1
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Kirschman LJ, Eastman HM, Irovic FJ, Nix NA, Bui LTK, Blackmon SL, Greenlee JS, Lamichhane R, Mabuce JD, McAllister HK, Nevill LF, Redinger P, Rivers NI, Sprague JL. An improved method to assess the encapsulation response in arthropods. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 156:104670. [PMID: 38945435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ecoimmunology explores how ecological factors and evolutionary processes influence immune responses across various taxa and how immune responses trade-off with other traits. Studying immune responses requires biologically meaningful immunoassays applicable to a broad range of taxa and are sensitive enough to detect changes in the immune response. Useful immunoassays should also correlate with immunocompetence and fitness. The encapsulation response, a complex immune mechanism in arthropods, serves as a robust method for ecoimmunological investigations. However, traditional methods to test the encapsulation response can require long training. This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective method for assessing the encapsulation immune response in arthropods, which simplifies the procedure by reducing the training time and skill required. Our modified device utilizes a pen and syringe assembly for inserting monofilaments into arthropod larvae. We compared our device against traditional methods. Despite the new method being 22% faster, it did not compromise the accuracy or effectiveness of the encapsulation response when compared with traditional techniques, demonstrating similar degrees of melanization and encapsulation. Our method allowed for more accessible participation by less experienced researchers, such as undergraduates, facilitating their involvement in ecoimmunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA.
| | - Hannah M Eastman
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Frank J Irovic
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Nix
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Ly Tuan Kiet Bui
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Sydney L Blackmon
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jaylen S Greenlee
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Rubina Lamichhane
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jack D Mabuce
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Hannah K McAllister
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Lilly F Nevill
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Peyton Redinger
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Nia I Rivers
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
| | - Jackson L Sprague
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
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2
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Mauritsson K, Jonsson T. A new flexible model for maintenance and feeding expenses that improves description of individual growth in insects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16751. [PMID: 37798309 PMCID: PMC10556006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic theories in ecology interpret ecological patterns at different levels through the lens of metabolism, typically applying allometric scaling to describe energy use. This requires a sound theory for individual metabolism. Common mechanistic growth models, such as 'von Bertalanffy', 'dynamic energy budgets' and the 'ontogenetic growth model' lack some potentially important aspects, especially regarding regulation of somatic maintenance. We develop a model for ontogenetic growth of animals, applicable to ad libitum and food limited conditions, based on an energy balance that expresses growth as the net result of assimilation and metabolic costs for maintenance, feeding and food processing. The most important contribution is the division of maintenance into a 'non-negotiable' and a 'negotiable' part, potentially resulting in hyperallometric scaling of maintenance and downregulated maintenance under food restriction. The model can also account for effects of body composition and type of growth at the cellular level. Common mechanistic growth models often fail to fully capture growth of insects. However, our model was able to capture empirical growth patterns observed in house crickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Mauritsson
- Ecological Modelling Group, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
- Ecological and Environmental Modeling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Jonsson
- Ecological Modelling Group, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Ecological and Environmental Modeling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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3
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Han CS, Lee B, Moon J. Activity-aggression behavioural syndromes exist in males but not in females of the field cricket Teleogryllus emma. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10642. [PMID: 37859828 PMCID: PMC10582681 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on sex differences in behaviour have largely focused on differences in average behaviours between sexes. However, males and females can diverge not only in average behaviours but also in the direction of behavioural correlations at the individual level (i.e. behavioural syndromes). Behavioural syndromes, with their potential to constrain the independent evolution of behaviours, may play a role in shaping sex-specific responses to selection and contributing to the development of sex differences in behaviour. Despite the pivotal role of behavioural syndromes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in behaviour, robust empirical evidence of sex differences in behavioural syndromes based on repeated measurements of behaviours is scarce. In this study, we conducted repeated measurements of activity and aggression in male and female field crickets Teleogryllus emma, providing evidence of sex differences in the existence of behavioural syndromes. Males exhibited a significantly positive behavioural syndrome between activity and aggression, whereas females, in contrast, did not show any aggressive behaviour, resulting in the absence of such a syndrome. The sex differences in the existence of the activity-aggression behavioural syndromes in this species could be attributed to differences in selection. Selection favouring more active and aggressive males may have shaped a positive activity-aggression behavioural syndrome in males, whereas the absence of selection favouring female aggression may have resulted in the absence of aggression and the related behavioural syndrome in females. However, given the plasticity of behaviour with changes in age or the environment, further research is needed to explore how sex differences in the existence of activity-aggression behavioural syndromes change across contexts. Furthermore, understanding the genetic underpinning of sex differences in a behavioural syndrome would be pivotal to assess the role of behavioural syndromes in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S. Han
- Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Byeongho Lee
- Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
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4
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Hasik AZ, King KC, Hawlena H. Interspecific host competition and parasite virulence evolution. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220553. [PMID: 37130550 PMCID: PMC10734695 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence, the harm to hosts caused by parasite infection, can be selected for by several ecological factors acting synergistically or antagonistically. Here, we focus on the potential for interspecific host competition to shape virulence through such a network of effects. We first summarize how host natural mortality, body mass changes, population density and community diversity affect virulence evolution. We then introduce an initial conceptual framework highlighting how these host factors, which change during host competition, may drive virulence evolution via impacts on life-history trade-offs. We argue that the multi-faceted nature of both interspecific host competition and virulence evolution still requires consideration and experimentation to disentangle contrasting mechanisms. It also necessitates a differential treatment for parasites with various transmission strategies. However, such a comprehensive approach focusing on the role of interspecific host competition is essential to understand the processes driving the evolution of virulence in a tangled bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Z. Hasik
- Jacob Blaustein Center for
Scientific Cooperation, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, 8499000 Midreshet Ben-Gurion,
Israel
| | - Kayla C. King
- Department of Biology,
University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road,
Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Hadas Hawlena
- Mitrani Department of Desert
Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, The
Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, 849900 Midreshet Ben-Gurion,
Israel
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5
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Rojas I, Cárcamo CB, Defranchi Y, Jeno K, Rengel J, Araya M, Tarnok ME, Aguilar L, Álvarez G, Schmitt P, Brokordt K. A Diet Rich in HUFAs Enhances the Energetic and Immune Response Capacities of Larvae of the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081416. [PMID: 37106979 PMCID: PMC10135034 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Massive mortalities in farmed larvae of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus have been associated with pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks. An energetic trade-off between development-associated demands and immune capacity has been observed. Given that highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are essential nutrients for larval development, we evaluated the effect of diets based on microalgae low and high in HUFAs (LH and HH, respectively) on the energetic condition and the immune response of scallop larvae. The results showed that the HH diet increased cellular membrane fluidity in veliger larvae. The routine respiration rate was 64% higher in the HH-fed veligers than in the LH-fed veligers. Additionally, the metabolic capacity tended to be higher in the HH-fed veligers than in the LH-fed veligers after the Vibrio challenge. After the challenge, the HH-fed veligers presented higher transcript induction of ApTLR (immune receptor) and ApGlys (immune effector) genes, and the HH-fed pediveligers presented higher induction of ApLBP/BPI1 (antimicrobial immune effector) gene, than the LH-fed larvae. Furthermore, the HH-fed veligers controlled total Vibrio proliferation (maintaining near basal levels) after the bacterial challenge, while the LH-fed veligers were not able to control this proliferation, which increased three-fold. Finally, the HH-fed larvae showed 20-25% higher growth and survival rates than the LH-fed veligers. Overall, the results indicated that the administration of a HH diet increases cell membrane fluidity and energy metabolic capacity, which in turn enhances immunity and the ability to control Vibrio proliferation. The administration of microalgae high in HUFAs would be a promising strategy for improving scallop larval production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Rojas
- Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Claudia B Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Yohana Defranchi
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Katherine Jeno
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Centro de Estudios avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - José Rengel
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - María Elena Tarnok
- Laboratorio de Fotofísica y Espectroscopía Molecular, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
| | - Luis Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Fotofísica y Espectroscopía Molecular, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Producción Primaria, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas y otros Recursos Biológicos (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Guayacán, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362807, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Guayacán, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Centro de Estudios avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
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6
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Dahirel M, Proux M, Gérard C, Ansart A. Morph‐dependent nematode infection and its association with host movement in the land snail
Cepaea nemoralis
(Mollusca, Gastropoda). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dahirel
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia‐Antipolis France
- Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - M. Proux
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - C. Gérard
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - A. Ansart
- Univ Rennes, UR1, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 Rennes France
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7
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Dinh H, Lundbäck I, Kumar S, Than AT, Morimoto J, Ponton F. Sugar-rich larval diet promotes lower adult pathogen load and higher survival after infection in a polyphagous fly. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276376. [PMID: 35904096 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition is a central factor influencing immunity and resistance to infection, but the extent to which nutrition during development affects adult responses to infections is poorly understood. Our study investigated how the nutritional composition of the larval diet affects the survival, pathogen load, and food intake of adult fruit flies, Bactrocera tryoni, after septic bacterial infection. We found a sex-specific effect of larval diet composition on survival post-infection: survival rate was higher and bacterial load was lower for infected females fed sugar-rich larval diet compared with females fed protein-rich larval diet, an effect that was absent in males. Both males and females were heavier when fed a balanced larval diet compared to protein- or sugar-rich diet, while body lipid reserves were higher in the sugar-rich larval diet compared with other diets. Body protein reserve was lower for sugar-rich larval diets compared to other diets in males, but not females. Both females and males shifted their nutrient intake to ingest a sugar-rich diet when infected compared with sham-infected flies without any effect of the larval diet, suggesting that sugar-rich diets can be beneficial to fight off bacterial infection as shown in previous literature. Overall, our findings show that nutrition during early life can shape individual fitness in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Dinh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Ida Lundbäck
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Sheemal Kumar
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Anh The Than
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,Department of Entomology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - Fleur Ponton
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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8
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Harvey JA. Prey availability affects developmental trade-offs and sexual-size dimorphism in the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104267. [PMID: 34153345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In many spiders, females are significantly larger than males. Several theories have been postulated to explain sexual size dimorphism (SSD), including differential predation risks experienced by each sex early in life (including female cannibalism of males), male-male competition, and the more costly production of eggs than sperm. However, there is considerable intraspecific variation in the relative size of males and females that is reflected in trade-offs on traits such as growth rate and body size. When SSD favors female size, the body mass ratios between the smallest and largest males is expected to be much greater than in females. Here, growth trajectories and body masses of the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa, were compared in male and female spiders fed continually or intermittently. Males provided with unlimited prey (fruit flies and house crickets) took about 15 weeks to attain full size and sexual maturity and grew to a mean of 25 mg. By contrast, males fed only once every three weeks took approximately 6 weeks longer to reach maturity but were only about half as large (mean 13 mg) as males fed constantly. Females fed intermittently took almost twice as long (45 weeks versus 24 weeks) as constantly-fed females to reach maturity, but were almost 90% as large when fully grown. These results reveal that, although both sexes trade-off development time and body size to achieve the optimal phenotype, rapid development is more important than larger body size in males whereas the opposite is true in females. This finding supports life-history theory underpinning sexual-size dimorphism in some spider lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Gershman SN, Miller OG, Hamilton IM. Causes and consequences of variation in development time in a field cricket. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:299-310. [PMID: 34882888 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variation in development time can affect life-history traits that contribute to fitness. In Gryllus vocalis, a non-diapausing cricket with variable development time, we used a path analysis approach to determine the causative relationships between parental age, offspring development time and offspring life-history traits. Our best-supported path model included both the effects of parental age and offspring development time on offspring morphological traits. This result suggests that offspring traits are influenced by both variation in acquisition of resources and trade-offs between traits. We found that crickets with longer development times became larger adults with better phenoloxidase-based immunity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that crickets must make a trade-off between developing quickly to avoid predation before reproduction and attaining better immunity and a larger adult body size that provides advantages in male-male competition, mate choice and female fecundity. Slower-developing crickets were also more likely to be short-winged (unable to disperse by flight). Parental age has opposing direct and indirect effects on the body size of daughters, but when both the direct and indirect effects of parental age are taken into account, younger parents had smaller sons and daughters. This pattern may be attributable to a parental trade-off between the number and size of eggs produced with younger parents producing more eggs with fewer resources per egg. The relationships between variables in the life-history traits of sons and daughters were similar, suggesting that parental age and development time had similar causative effects on male and female life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Gershman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, Ohio, USA
| | - Owen G Miller
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian M Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Insights into the Gryllus bimaculatus Immune-Related Transcriptomic Profiling to Combat Naturally Invading Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040232. [PMID: 33080980 PMCID: PMC7711483 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural pathogen pressure is an important factor that shapes the host immune defense mechanism. The current study primarily aimed to explore the molecular basis of the natural immune defense mechanism of a sporadic pest, Gryllus bimaculatus, during swarming by constructing cDNA libraries of the female mid-gut, male mid-gut, testes, and ovaries. The Illumina HiSeq platform generated an average of 7.9 G, 11.77 G, 10.07 G, and 10.07 G bases of outputs from the male mid-gut, female mid-gut, testes, and ovaries and libraries, respectively. The transcriptome of two-spotted field crickets was assembled into 233,172 UniGenes, which yielded approximately 163.58 million reads. On the other hand, there were 43,055 genes in common that were shared among all the biological samples. Gene Ontology analysis successfully annotated 492 immune-related genes, which comprised mainly Pattern Recognition Receptors (62 genes), Signal modulators (57 genes), Signal transduction (214 genes), Effectors (36 genes), and another immune-related 123 genes. In summary, the identified wide range of immune-related genes from G. bimaculatus indicates the existence of a sophisticated and specialized broad spectrum immune mechanism against invading pathogens, which provides, for the first time, insights into the molecular mechanism of disease resistance among two-spotted field crickets.
