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Pinelli M, Makdissi S, Scur M, Parsons BD, Baker K, Otley A, MacIntyre B, Nguyen HD, Kim PK, Stadnyk AW, Di Cara F. Peroxisomal cholesterol metabolism regulates yap-signaling, which maintains intestinal epithelial barrier function and is altered in Crohn's disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:536. [PMID: 39069546 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells line the luminal surface to establish the intestinal barrier, where the cells play essential roles in the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and water, protection from microbial infections, and maintaining symbiotic interactions with the commensal microbial populations. Maintaining and coordinating all these functions requires tight regulatory signaling, which is essential for intestinal homeostasis and organismal health. Dysfunction of intestinal epithelial cells, indeed, is linked to gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and gluten-related enteropathies. Emerging evidence suggests that peroxisome metabolic functions are crucial in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell functions and intestinal epithelium regeneration and, therefore, homeostasis. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which peroxisome metabolism impacts enteric health using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and murine model organisms and clinical samples. We show that peroxisomes control cellular cholesterol, which in turn regulates the conserved yes-associated protein-signaling and contributes to intestinal epithelial structure and epithelial barrier function. Moreover, analysis of intestinal organoid cultures derived from biopsies of patients affected by Crohn's Disease revealed that the dysregulation of peroxisome number, excessive cellular cholesterol, and inhibition of Yap-signaling are markers of disease and could be novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for treating Crohn's Disease. Our studies provided mechanistic insights on peroxisomal signaling in intestinal epithelial cell functions and identified cholesterol as a novel metabolic regulator of yes-associated protein-signaling in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Pinelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stephanie Makdissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Michal Scur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brendon D Parsons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kristi Baker
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony Otley
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brad MacIntyre
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Huong D Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew W Stadnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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2
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Jneid R, Loudhaief R, Zucchini-Pascal N, Nawrot-Esposito MP, Fichant A, Rousset R, Bonis M, Osman D, Gallet A. Bacillus thuringiensis toxins divert progenitor cells toward enteroendocrine fate by decreasing cell adhesion with intestinal stem cells in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e80179. [PMID: 36847614 PMCID: PMC9977296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) is a strong pathogen toward lepidopteran larvae thanks to specific Cry toxins causing leaky gut phenotypes. Hence, Btk and its toxins are used worldwide as microbial insecticide and in genetically modified crops, respectively, to fight crop pests. However, Btk belongs to the B. cereus group, some strains of which are well known human opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, ingestion of Btk along with food may threaten organisms not susceptible to Btk infection. Here we show that Cry1A toxins induce enterocyte death and intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation in the midgut of Drosophila melanogaster, an organism non-susceptible to Btk. Surprisingly, a high proportion of the ISC daughter cells differentiate into enteroendocrine cells instead of their initial enterocyte destiny. We show that Cry1A toxins weaken the E-Cadherin-dependent adherens junction between the ISC and its immediate daughter progenitor, leading the latter to adopt an enteroendocrine fate. Hence, although not lethal to non-susceptible organisms, Cry toxins can interfere with conserved cell adhesion mechanisms, thereby disrupting intestinal homeostasis and endocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Jneid
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | | | | | | | - Arnaud Fichant
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | | | - Mathilde Bonis
- Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & SafetyMaisons-AlfortFrance
| | - Dani Osman
- Faculty of Sciences III and Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, LBA3B, EDST, Lebanese UniversityTripoliLebanon
| | - Armel Gallet
- Universite Cote d'Azur, CNRS, INRAESophia AntipolisFrance
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3
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Kwak M, Southard KM, Kim WR, Lin A, Kim NH, Gopalappa R, Lee HJ, An M, Choi SH, Jung Y, Noh K, Farlow J, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK, Kang MK, Kutys ML, Seo D, Kim HH, Kim YH, Cheon J, Gartner ZJ, Jun YW. Adherens junctions organize size-selective proteolytic hotspots critical for Notch signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1739-1753. [PMID: 36456828 PMCID: PMC10665132 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) create spatially, chemically and mechanically discrete microdomains at cellular interfaces. Here, using a mechanogenetic platform that generates artificial AJs with controlled protein localization, clustering and mechanical loading, we find that AJs also organize proteolytic hotspots for γ-secretase with a spatially regulated substrate selectivity that is critical in the processing of Notch and other transmembrane proteins. Membrane microdomains outside of AJs exclusively organize Notch ligand-receptor engagement (LRE microdomains) to initiate receptor activation. Conversely, membrane microdomains within AJs exclusively serve to coordinate regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP microdomains). They do so by concentrating γ-secretase and primed receptors while excluding full-length Notch. AJs induce these functionally distinct microdomains by means of lipid-dependent γ-secretase recruitment and size-dependent protein segregation. By excluding full-length Notch from RIP microdomains, AJs prevent inappropriate enzyme-substrate interactions and suppress spurious Notch activation. Ligand-induced ectodomain shedding eliminates size-dependent segregation, releasing Notch to translocate into AJs for processing by γ-secretase. This mechanism directs radial differentiation of ventricular zone-neural progenitor cells in vivo and more broadly regulates the proteolysis of other large cell-surface receptors such as amyloid precursor protein. These findings suggest an unprecedented role of AJs in creating size-selective spatial switches that choreograph γ-secretase processing of multiple transmembrane proteins regulating development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaden M Southard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Woon Ryoung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nam Hyeong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramu Gopalappa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minji An
