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Hormonal evaluation and midcycle detection of intrauterine glycodelin in women treated with levonorgestrel as in emergency contraception. Contraception 2010; 82:526-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kokay IC, Grattan DR. Expression of mRNA for prolactin receptor (long form) in dopamine and pro-opiomelanocortin neurones in the arcuate nucleus of non-pregnant and lactating rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2005; 17:827-35. [PMID: 16280030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Under most conditions, prolactin secretion from the pituitary gland is subject to negative-feedback regulation. Prolactin stimulates dopamine release from tuberoinfundibular (TIDA) neurones in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which in turn suppresses the production of prolactin. However, during late pregnancy and continuing into lactation, this feedback mechanism becomes less responsive to prolactin and, as a result, a hyperprolactinaemic state develops. We investigated whether long-form prolactin receptor (PRL-R(L)) mRNA is present on TIDA neurones in nonpregnant and lactating rats. In addition, we examined whether PRL-R(L) mRNA is colocalized on hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones. Dual-label in situ hybridizations using an (35)S-labelled cRNA probe specific for long-form PRL-R, together with a digoxigenin-labelled RNA probe that encoded either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or POMC mRNA, were performed on brain sections. In both nonpregnant and lactating rats, the majority of TH mRNA-positive cells (> 90%) were found to express long-form PRL-R mRNA. In sections from nonpregnant rats, few non-TH positive cells expressed PRL-R(L) mRNA. By contrast, during lactation, the proportion of PRL-R(L) mRNA-positive cells that were not TH mRNA-positive increased to approximately 70%. Only a small number of neurones in this subpopulation of PRL-R(L) mRNA-positive neurones were found to be positive for POMC mRNA. These data show that the loss of responsiveness to prolactin occurring during lactation is not due to down regulation of long-form PRL-R gene expression on TIDA neurones. Moreover, the persistent expression of PRL-R(L) in arcuate neuroendocrine circuits suggests that PRL-R-mediated signalling continues to be important in these neurones during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Kokay
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Durand M, Seppala M, Cravioto MDC, Koistinen H, Koistinen R, González-Macedo J, Larrea F. Late follicular phase administration of levonorgestrel as an emergency contraceptive changes the secretory pattern of glycodelin in serum and endometrium during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Contraception 2005; 71:451-7. [PMID: 15914136 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined serum glycodelin concentrations and endometrial expression during the luteal phase following oral administration of levonorgestrel (LNG) at different stages of the ovarian cycle. Thirty women were recruited and allocated into three groups. All groups were studied during two consecutive cycles, a control cycle and the treatment cycle. In the treatment cycle, each woman received two doses of 0.75 mg LNG taken 12 h apart on days 3-4 before the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (Group 1), at the time of LH rise (Group 2) and 48 h after the rise in LH was detected (Group 3). Serum progesterone (P) and glycodelin were measured daily during the luteal phase, and an endometrial biopsy was taken at day LH +9 for immunohistochemical glycodelin-A staining. In Group 1, serum P levels were significantly lower, serum glycodelin levels rose earlier and endometrial glycodelin-A expression was weaker than in Groups 2 and 3, in which no differences were found between control and treatment cycles. Levonorgestrel taken for emergency contraception (EC) prior to the LH surge alters the luteal phase secretory pattern of glycodelin in serum and endometrium. Based on the potent gamete adhesion inhibitory activity of glycodelin-A, the results may account for the action of LNG in EC in those women who take LNG before the LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Durand
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
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Méndez I, Alcocer-Varela J, Parra A, Lava-Zavala A, de la Cruz DA, Alarcón-Segovia D, Larrea F. Neuroendocrine dopaminergic regulation of prolactin release in systemic lupus erythematosus: a possible role of lymphocyte-derived prolactin. Lupus 2004; 13:45-53. [PMID: 14870917 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu487oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) secretion by the pituitary is under the control of dopamine. Hyperprolactinemia has been found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and seems to be associated with clinical activity. T-lymphocytes express PRL and those from SLE patients appear to secrete more PRL than controls. In this study, immuno-(RIA) and bio-(BIO) assayable PRL in both serum and culture media of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from SLE and control subjects were evaluated in the basal state and in response to 10 mg oral administration of metoclopramide, a dopamine receptor antagonist. Prolactin size heterogeneity in serum and culture media and PRL gene transcription in PBMNC were also studied. Basal serum RIA-PRL, BIO-PRL and the BIO/RIA ratio were similar in both groups. The serum BIO-PRL response after metoclopramide was higher than RIA-PRL in SLE, and this increment was also greater than in control subjects. PBMNC from SLE subjects secreted and produced more BIO-PRL. After metoclopramide, secretion and production of PRL increased only in PBMNC from control women and not in those from SLE patients. Our results demonstrated an increased central dopaminergic tone in SLE and suggest that lymphocyte-derived PRL might contribute to alter the functional activity of the hypothalamic dopaminergic system in SLE attempting to maintain serum PRL within a physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Méndez
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Mexico City, Mexico