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11
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Allen PE, Miller CW. The hidden cost of group living for aggregating juveniles in a sexually dimorphic species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The number of conspecifics present during the juvenile stages can have profound consequences on development rates and adult body size, traits often closely related to fitness. Conspecifics can have direct negative effects on each other due to resource competition, and also direct positive effects due to benefits like improved thermoregulation. We investigated morphological and developmental consequences of juvenile group size in the leaf-footed cactus bug Narnia femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae). These insects are ideal to test the consequences of social environment during development because nymphs naturally aggregate in groups of varying size. Furthermore, the sexual dimorphism of this species allowed us to test for sex-specific effects of developmental density. Males possess enlarged hind legs used as weapons in male-male contests, yet females are physically larger. We found insects from smaller groups had 43% higher mortality than those from the larger groups. On average, adult body and hind leg sizes did not differ across densities for either sex. Interestingly, we found that those first to mature into adults within a sibling group became the largest adults. The largest, fastest males to adulthood also wielded the biggest weapons due to the positive allometry of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Allen
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine W Miller
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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12
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Kangassalo K, Sorvari J, Nousiainen I, Pölkki M, Valtonen TM, Krams I, Rantala MJ. Intra- and Trans-Generational Phenotypic Responses of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella, to a Low-Nutrition Larval Diet. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Kangassalo
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Sorvari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka Nousiainen
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi M. Valtonen
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Rātsupītes iela 1, LV-1067 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
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13
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Skalski T, Kędzior R, Radecki-Pawlik A. Riparian ground beetles in gravel bed rivers: validation of Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135572. [PMID: 31784159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bankfull Assessment Method (IBA method) applies riverine invertebrate community of ground beetles as a biotic indicator of bankfull variation in a dynamic river. IBA index is calculated as a proportion of small sized individuals (1-6 mm) to large size individuals (18-24 mm) of ground beetles in given sample site. The aim of the study was to validate the IBA bankfull discharge method with 135 carabid assemblages collected in gravel-bed rivers of various modifications of channel morphology in the Polish Carpathians. Constrained canonical correspondence analysis revealed that biotic factors such as IBA, plant cover and plant height described most of the variation of small and large sized species abundance. The IBA index variation confirmed earlier expectation of the mean IBA values. Mean value of the index for the lowest bench is about 5, for the middle bench about 2 and it never exceeds 1 for the highest bench. The bankfull calculated using morphometric methods (Wolmann) was located between the first and second bench on each river. Values of the IBA for the lowest bench depend significantly on channel incision whereas modifications of vegetation affect the values for all three benches. The study presents high value of IBA method in estimating bankfull discharge which is considered to be important supporting flow predicting morphological changes responsible for river channel shape with direct connection to living organisms occupying river banks as well as to river environmental quality. Proposed simple method could be important for local watershed managers for prediction of bank embankments level (e.g. maximum level of rip-rap or gabions) or for maximum level of low head hydraulic structures when they are necessary in terms of river engineering works but when they are still built as environmental friendly hydraulic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skalski
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Renata Kędzior
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Agricultural University of Krakow, Poland
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Rádai Z, Kiss P, Nagy D, Barta Z. Antibacterial immune functions of subadults and adults in a semelparous spider. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7475. [PMID: 31660257 PMCID: PMC6815191 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although capacity to mount an efficient immune response plays a critical role in individuals’ survival, its dynamics across ontogenetic stages is still largely unexplored. Life stage-dependent variation in the encountered diversity and prevalence of parasites were proposed to contribute to stage-dependent changes in immunity, but differences in life history objectives between developmental stages may also lead to stage-specific changes in efficiency of given immune mechanisms. The reason for this is that juveniles and subadults are unable to reproduce, therefore they invest resources mainly into survival, while adults have to partition their resources between survival and reproduction. The general trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproductive effort is expected to impair immune function. Especially so in semelparous organisms that only reproduce once throughout their lifetime, hence they do not face the trade-off between current and future reproduction. We hypothesised that in a semelparous species individuals would be characterised by decreased investment into somatic maintenance after maturation, in order to maximise their reproductive output. Accordingly, we predicted that (1) elements of somatic maintenance, such as immunity, should be relatively weaker in adults in comparison to subadults, and (2) increased reproductive investment in adults should be associated with lower immune efficiency. We quantified two markers of immunity in subadult and adult individuals of the semelparous wolf spider Pardosa agrestis (Westring, 1861), namely bacterial growth inhibition power and bacterial cell wall lytic activity. We found that subadults showed significantly higher cell wall lytic activity than adults, but the two life stages did not differ in their capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. Also, we found weaker immune measures in mated females compared to virgins. Furthermore, in mated females bacterial growth inhibition power was negatively associated with fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Rádai
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Kiss
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Nagy
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Barta
- MTA-DE Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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15
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Mangahas RS, Murray RL, McCauley SJ. Chronic Exposure to High Concentrations of Road Salt Decreases the Immune Response of Dragonfly Larvae. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Close encounters of the urban kind: predators influence prey body size variation in an urban landscape. Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Brannelly LA, Ohmer MEB, Saenz V, Richards‐Zawacki CL. Effects of hydroperiod on growth, development, survival and immune defences in a temperate amphibian. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Brannelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Michel E. B. Ohmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Veronica Saenz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Corinne L. Richards‐Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
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18