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Choi
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmin Jung
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunwoo Noh
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Farlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min K Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L Kutys
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daeha Seo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Imnewrun Inc., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Comprehensive Center (HDFCCC), University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (Nano BME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Bohere J, Eldridge-Thomas BL, Kolahgar G. Vinculin recruitment to α-catenin halts the differentiation and maturation of enterocyte progenitors to maintain homeostasis of the Drosophila intestine. eLife 2022; 11:e72836. [PMID: 36269226 PMCID: PMC9586559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms communicating changes in tissue stiffness and size are particularly relevant in the intestine because it is subject to constant mechanical stresses caused by peristalsis of its variable content. Using the Drosophila intestinal epithelium, we investigate the role of vinculin, one of the best characterised mechanoeffectors, which functions in both cadherin and integrin adhesion complexes. We discovered that vinculin regulates cell fate decisions, by preventing precocious activation and differentiation of intestinal progenitors into absorptive cells. It achieves this in concert with α-catenin at sites of cadherin adhesion, rather than as part of integrin function. Following asymmetric division of the stem cell into a stem cell and an enteroblast (EB), the two cells initially remain connected by adherens junctions, where vinculin is required, only on the EB side, to maintain the EB in a quiescent state and inhibit further divisions of the stem cell. By manipulating cell tension, we show that vinculin recruitment to adherens junction regulates EB activation and numbers. Consequently, removing vinculin results in an enlarged gut with improved resistance to starvation. Thus, mechanical regulation at the contact between stem cells and their progeny is used to control tissue cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Bohere
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Buffy L Eldridge-Thomas
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Golnar Kolahgar
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing St, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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5
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Abstract
In adult insects, as in vertebrates, the gut epithelium is a highly regenerative tissue that can renew itself rapidly in response to changing inputs from nutrition, the gut microbiota, ingested toxins, and signals from other organs. Because of its cellular and genetic similarities to the mammalian intestine, and its relevance as a target for the control of insect pests and disease vectors, many researchers have used insect intestines to address fundamental questions about stem cell functions during tissue maintenance and regeneration. In Drosophila, where most of the experimental work has been performed, not only are intestinal cell types and behaviors well characterized, but numerous cell signaling interactions have been detailed that mediate gut epithelial regeneration. A prevailing model for regenerative responses in the insect gut invokes stress sensing by damaged enterocytes (ECs) as a principal source for signaling that activates the division of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the growth and differentiation of their progeny. However, extant data also reveal alternative mechanisms for regeneration that involve ISC-intrinsic functions, active culling of healthy epithelial cells, enhanced EC growth, and even cytoplasmic shedding by infected ECs. This article reviews current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in gut regeneration in several insect models (Drosophila and Aedes of the order Diptera, and several Lepidoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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6
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Joly A, Rousset R. Tissue Adaptation to Environmental Cues by Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Modes of Intestinal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176362. [PMID: 32887329 PMCID: PMC7504256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues must adapt to the different external stimuli so that organisms can survive in their environments. The intestine is a vital organ involved in food processing and absorption, as well as in innate immune response. Its adaptation to environmental cues such as diet and biotic/abiotic stress involves regulation of the proliferative rate and a switch of division mode (asymmetric versus symmetric) of intestinal stem cells (ISC). In this review, we outline the current comprehension of the physiological and molecular mechanisms implicated in stem cell division modes in the adult Drosophila midgut. We present the signaling pathways and polarity cues that control the mitotic spindle orientation, which is the terminal determinant ensuring execution of the division mode. We review these events during gut homeostasis, as well as during its response to nutrient availability, bacterial infection, chemical damage, and aging. JNK signaling acts as a central player, being involved in each of these conditions as a direct regulator of spindle orientation. The studies of the mechanisms regulating ISC divisions allow a better understanding of how adult stem cells integrate different signals to control tissue plasticity, and of how various diseases, notably cancers, arise from their alterations.