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Parra A, Reyes-Terán G, Ramírez-Peredo J, Jacquemin B, Quiroz V, Cárdenas M, García-Sancho MC, Larrea F, Cárdenas M. Differences in nocturnal basal and rhythmic prolactin secretion in untreated compared to treated HIV‐infected men are associated with CD4+ T‐lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:24-31. [PMID: 14984591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The existence of decreased hypothalamic dopaminergic tone in HIV-infected men has been suggested. In a cross-sectional study, we determined 12 h nocturnal basal and pulsatile prolactin (PRL) release levels (by blood sampling every 10 min) and their correlation with CD4+ T cells in seven volunteer HIV-negative, healthy men (group 1), and 21 normoprolactinemic, euthyroid, HIV-infected men divided into 3 groups (each group = 7): (i) group 2, asymptomatic HIV-infected stage A1 men, untreated; (ii) group 3, AIDS stage C3 without active opportunistic infections, untreated; and (iii) group 4, previously stage C3 after at least 6 months of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Serum PRL was measured by radioimmunoanalysis and the results were analysed by waveform-independent deconvolution analysis. CD4+ T lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry and viral load by a nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay. No differences were detected in the first two groups. In the third group, however, 100% of prolactin secretion was found to be pulsatile with a shorter secretory burst duration (P = 0.04), and a greater circulating half-life and pulse amplitude (P < or = 0.04). Group 4 had the greatest basal prolactin secretion (P < or = 0.04), and a shorter secretory burst duration (P = 0.04 vs group 2), circulating half-life (P = 0.01 vs group 3) and intersecretory burst interval (P = 0.06 vs group 1). PRL approximate entropy was similar among all groups. Linear correlations existed between CD4+ T cell counts and PRL secretory burst half duration (r = 0.62, P = 0.002) and amplitude (r = -0.63, P = 0.001), and in circulating serum half-life (r = - 0.61, P = 0.002) in HIV-infected groups. Viral load showed no correlations. It is suggested that differential changes in nocturnal prolactin secretion among HIV-infected men occurred while maintaining the normal coordinate feedback and/or feedforward control within the lactotropic axis. These changes may represent an adaptative mechanism to sustain, by different means, the maximal physiologic PRL production to stimulate the highest cellular immune response and/or reconstitution in attempting to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Parra
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México City, Mexico.
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Durand M, del Carmen Cravioto M, Raymond EG, Durán-Sánchez O, De la Luz Cruz-Hinojosa M, Castell-Rodríguez A, Schiavon R, Larrea F. On the mechanisms of action of short-term levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception. Contraception 2001; 64:227-34. [PMID: 11747872 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of short-term administration of levonorgestrel (LNG) at different stages of the ovarian cycle on the pituitary-ovarian axis, corpus luteum function, and endometrium were investigated. Forty-five surgically sterilized women were studied during two menstrual cycles. In the second cycle, each women received two doses of 0.75 mg LNG taken 12 h apart on day 10 of the cycle (Group A), at the time of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (Group B), 48 h after positive detection of urinary LH (Group C), or late follicular phase (Group D). In both cycles, transvaginal ultrasound and serum LH were performed from the detection of urinary LH until ovulation. Serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P(4)) were measured during the complete luteal phase. In addition, an endometrial biopsy was taken at day LH + 9. Eighty percent of participants in Group A were anovulatory, the remaining (three participants) presented significant shortness of the luteal phase with notably lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. In Groups B and C, no significant differences on either cycle length or luteal P4 and E2 serum concentrations were observed between the untreated and treated cycles. Participants in Group D had normal cycle length but significantly lower luteal P4 serum concentrations. Endometrial histology was normal in all ovulatory-treated cycles. It is suggested that interference of LNG with the mechanisms initiating the LH preovulatory surge depends on the stage of follicle development. Thus, anovulation results from disrupting the normal development and/or the hormonal activity of the growing follicle only when LNG is given preovulatory. In addition, peri- and post-ovulatory administration of LNG did not impair corpus luteum function or endometrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durand
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Arie MH, Fonseca AM, Arie WM, Carvalho FM, Bagnoli VR, Pinotti JA. Endometrial prolactin in hyperprolactinemic women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000; 69:119-26. [PMID: 10802079 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(99)00228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the behavior of endometrial prolactin in hyper- and normoprolactinemic women. METHOD Forty women were selected due to alterations in menstrual cycle and/or galactorrhea and/or sterility. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A, 19 hyperprolactinemic women; and Group B, 21 normoprolactinemic women. Their mean age was 28.3 years. Laboratory assessments were carried out in the initial follicular phase (days 3-9), initial luteal phase (days 15-21), and late luteal phase (days 22-29) in menstruating women (samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively). In the non-menstruating women, samples were collected on days 1, 14 and 21 after the initial appointment (samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively). LH, FSH, prolactin and estradiol were measured in sample 1, while prolactin and progesterone were measured in samples 2 and 3. All women were submitted to two biopsies of the endometrium for observing the menstrual cycle, dating, and immunohistochemical detection of endometrial prolactin. Biopsies were obtained simultaneously to samples 2 and 3. To compare the two groups, Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney statistics were performed. RESULT Results showed that the mean percentage of endometrial prolactin were higher in the late luteal phase compared to the initial one in hyper- and normoprolactinemic women. CONCLUSION The data allowed us to conclude that serum prolactin is not correlated to endometrial prolactin, and that the synthesis of the latter is directly correlated to the differentiation of stromal cells, that is induced by progesterone in a decidualized endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Arie