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Ghosh E, Venkatesan R. Plant Volatiles Modulate Immune Responses of Spodoptera litura. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:715-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Kirschman LJ, Morales D, Crawford E, Zera AJ, Warne RW. Sex and life history shape the strength of cellular and humoral immune responses in a wing dimorphic cricket. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:70-76. [PMID: 31029600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immune function is a complex collection of responses that often trade-off with one another and with other life history traits, because of the high costs of mounting and maintaining immune responses. Animals, even those from the same populations, may emphasize different aspects of immune function depending on their habitat and phenotype. For example, host population density mediates the threat from density-dependent parasites. Animals at high densities may emphasize fast-acting humoral responses, while those at low densities may favor slower, but more specific, cellular responses. However, these predictions may be dependent on other life history traits, like sex, which is associated with variation in many immune responses. We used wing dimorphic Gryllus firmus crickets to test humoral responses, measured by lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities, and cellular immune responses, measured by encapsulation, between morphs and sex. We found that both morphs and sexes differed in aspects of immune function. Long wing morphs had stronger encapsulation responses than short winged morphs. Additionally, females exhibited higher PO activity than males, and by contrast, males had higher lysozyme activity than females. Our study suggests that G. firmus morphs prioritize different immune responses that may reflect a balancing between the costs of immunity and differing pathogen threats. Male and female crickets exhibit differences in humoral immune responses that may reflect their different life history demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Daniel Morales
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Emily Crawford
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Zera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
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20
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Freitak D, Tammaru T, Sandre S, Meister H, Esperk T. Longer life span is associated with elevated immune activity in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:653-665. [PMID: 30903723 PMCID: PMC6850579 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal polyphenism constitutes a specific type of phenotypic plasticity in which short-lived organisms produce different phenotypes in different times of the year. Seasonal generations of such species frequently differ in their overall lifespan and in the values of traits closely related to fitness. Seasonal polyphenisms provide thus excellent, albeit underused model systems for studying trade-offs between life-history traits. Here, we compare immunological parameters between the two generations of the European map butterfly (Araschnia levana), a well-known example of a seasonally polyphenic species. To reveal possible costs of immune defence, we also examine the concurrent differences in several life-history traits. Both in laboratory experiments and in the field, last instar larvae heading towards the diapause (overwintering) had higher levels of both phenoloxidase (PO) activity and lytic activity than directly developing individuals. These results suggest that individuals from the diapausing generation with much longer juvenile (pupal) period invest more in their immune system than those from the short-living directly developing generation. The revealed negative correlation between pupal mass and PO activity may be one of the reasons why, in this species, the diapausing generation has a smaller body size than the directly developing generation. Immunological parameters may thus well mediate trade-offs between body size-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalial Freitak
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesOrganismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeHelsinkiFinland
- Division of ZoologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Siiri‐Lii Sandre
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Hendrik Meister
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Toomas Esperk
- Department of ZoologyInstitute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
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21
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Glass JR, Stahlschmidt ZR. Should I stay or should I go? Complex environments influence the developmental plasticity of flight capacity and flight-related trade-offs. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Complex environments, characterized by co-varying factors (e.g. temperature and food availability) may cause animals to invest resources differentially into fitness-related traits. Thus, experiments manipulating multiple environmental factors concurrently provide valuable insight into the role of the environment in shaping not only important traits (e.g. dispersal capacity or reproduction), but also trait–trait interactions (e.g. trade-offs between traits). We used a multi-factorial design to manipulate variation in temperature (constant 28 °C vs. 28 ± 5 °C daily cycle) and food availability (unlimited vs. intermittent access) throughout development in the sand field cricket (Gryllus firmus). Using a univariate approach, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food availability promoted survival, development, growth, body size and/or reproductive investment. Using principal components as indices of resource allocation strategy, we found that temperature variability and unlimited food reduced investment into flight capacity in females. Thus, we detected a sex-specific trade-off between flight and other life-history traits that was developmentally plastic in response to variation in temperature and food availability. We develop an experimental and statistical framework to reveal shifts in correlative patterns of investment into different life-history traits. This approach can be applied to a range of biological systems to investigate how environmental complexity influences traits and trait trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Glass
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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22
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Gurule-Small GA, Tinghitella RM. Life history consequences of developing in anthropogenic noise. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1957-1966. [PMID: 30825350 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When environments change rapidly, adaptive phenotypic plasticity can ameliorate negative effects of environmental change on survival and reproduction. Recent evidence suggests, however, that plastic responses to human-induced environmental change are often maladaptive or insufficient to overcome novel selection pressures. Anthropogenic noise is a ubiquitous and expanding disturbance with demonstrated effects on fitness-related traits of animals like stress responses, foraging, vigilance, and pairing success. Elucidating the lifetime fitness effects of noise has been challenging because longer-lived vertebrate systems are typically studied in this context. Here, we follow noise-stressed invertebrates throughout their lives, assessing a comprehensive suite of life history traits, and ultimately, lifetime number of surviving offspring. We reared field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus, in masking traffic noise, traffic noise from which we removed frequencies that spectrally overlap with the crickets' mate location song and peak hearing (nonmasking), or silence. We found that exposure to masking noise delayed maturity and reduced adult lifespan; crickets exposed to masking noise spent 23% more time in juvenile stages and 13% less time as reproductive adults than those exposed to no traffic noise. Chronic lifetime exposure to noise, however, did not affect lifetime reproductive output (number of eggs or surviving offspring), perhaps because mating provided females a substantial longevity benefit. Nevertheless, these results are concerning as they highlight multiple ways in which traffic noise may reduce invertebrate fitness. We encourage researchers to consider effects of anthropogenic disturbance on growth, survival, and reproductive traits simultaneously because changes in these traits may amplify or nullify one another.
