta-testosterone and alpha-testosterone in their urine using gas chromatography coupled to multiple mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). The results demonstrate that endogenous ADD is sporadically produced at concentrations ranging from 0.751 ng mL(-1) to 1.73 ng mL(-1), whereas endogenous Bol could not be proven. We also tested the effect of the daily consumption of a commercially available phytosterol-enriched yogurt drink on the presence of these analytes in human urine. Results from this study could not indicate a relation of ADD-excretion with the consumption of phytosterols at the recommended dose. The correlations between ADD and other steroids were consistently stronger for volunteers consuming phytosterols (test) than for those refraining from phytosterol consumption (control). Excretion of AED, bT and aT did not appear to be dependent on the consumption of phytosterols. This preliminary in vivo trial indicates the endogenous origin of boldione or ADD in human urine, independent on the presence of any structural related analytes such as phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Verheyden
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Enéa C, Boisseau N, Dugué B. Facteurs biologiques influençant les concentrations urinaires en stéroïdes anabolisants lors de contrôles antidopage. Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Di Luigi L, Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Mazzarino M, Donati F, Braganò MC, Bianchini S, Fierro V, Casasco M, Botrè F, Lenzi A. Urinary and serum hormones profiles after testosterone enanthate administration in male hypogonadism: concerns on the detection of doping with testosterone in treated hypogonadal athletes. J Endocrinol Invest 2009; 32:445-53. [PMID: 19461217 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe serum and urinary hormones, androgens metabolites and testosterone/epitestosterone ratio profiles after testosterone administration in male hypogonadal volunteers, and to evaluate their possible usefulness in detecting doping with testosterone in treated hypogonadal athletes. DESIGN Controlled open label design vs placebo; pharmacokinetic study. PARTICIPANTS Ten male volunteers affected by severe hypogonadism (serum testosterone <2.31 ng/ml). INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum and urinary parameters were evaluated, by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, before and at different time points for 7/3 weeks after a single administration of testosterone enanthate (250 mg) or placebo, respectively. RESULTS As partially known, testosterone administration increased, with great individual variability, urinary concentrations of glucuronide testosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5alpha-androstane- 3alpha,17beta-diol, 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, testosterone/ epitestosterone and testosterone/LH ratios; and decreased epitestosterone and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol/5beta-androstane- 3alpha,17beta-diol ratio. Serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone increased in all volunteers, and concentrations higher than the upper reference limits were observed in many volunteers until 2 weeks after testosterone administration. CONCLUSION Whereas the observed prolonged hyperandrogenism partially limited data interpretation, the report ed characteristics of variation of urinary parameters might be used to suspect testosterone misuse in hypogonadal athletes treated with testosterone enanthate. In this sense, while the actual threshold for tes tos terone/epites tos ter one ratio was confirmed to be of reduced usefulness, we suggest a contemporary evaluation of whole urinary androgen metabolites profile and serum androgens, at specific time points after testosterone enanthate administration. Moreover, an adequate tailoring of treatment, to avoid transitory hyperandrogenism, is highly advisable. Further studies on strategies for detecting doping with testosterone in hypogonadal athletes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
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Juul A, Sørensen K, Aksglaede L, Garn I, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P, Ottesen AM. A common deletion in the uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT) 2B17 gene is a strong determinant of androgen excretion in healthy pubertal boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:1005-11. [PMID: 19088161 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone (T) is excreted in urine as water-soluble glucuronidated and sulfated conjugates. The ability to glucuronidate T and other steroids depends on a number of different glucuronidases (UGT) of which UGT2B17 is essential. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of UGT2B17 genotypes on urinary excretion of androgen metabolites in pubertal boys. STUDY DESIGN A clinical study of 116 healthy boys aged 8-19 yr. UGT2B17 genotyping was performed using quantitative PCR. Serum FSH, LH, T, estradiol (E2), and SHBG were analyzed by immunoassays, and urinary levels of androgen metabolites were quantitated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in all subjects. RESULTS Ten of 116 subjects (9%) presented with a homozygote deletion of the UGT2B17 gene (del/del), whereas 52 and 54 boys were hetero- and homozygous carriers of the UGT2B17 gene (del/ins and ins/ins), respectively. None of the reproductive hormones were affected by UGT2B17 genotype. In all subjects, mean urinary T/epitestosterone ratio was 1.56 [1.14 (SD); 0.1-6.9 (range)] and unaffected by age or pubertal stage. Subjects with homozygous deletions of UGT2B17 had significantly lower urinary levels of T and 5alpha- and 5beta-androstanediol. Mean urinary T/epitestosterone was significantly reduced in del/del subjects [0.29 (0.30); 0.1-1.0 (range), P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSION In pubertal boys, a common homozygous deletion in the UGT2B17 gene strongly affected urinary excretion pattern of androgen metabolites but did not influence circulating androgen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Kicman AT, Cowan DA. Subject-based profiling for the detection of testosterone administration in sport. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:22-4. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Graham MR, Davies B, Grace FM, Kicman A, Baker JS. Anabolic steroid use: patterns of use and detection of doping. Sports Med 2008; 38:505-25. [PMID: 18489196 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838060-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are being used to increase muscle mass and strength in adult males. Consequently, athletes are still using them to increase physical performance and bodybuilders are using them to improve size and cosmetic appearance. The prevalence of AAS use has risen dramatically over the last two decades and filtered into all aspects of society. Support for AAS users has increased, but not by the medical profession, who will not accept that AAS use dependency is a psychiatric condition. The adverse effects and potential dangers of AAS use have been well documented. AAS are used in sport by individuals who have acquired knowledge of the half-lives of specific drugs and the dosages and cycles required to avoid detection. Conversely, they are used by bodybuilders in extreme dosages with the intention of gaining muscle mass and size, with little or no regard for the consequences. Polypharmacy by self-prescription is prevalent in this sector. Most recently, AAS use has filtered through to 'recreational street drug' users and is the largest growth of drugs in this subdivision. They are taken to counteract the anorexic and cachectic effects of the illegal psychotropic street drugs. Screening procedures for AAS in World Anti-Doping Agency accredited laboratories are comprehensive and sensitive and are based mainly on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, although liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is becoming increasingly more valuable. The use of carbon isotope mass spectrometry is also of increasing importance in the detection of natural androgen administration, particularly to detect testosterone administration. There is a degree of contentiousness in the scenario of AAS drug use, both within and outside sport. AAS and associated doping agents are not illegal per se. Possession is not an offence, despite contravening sporting regulations and moral codes. Until AAS are classified in the same capacity as street drugs in the UK, where possession becomes a criminal offence, they will continue to attract those who want to win at any cost. The knowledge acquired by such work can only assist in the education of individuals who use such doping agents, with a view to minimizing health risks and hopefully once again create a level playing field in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Graham
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, School of Applied Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, UK
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Borts DJ, Bowers LD. Direct measurement of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone conjugates using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:50-61. [PMID: 10633234 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(200001)35:1<50::aid-jms912>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of the ratio of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) in urine has been used as an indication of 'natural' steroid supplementation for a decade. The direct measurement of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of testosterone and epitestosterone by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) should resolve a number of issues regarding unusual metabolism due to either genetic disposition or attempts to avoid detection of abuse. Determination of nanomoles per liter (0.1 ppb) concentrations of analytes in a complex biological matrix by HPLC/MS/MS is complicated by sample matrix-specific ion suppression during ESI. Deuterated internal standards of all compounds were used to overcome the effects of suppression. Comparison of the HPLC/MS/MS method with a two-part gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method showed statistical equivalence in urine samples. Analysis of urine samples with elevated T-glucuronide to E-glucuronide ratios did not show that a significant number could be explained by an elevated excretion of epitestosterone sulfate. The HPLC/MS/MS method was also used further to characterize genetic and metabolic factors that give rise to unusual T/E ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Borts
- Athletic Drug Testing and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Medical Science Building A-128, 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5120, USA
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Raynaud E, Fédou C, Solère M, Orsetti A. Physiologie de l'épitestostérone. Sci Sports 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(97)80066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hill M, Hampl R, Petrík R, Stárka L. Concentration of the endogenous antiandrogen epitestosterone and androgenic C19-steroids in hyperplastic prostatic tissue. Prostate 1996; 28:347-51. [PMID: 8650070 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0045(199606)28:6<347::aid-pros2>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epitestosterone (epiT, 17 alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one), an endogenous C19-steroid in humans, was considered for a long time as a physiologically inactive steroid. Recently, its antiandrogenic properties have been discovered. For the evaluation of its biological availability in the target organs the tissue concentration is of importance. EpiT, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione concentrations in prostatic tissue were determined in 15 prostate samples obtained by suprapubic prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The steroids were extracted and separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and determined by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods. The concentration of epiT (mean 58.4 +/- 40.4 SD, range 14.0-144.0 fmol/mg protein) exceeded that of testosterone and was approximately as high as that of dihydrotestosterone. EpiT level increased with age and the correlation was significant (P < 0.05). It did not correlate significantly with testosterone but did with androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone (P < 0.05, each). As expected, a positive correlation was found between testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Epitestosterone has for a long time been considered as a biologically inactive steroid. However, recently a distinct antiandrogenic activity of this naturally occurring endogenous epimer of testosterone has been demonstrated. Epitestosterone plays a role in the control of doping with testosterone, since an arbitrary ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone in urine has been accepted as a marker for testosterone abuse. For this reason, its urinary excretion has been examined intensively by several authors. On the other hand, its concentration in the blood of men was reported only randomly in a few cases. In the present study the epitestosterone level in human plasma was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay and the concentration of epitestosterone was established in age groups of males of 6 to 65 years of age. There is a clear age dependence of epitestosterone plasma concentration in males. In young boys before puberty, antiandrogenic epitestosterone prevails over testosterone, in adults a striking decline of the ratio epitestosterone:testosterone can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lapcík
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroid Hormones, Praha, Czech Republic
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Dehennin L. Testostérone: l'androgène anabolisant endogène et le dépistage d'un apport exogène chez le sportif. Sci Sports 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0765-1597(96)89528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wheeler
- Department of Endocrinology and Chemical Pathology, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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