- São Paulo University Medical Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hernández I, Parra A, Méndez I, Cabrera V, Cravioto MC, Mercado M, Díaz-Sánchez V, Larrea F. Hypothalamic dopaminergic tone and prolactin bioactivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:216-22. [PMID: 10880731 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was carried out to investigate the functional significance of the reduced dopaminergic tone in subjects affected with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Our group evaluated the response of pituitary PRL, LH, FSH, and TSH to the administration of a single 10-mg oral dose of the dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist metoclopramide in lean (n = 7) and obese (n = 8) PCOS women and in 11 regularly cycling age- and weight-matched controls (six lean and five obese). In addition, circulating PRL bioactivity was evaluated by its mitogenic activity on a lymphoma cell bioassay. RESULTS Oral administration of metoclopramide resulted in a significant increase in serum PRL in all subjects; however, the highest increments, regardless of body mass index (BMI), were observed in control women (p <0.005). Measurements of PRL mitogenic activity on the Nb2 lymphoma cell bioassay revealed a significant increase in the bioactive/immunoreactive (B/I) ratio of PRL under basal and stimulated conditions in obese PCOS subjects (p <0.05). Mean fasting glucose/insulin and glucose/insulin-AUC ratios were significantly lower (p <0.001) in obese PCOS when compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS These data support the existence of low DA hypothalamic tone in PCOS women that is likely involved in the inappropriate LH and PRL secretion frequently seen in this syndrome. In addition, our results suggest changes in PRL bioactivity in obese PCOS that may play a role in the development of hyperinsulinemia; however, whether PRL has a functional significance in the development of the metabolic disturbances frequently seen in PCOS remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hernández
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México, D.F., Mexico
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Larrea F, Martínez-Castillo A, Cabrera V, Alcocer-Varela J, Queipo G, Cariño C, Alarcón-Segovia D. A bioactive 60-kilodalton prolactin species is preferentially secreted in cultures of mitogen-stimulated and nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3664-9. [PMID: 9360523 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.11.4356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the production of PRL by human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from normal subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Conditioned medium prepared from basal and Con-A-stimulated PBMNC was assessed for the presence of PRL-like by its ability to stimulate growth of PRL-responsive Nb2 rat lymphoma cells. In the presence or absence of Con-A, SLE PBMNC secrete significantly higher (P < 0.001) amounts of bioactive PRL-like species than normal cells. Growth of Nb2 cells by conditioned medium was inhibited with specific antiserum to human PRL. Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody to human PRL revealed a single 60-kDa PRL-like species in both normal and SLE PBMNC extracts, the immunoreactivity of which was preferentially found in SLE subjects. With the use of reverse transcription-PCR an expected 633-bp band was observed, and its similarity to pituitary PRL was further confirmed by Southern blot analysis with human PRL complementary DNA as a probe. We conclude that a high molecular mass PRL-like species is synthesized and secreted by PBMNC, and patients with SLE have an increased secretion of lymphocyte-derived PRL-like material.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Larrea
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Parra A, Barrón J, Marín VA, Coutiño B, Belmont J, Coria I. Acute dopaminergic blockade augments the naloxone-induced LH rise in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1997; 27:91-9. [PMID: 9158083 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5122(97)01109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of estrogen replacement on the simultaneous blockade of the dopaminergic (DA) and opioidergic neural control of hypothalamic-gonadotropic function in postmenopausal women. METHODS Twenty healthy postmenopausal women, 48-55 years old were randomly assigned to receive either a 4-h naloxone infusion at 2 mg/h (group 1, n = 7) or a 10 mg i.v. bolus of metoclopramide (group 2, n = 7) or both drugs, simultaneously (group 3, n = 6) before and after 3 weeks of transdermal estradiol (100 microg/day). Blood samples were obtained at 30-min intervals during 4 h and duplicate determinations of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and prolactin (PRL) were performed in all samples. RESULTS In group 1 only a mild but significant LH rise after but not before estrogen replacement was seen. In group 2 PRL had a greater rise after than before estrogen therapy, without other hormonal changes. In group 3 a greater rise in PRL occurred after than before estrogen administration and serum LH had a sustained rise throughout the test only after estrogen replacement (greater than in group 1). No FSH changes were observed. The after-estradiol PRL response was nearly similar in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in the untreated postmenopausal women, the dopaminergic system has little and the opioidergic system has no significant input in the control of gonadotropin or prolactin release. However, following estrogen replacement, opioids are involved in the inhibition of LH release and stimulating PRL release, while the dopaminergic system acts to inhibit PRL release and modulates LH release or inhibition, depending on the levels of circulating estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parra
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Lomas Virreyes, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
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