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23
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Stewart Merrill TE, Hall SR, Merrill L, Cáceres CE. Variation in Immune Defense Shapes Disease Outcomes in Laboratory and Wild Daphnia. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1203-1219. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Host susceptibility may be critical for the spread of infectious disease, and understanding its basis is a goal of ecological immunology. Here, we employed a series of mechanistic tests to evaluate four factors commonly assumed to influence host susceptibility: parasite exposure, barriers to infection, immune responses, and body size. We tested these factors in an aquatic host–parasite system (Daphnia dentifera and the fungal parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata) using both laboratory-reared and field-collected hosts. We found support for each factor as a driver of infection. Elevated parasite exposure, which occurs through consumption of infectious fungal spores, increased a host’s probability of infection. The host’s gut epithelium functioned as a barrier to infection, but in the opposite manner from which we predicted: thinner anterior gut epithelia were more resistant to infectious spores than thick epithelia. This relationship may be mediated by structural attributes associated with epithelial cell height. Fungal spores that breached the host’s gut barrier elicited an intensity-dependent hemocyte response that decreased the probability of infection for some Daphnia. Although larger body sizes were associated with increased levels of spore ingestion, larger hosts also had lower frequencies of parasite attack, less penetrable gut barriers, and stronger hemocyte responses. After investigating which mechanisms underlie host susceptibility, we asked: do these four factors contribute equally or asymmetrically to the outcome of infection? An information-theoretic approach revealed that host immune defenses (barriers and immune responses) played the strongest roles in mediating infection outcomes. These two immunological traits may be valuable metrics for linking host susceptibility to the spread of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Stewart Merrill
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Spencer R Hall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Loren Merrill
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carla E Cáceres
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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24
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Miyashita A, Lee TYM, McMillan LE, Easy R, Adamo SA. Immunity for nothing and the eggs for free: Apparent lack of both physiological trade-offs and terminal reproductive investment in female crickets (Gryllus texensis). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209957. [PMID: 31091239 PMCID: PMC6519836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Should females alter their reproductive strategy when attacked by pathogens? Two hypotheses provide opposite predictions. Terminal reproductive investment theory predicts that reproduction should increase when the risk of death increases. However, physiological trade-offs between reproduction and immune function might be expected to produce a decrease in reproduction during a robust immune response. There is evidence for both hypotheses. We examine whether age determines the effect of an immune challenge on reproductive strategy in long-winged females of the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis, when fed an ecologically valid (i.e. limited) diet. The limited diet reduced reproductive output. However, even under resource-limited conditions, immune challenge had no effect on the reproductive output of young or middle-aged females. Both reproductive output and immune function (lysozyme-like activity and phenoloxidase (PO) activity) increased with age, which is contrary to both hypotheses. We hypothesize that PO activity is pleiotropic and represents an investment in both reproduction and immune function. Three proPO genes (identified in a published RNA-seq dataset (transcriptome)) were expressed either in the fat body or the ovaries (supporting the hypothesis that PO is bifunctional). The possible bifunctionality of PO suggests that it may not be an appropriate immune measure for studies on immune/reproductive trade-offs. This study also suggests that the threshold for terminal reproductive investment may not decrease prior to senescence in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyashita
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Ting Yat Marco Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Laura E. McMillan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Russell Easy
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shelley A. Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Sex differences in immunity in a natural population of bush-cricket (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Boege K, Agrawal AA, Thaler JS. Ontogenetic strategies in insect herbivores and their impact on tri-trophic interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:61-67. [PMID: 31113633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores express tremendous ontogenetic variation in traits related to growth and maturation, but also as an evolutionary consequence of ecological interactions with plants and predators. These selective pressures can either reinforce or restrict expression of particular ontogenetic strategies, allowing herbivores to simultaneously cope with plant resistance and risk of predation through ontogenetic change. For example, whereas an increase in defense-sabotaging behavior, aposematism and sequestration along herbivore ontogeny seems to be reinforced by both bottom-up and top-down forces, some ontogenetic trends in anti-predator behavior can be limited by plant resistance. Communication among plants, herbivores and their natural enemies is also influenced by insect ontogenies. The study of ontogenetic strategies of herbivores requires the assessment of the genetic variation, heritability and adaptive value across herbivore development, considering the variation in plant quality and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-275, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S Thaler
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, NY, USA
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27
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Wilson JK, Ruiz L, Davidowitz G. Dietary Protein and Carbohydrates Affect Immune Function and Performance in a Specialist Herbivore Insect (Manduca sexta). Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:58-70. [DOI: 10.1086/701196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Hacking JD, Stuart‐Fox D, Godfrey SS, Gardner MG. Specific MHC class I supertype associated with parasite infection and color morph in a wild lizard population. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9920-9933. [PMID: 30386586 PMCID: PMC6202711 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large gene family that plays a central role in the immune system of all jawed vertebrates. Nonavian reptiles are underrepresented within the MHC literature and little is understood regarding the mechanisms maintaining MHC diversity in this vertebrate group. Here, we examined the relative roles of parasite-mediated selection and sexual selection in maintaining MHC class I diversity of a color polymorphic lizard. We discovered evidence for parasite-mediated selection acting via rare-allele advantage or fluctuating selection as ectoparasite load was significantly lower in the presence of a specific MHC supertype (functional clustering of alleles): supertype four. Based on comparisons between ectoparasite prevalence and load, and assessment of the impact of ectoparasite load on host fitness, we suggest that supertype four confers quantitative resistance to ticks or an intracellular tickborne parasite. We found no evidence for MHC-associated mating in terms of pair genetic distance, number of alleles, or specific supertypes. An association was uncovered between supertype four and male throat color morph. However, it is unlikely that male throat coloration acts as a signal of MHC genotype to conspecifics because we found no evidence to suggest that male throat coloration predicts male mating status. Overall, our results suggest that parasite-mediated selection plays a role in maintaining MHC diversity in this population via rare-allele advantage and/or fluctuating selection. Further work is required to determine whether sexual selection also plays a role in maintaining MHC diversity in agamid lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Hacking
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Devi Stuart‐Fox
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Michael G. Gardner
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityBedford ParkSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Evolutionary Biology UnitSouth Australian MuseumAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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29
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Competition decreases with relatedness and lek size in mole crickets: a role for kin selection? Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Whiting JR, Magalhaes IS, Singkam AR, Robertson S, D'Agostino D, Bradley JE, MacColl ADC. A genetics-based approach confirms immune associations with life history across multiple populations of an aquatic vertebrate (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3174-3191. [PMID: 29924437 PMCID: PMC6221044 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how wild immune variation covaries with other traits can reveal how costs and trade‐offs shape immune evolution in the wild. Divergent life history strategies may increase or alleviate immune costs, helping shape immune variation in a consistent, testable way. Contrasting hypotheses suggest that shorter life histories may alleviate costs by offsetting them against increased mortality, or increase the effect of costs if immune responses are traded off against development or reproduction. We investigated the evolutionary relationship between life history and immune responses within an island radiation of three‐spined stickleback, with discrete populations of varying life histories and parasitism. We sampled two short‐lived, two long‐lived and an anadromous population using qPCR to quantify current immune profile and RAD‐seq data to study the distribution of immune variants within our assay genes and across the genome. Short‐lived populations exhibited significantly increased expression of all assay genes, which was accompanied by a strong association with population‐level variation in local alleles and divergence in a gene that may be involved in complement pathways. In addition, divergence around the eda gene in anadromous fish is likely associated with increased inflammation. A wider analysis of 15 populations across the island revealed that immune genes across the genome show evidence of having diverged alongside life history strategies. Parasitism and reproductive investment were also important sources of variation for expression, highlighting the caution required when assaying immune responses in the wild. These results provide strong, gene‐based support for current hypotheses linking life history and immune variation across multiple populations of a vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Whiting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Isabel S Magalhaes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Abdul R Singkam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Pendidikan Biologi JPMIPA FKIP, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia
| | - Shaun Robertson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniele D'Agostino
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Janette E Bradley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew D C MacColl
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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31
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Jones B, Shipley E, Arnold KE. Social immunity in honeybees-Density dependence, diet, and body mass trade-offs. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:4852-4859. [PMID: 29876063 PMCID: PMC5980322 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group living is favorable to pathogen spread due to the increased risk of disease transmission among individuals. Similar to individual immune defenses, social immunity, that is antiparasite defenses mounted for the benefit of individuals other than the actor, is predicted to be altered in social groups. The eusocial honey bee (Apis mellifera) secretes glucose oxidase (GOX), an antiseptic enzyme, throughout its colony, thereby providing immune protection to other individuals in the hive. We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of group density on social immunity, specifically GOX activity, body mass and feeding behavior in caged honey bees. Individual honeybees caged in a low group density displayed increased GOX activity relative to those kept at a high group density. In addition, we provided evidence for a trade-off between GOX activity and body mass: Individuals caged in the low group density had a lower body mass, despite consuming more food overall. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that group density affects a social immune response in a eusocial insect. Moreover, we showed that the previously reported trade-off between immunity and body mass extends to social immunity. GOX production appears to be costly for individuals, and potentially the colony, given that low body mass is correlated with small foraging ranges in bees. At high group densities, individuals can invest less in social immunity than at low densities, while presumably gaining shared protection from infection. Thus, there is evidence that trade-offs at the individual level (GOX vs. body mass) can affect colony-level fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- Fera Science LtdThe National Agri‐Food Innovation CampusYorkUK
- Present address:
Applied Insect Science LtdAmbrose House, Tanfield LaneRipon, North YorkshireUK
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Quintero C, Bowers MD. Plant and herbivore ontogeny interact to shape the preference, performance and chemical defense of a specialist herbivore. Oecologia 2018; 187:401-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Wormington JD, Luttbeg B. Red clypeal membrane color predicts immune function in a burying beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae). J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Wormington
- Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
| | - B. Luttbeg
- Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA
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Tariq K, Noor M, Hori M, Ali A, Hussain A, Peng W, Chang CJ, Zhang H. Blue light-induced immunosuppression in Bactrocera dorsalis adults, as a carryover effect of larval exposure. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:734-741. [PMID: 28485267 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on living organisms are well understood, little is known about the effects of blue light irradiation. Although a recent study revealed that blue light caused more harmful effects on insects than UV light and blue light irradiation killed insect pests of various orders including Diptera, the effects of blue light on physiology of insects are still largely unknown. Here we studied the effects of blue light irradiation on cuticular melanin in larval and the immune response in adult stage of Bactrocera dorsalis. We also evaluated the effects of blue light exposure in larval stage on various age and mass at metamorphosis and the mediatory role of cuticular melanin in carryover effects of larval stressors across metamorphosis. We found that larvae exposed to blue light decreased melanin contents in their exoskeleton with smaller mass and delayed metamorphosis than insects reared without blue light exposure. Across metamorphosis, lower melanotic encapsulation response and higher susceptibility to Beauveria bassiana was detected in adults that had been exposed to blue light at their larval stage, thereby constituting the first evidence that blue light impaired adult immune function in B. dorsalis as a carryover effect of larval exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - M Noor
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - M Hori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - A Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A Hussain
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - W Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - C-J Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Urban and Horticultural Entomology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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35
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Gaillard JM, Lemaître JF. The Williams' legacy: A critical reappraisal of his nine predictions about the evolution of senescence. Evolution 2017; 71:2768-2785. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Kecko S, Mihailova A, Kangassalo K, Elferts D, Krama T, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Krams IA. Sex-specific compensatory growth in the larvae of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1910-1918. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - A. Mihailova
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - K. Kangassalo
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - D. Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
| | - T. Krama
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Science; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - S. Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies; School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
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Kirschman LJ, Quade AH, Zera AJ, Warne RW. Immune function trade-offs in response to parasite threats. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:199-204. [PMID: 28109904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune function is often involved in physiological trade-offs because of the energetic costs of maintaining constitutive immunity and mounting responses to infection. However, immune function is a collection of discrete immunity factors and animals should allocate towards factors that combat the parasite threat with the highest fitness cost. For example, animals on dispersal fronts of expanding population may be released from density-dependent diseases. The costs of immunity, however, and life history trade-offs in general, are often context dependent. Trade-offs are often most apparent under conditions of unusually limited resources or when animals are particularly stressed, because the stress response can shift priorities. In this study we tested how humoral and cellular immune factors vary between phenotypes of a wing dimorphic cricket and how physiological stress influences these immune factors. We measured constitutive lysozyme activity, a humoral immune factor, and encapsulation response, a cellular immune factor. We also stressed the crickets with a sham predator in a full factorial design. We found that immune strategy could be explained by the selective pressures encountered by each morph and that stress decreased encapsulation, but not lysozyme activity. These results suggest a possible trade-off between humoral and cellular immunity. Given limited resources and the expense of immune factors, parasite pressures could play a key factor in maintaining insect polyphenism via disruptive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Kirschman
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Adam H Quade
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Anthony J Zera
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robin W Warne
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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38
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Kariyat RR, Smith JD, Stephenson AG, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Non-glandular trichomes of Solanum carolinense deter feeding by Manduca sexta caterpillars and cause damage to the gut peritrophic matrix. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162323. [PMID: 28228510 PMCID: PMC5326521 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant trichomes constitute a first line of defence against insect herbivores. The pre- and post-ingestive defensive functions of glandular trichomes are well documented and include direct toxicity, adhesion, antinutrition and defence gene induction. By contrast, the defensive functions of non-glandular trichomes are less well characterized, although these structures are thought to serve as physical barriers that impede herbivore feeding and movement. We experimentally varied the density of stellate non-glandular trichomes in several ways to explore their pre- and post-ingestive effects on herbivores. Larvae of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) initiated feeding faster and gained more weight on Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae) leaves having lower trichome densities (or experimentally removed trichomes) than on leaves having higher trichome densities. Adding trichomes to artificial diet also deterred feeding and adversely affected caterpillar growth relative to controls. Scanning electron and light microscopy revealed that the ingestion of stellate trichomes by M. sexta caterpillars caused extensive damage to the peritrophic membrane, a gut lining that is essential to digestion and pathogen isolation. These findings suggest that, in addition to acting as a physical barrier to deter feeding, trichomes can inhibit caterpillar growth and development via post-ingestive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Smith
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA
| | - Andrew G Stephenson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Maciel-Vergara G, Ros VID. Viruses of insects reared for food and feed. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:60-75. [PMID: 28189501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of insects as food for humans or as feed for animals is an alternative for the increasing high demand for meat and has various environmental and social advantages over the traditional intensive production of livestock. Mass rearing of insects, under insect farming conditions or even in industrial settings, can be the key for a change in the way natural resources are utilized in order to produce meat, animal protein and a list of other valuable animal products. However, because insect mass rearing technology is relatively new, little is known about the different factors that determine the quality and yield of the production process. Obtaining such knowledge is crucial for the success of insect-based product development. One of the issues that is likely to compromise the success of insect rearing is the outbreak of insect diseases. In particular, viral diseases can be devastating for the productivity and the quality of mass rearing systems. Prevention and management of viral diseases imply the understanding of the different factors that interact in insect mass rearing. This publication provides an overview of the known viruses in insects most commonly reared for food and feed. Nowadays with large-scale sequencing techniques, new viruses are rapidly being discovered. We discuss factors affecting the emergence of viruses in mass rearing systems, along with virus transmission routes. Finally we provide an overview of the wide range of measures available to prevent and manage virus outbreaks in mass rearing systems, ranging from simple sanitation methods to highly sophisticated methods including RNAi and transgenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maciel-Vergara
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Adult bacterial exposure increases behavioral variation and drives higher repeatability in field crickets. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:1941-1947. [PMID: 28584393 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Among-individual differences in behavior are now a widely studied research-focus within the field of behavioral ecology. Furthermore, elements of an animal's internal state, such as energy or fat reserves, and infection status can have large impacts on behaviors. Despite this, we still know little regarding how state may affect behavioral variation. Recent exposure to pathogens may have a particularly large impact on behavioral expression given that it likely activates costly immune pathways, potentially forcing organism to make behavioral tradeoffs. In this study we investigate how recent exposure to a common bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens, affects both the mean behavioral expression and the among-individual differences (i.e. variation) in boldness behavior in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. We find that recent pathogen exposure does not affect mean behavioral expression of the treatment groups, but instead affects behavioral variation and repeatability. Specifically, bacterial exposure drove large among-individual variation, resulting in high levels of repeatability in some aspects of boldness (willingness to emerge into a novel environment), but not others (latency to become active in novel environment), compared to non-infected crickets. Interestingly, sham injection resulted in a universal lack of among-individual differences. Our results highlight the sensitivity of among-individual variance and repeatability estimates to ecological and environmental factors that individuals face throughout their lives.
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41
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Abstract
Predators often negatively affect prey performance through indirect, non-consumptive effects. We investigated the potential relationship between predator-induced stress and prey immune response. To test this, we administered a synthetic immune challenge into dragonfly larvae (Leucorrhinia intacta) and assessed a key immune response (level of encapsulation) in the presence and absence of a caged predator (Anax junius) at two temperatures (22 degrees C and 26 degrees C). We hypothesized that immune response would be lowered when predators were present due to lowered allocation of resources to immune function and leading to reduced encapsulation of the synthetic immune challenge. Contrary to our expectations, larvae exposed to caged predators had encapsulated monofilaments significantly more than larvae not exposed to caged predators. Levels of encapsulation did not differ across temperatures, nor interact with predator exposure. Our results suggest that the previously observed increase in mortality of L. intacta exposed to caged predators is not driven by immune suppression. In situations of increased predation risk, the exposure to predator cues may induce higher levels of melanin production, which could lead to physiological damage and high energetic costs. However, the costs and risks of increased allocations to immune responses and interactions with predation stress remain unknown.
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42
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Gupta V, Venkatesan S, Chatterjee M, Syed ZA, Nivsarkar V, Prasad NG. No apparent cost of evolved immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2016; 70:934-43. [PMID: 26932243 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance and deployment of the immune system are costly and are hence predicted to trade-off with other resource-demanding traits, such as reproduction. We subjected this longstanding idea to test using laboratory experimental evolution approach. In the present study, replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster were subjected to three selection regimes-I (Infection with Pseudomonas entomophila), S (Sham-infection with MgSO4 ), and U (Unhandled Control). After 30 generations of selection flies from the I regime had evolved better survivorship upon infection with P. entomophila compared to flies from U and S regimes. However, contrary to expectations and previous reports, we did not find any evidence of trade-offs between immunity and other life history related traits, such as longevity, fecundity, egg hatchability, or development time. After 45 generations of selection, the selection was relaxed for a set of populations. Even after 15 generations, the postinfection survivorship of populations under relaxed selection regime did not decline. We speculate that either there is a negligible cost to the evolved immune response or that trade-offs occur on traits such as reproductive behavior or other immune mechanisms that we have not investigated in this study. Our research suggests that at least under certain conditions, life-history trade-offs might play little role in maintaining variation in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Saudamini Venkatesan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Martik Chatterjee
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Zeeshan A Syed
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vaishnavi Nivsarkar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Nagaraj G Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, P.O. Manauli, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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43
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Brandt A, Gorenflo A, Siede R, Meixner M, Büchler R. The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 86:40-7. [PMID: 26776096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A strong immune defense is vital for honey bee health and colony survival. This defense can be weakened by environmental factors that may render honey bees more vulnerable to parasites and pathogens. Honey bees are frequently exposed to neonicotinoid pesticides, which are being discussed as one of the stress factors that may lead to colony failure. We investigated the sublethal effects of the neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin on individual immunity, by studying three major aspects of immunocompetence in worker bees: total hemocyte number, encapsulation response, and antimicrobial activity of the hemolymph. In laboratory experiments, we found a strong impact of all three neonicotinoids. Thiacloprid (24h oral exposure, 200 μg/l or 2000 μg/l) and imidacloprid (1 μg/l or 10 μg/l) reduced hemocyte density, encapsulation response, and antimicrobial activity even at field realistic concentrations. Clothianidin had an effect on these immune parameters only at higher than field realistic concentrations (50-200 μg/l). These results suggest that neonicotinoids affect the individual immunocompetence of honey bees, possibly leading to an impaired disease resistance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annely Brandt
- LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany.
| | - Anna Gorenflo
- LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany
| | - Reinhold Siede
- LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany
| | - Marina Meixner
- LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany
| | - Ralph Büchler
- LLH Bee Institute, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany
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44
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Ferguson LV, Heinrichs DE, Sinclair BJ. Paradoxical acclimation responses in the thermal performance of insect immunity. Oecologia 2016; 181:77-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Chiang YA, Kinoshita M, Maekawa S, Kulkarni A, Lo CF, Yoshiura Y, Wang HC, Aoki T. TALENs-mediated gene disruption of myostatin produces a larger phenotype of medaka with an apparently compromised immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:212-220. [PMID: 26578247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although myostatin, a suppressor of skeletal muscle development and growth, has been well studied in mammals, its function in fish remains unclear. In this study, we used a popular genome editing tool with high efficiency and target specificity (TALENs; transcription activator-like effector nucleases) to mutate the genome sequence of myostatin (MSTN) in medaka (Oryzias latipes). After the TALEN pair targeting OlMyostatin was injected into fertilized medaka eggs, mutant G0 fish carrying different TALENs-induced frameshifts in the OlMSTN coding sequence were mated together in order to transmit the mutant sequences to the F1 generation. Two F1 mutants with frameshifted myostatin alleles were then mated to produce the F2 generation, and these F2 OlMSTN null (MSTN(-/-)) medaka were evaluated for growth performance. The F2 fish showed significantly increased body length and weight compared to the wild type fish at the juvenile and post-juvenile stages. At the post-juvenile stage, the average body weight of the MSTN(-/-) medaka was ∼25% greater than the wild type. However, we also found that when the F3 generation were challenged with red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), the expression levels of the interferon-stimulated genes were lower than in the wild type, and the virus copy number was maintained at a high level. We therefore conclude that although the MSTN(-/-) medaka had a larger phenotype, their immune system appeared to be at least partially suppressed or undeveloped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shun Maekawa
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Yasutoshi Yoshiura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Enhancement of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Kagawa 761-0111, Japan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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46
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Gyuris E, Hankó JF, Feró O, Barta Z. Personality and ectoparasitic mites (Hemipteroseius adleri) in firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus). Behav Processes 2016; 122:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Darris CE, Tyus JE, Kelley G, Ropelewski AJ, Nicholas HB, Wang X, Nahashon S. Molecular tools to support metabolic and immune function research in the Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:358. [PMID: 25948401 PMCID: PMC4432510 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) production as an alternative source of meat and poultry has shown potential for economic viability. However, there has been little progress in characterizing the transcriptome of the guinea fowl. In this study RNA-sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of several Guinea fowl tissues (pancreas, hypothalamus, liver, bone marrow and bursa) which play key roles in regulating feed intake, satiety, and immune function was performed using Illumina's Hi-Seq 2000. RESULTS 74 million sequences were generated and assembled into 96,492 contigs using the Trinity software suite. Over 39,000 of these transcripts were found to have in silico translated protein sequences that are homologous to chicken protein sequences. Gene ontology analysis uncovered 416 transcripts with metabolic functions and 703 with immune function. CONCLUSION The transcriptome information presented here will support the development of molecular approaches to improve production efficiency of the guinea fowl and other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Darris
- College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - James E Tyus
- College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Gary Kelley
- College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Alexander J Ropelewski
- Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Hugh B Nicholas
- Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Samuel Nahashon
- College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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48
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Debecker S, Sommaruga R, Maes T, Stoks R. Larval
UV
exposure impairs adult immune function through a trade‐off with larval investment in cuticular melanin. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Debecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ruben Sommaruga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Photobiology and Plankton Ecology Institute of Ecology University of Innsbruck Technikerstraβe 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Tim Maes
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation University of Leuven Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439 3000 Leuven Belgium
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Davis SE, Malfi RL, Roulston TH. Species differences in bumblebee immune response predict developmental success of a parasitoid fly. Oecologia 2015; 178:1017-32. [PMID: 25795253 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endoparasitoids develop inside the body of a host organism and, if successful, eventually kill their host in order to reach maturity. Host species can vary in their suitability for a developing endoparasitoid; in particular, the host immune response, which can suppress egg hatching and larval development, has been hypothesized to be one of the most important determinants of parasitoid host range. In this study, we investigated whether three bumblebee host species (Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus griseocollis, and Bombus impatiens) varied in their suitability for the development of a shared parasitoid, the conopid fly (Conopidae, Diptera) and whether the intensity of host encapsulation response, an insect immune defense against invaders, could predict parasitoid success. When surgically implanted with a nylon filament, B. griseocollis exhibited a stronger immune response than both B. impatiens and B. bimaculatus. Similarly, B. griseocollis was more likely to melanize conopid larvae from natural infections and more likely to kill conopids prior to its own death. Our results indicate that variation in the strength of the general immune response of insects may have ecological implications for sympatric species that share parasites. We suggest that, in this system, selection for a stronger immune response may be heightened by the pattern of phenological overlap between local host species and the population peak of their most prominent parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staige E Davis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Merrill L, Collins PM. Environment-specific and sex-specific allocation strategies among gonadal, somatic, and immune indices in a marine fish. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relative investment in somatic, gonadal, and liver growth, as well as a measure of immune function, in a marine species of fish (cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres, 1854)) reared under different ambient temperature regimes (mean temperatures: 14.8 °C in Santa Barbara and 12.7 °C in Cayucos; both in California, USA). We predicted that fish reared in colder water would exhibit more pronounced trade-offs among growth, development, and immune parameters than fish in warmer water, and that females would have more pronounced trade-offs than males due to increased energy requirements for ovary development. We found immune function and liver investment were positively related in cold-water fish, but unrelated in warmer water fish. Immune function positively covaried with gonadal investment, but was not associated with somatic investment. Gonadal investment was negatively related to somatic investment, but this was driven by females, as there was no relationship between gonad development and somatic growth in males. We also found that the sexes differed in the relationship between gonadal and liver investments, in which females again exhibited a negative association but males exhibited a positive association. These results indicate that developmental investment strategies in cabezon are flexible and may be both context-specific and sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Merrill
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Peter M. Collins
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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