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7
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Tamamouna V, Panagi M, Theophanous A, Demosthenous M, Michail M, Papadopoulou M, Teloni S, Pitsouli C, Apidianakis Y. Evidence of two types of balance between stem cell mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth in the Drosophila midgut. Development 2020; 147:147/11/dev189472. [PMID: 32513656 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and stem cell niche-emanating cytokines and growth factors can promote regeneration, through mitosis. High mitosis, however, predisposes for all types of cancer and, thus, a trade-off exists between regeneration capacity and tissue homeostasis. Here, we study the role of tissue-intrinsic regenerative signaling in stem cell mitosis of adult Drosophila midgut of different genetic backgrounds. We provide evidence of two naturally occurring types of balance between mitosis and enterocyte nucleus growth: one based mostly on stem cell mitosis producing new cells and the other based mostly on the degree of young enterocyte nucleus size increase. Mitosis promotes intestinal host defense to infection, but predisposes for dysplasia in the form of stem cell-like clusters. Enterocyte nucleus growth also promotes host defense, without the drawback of promoting dysplasia. Through quantitative genetics, we identified eiger as an autocrine and paracrine inducer of stem cell mitosis. eiger expression in immature epithelial cells tilts the balance towards mitosis and dysplasia via a positive-feedback loop of highly mitotic stem cells sustaining more small nucleus enterocytes, which in turn supply more Eiger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilia Tamamouna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Myrofora Panagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andria Theophanous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Demosthenous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Michail
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Savvas Teloni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysoula Pitsouli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Yiorgos Apidianakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
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8
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Chen D, Hu S, Liu J, Li S. E-cadherin regulates biological behaviors of neural stem cells and promotes motor function recovery following spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2061-2070. [PMID: 30783478 PMCID: PMC6364216 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based repair strategies for spinal cord injury (SCI) are a highly studied area of research. Multiple gene-modified stem cells have been transplanted into SCI models, in the hope of generating more neurons to repair a damaged nervous system. However, the results are not always successful, as the grafted cells may be unable to survive in the injured spinal cord. E-cadherin, a transmembrane adhesion protein, has been identified as an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition marker and is vital for morphological structure maintenance and the functional integrity of epithelial cells. At present, few studies have examined the association between E-cadherin and neural stem cells (NSCs). The present study investigated the expression of E-cadherin in subcultured NSCs and differentiated NSCs. Furthermore, the effect of E-cadherin on NSC viability, migration, differentiation and neurosphere formation was assessed. An in vivo study was used to assess the long-term survival of grafted NSCs. Additionally, the protective effect of E-cadherin on SCI was assessed by analyzing tissue repair, Basso Mouse Scale scores and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The results of the present study suggested that E-cadherin was able to promote NSC viability and neurosphere formation; however, it had no significant effect on NSC differentiation. To conclude, grafted NSCs with highly expressed E-cadherin facilitated motor function recovery following SCI by reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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9
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Ihara S, Hirata Y, Hikiba Y, Yamashita A, Tsuboi M, Hata M, Konishi M, Suzuki N, Sakitani K, Kinoshita H, Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Ijichi H, Tateishi K, Koike K. Adhesive Interactions between Mononuclear Phagocytes and Intestinal Epithelium Perturb Normal Epithelial Differentiation and Serve as a Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:1219-1231. [PMID: 29917067 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Disturbance of intestinal homeostasis is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], and TGF-β signalling impairment in mononuclear phagocytes [MPs] causes murine colitis with goblet cell depletion. Here, we examined an organoid-MP co-culture system to study the role of MPs in intestinal epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. METHODS Intestinal organoids were co-cultured with lamina propria leukocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells [BMDCs] from CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice. Organoid-MP adhesive interactions were evaluated by microscopy, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry. Murine colitis models (dextran sodium sulphate [DSS], CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl, T-cell-transfer) were used for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Anti-E-cadherin antibody treatment or CD11c+-cell-specific CDH1 gene deletion were performed for E-cadherin neutralization or knockout. Colonic biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Intestinal organoids co-cultured with CD11c+ lamina propria leukocytes or BMDCs from CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice showed morphological changes and goblet cell depletion with Notch signal activation, analogous to CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl colitis. E-cadherin was upregulated in CD11c+ MPs, especially CX3CR1+CCR2+ monocytes, of CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl mice. E-cadherin-mediated BMDC adhesion promoted Notch activation and cystic changes in organoids. Anti-E-cadherin antibody treatment attenuated colitis in CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl and T-cell-transferred mice. In addition, E-cadherin deletion in CD11c+ cells attenuated colitis in both CD11c-cre Tgfbr2fl/fl and DSS-treated mice. In patients with ulcerative colitis, E-cadherin expressed by intestinal CD11c+ leukocytes was enhanced compared with that in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin-mediated MP-epithelium adhesion is associated with the development of colitis, and blocking these adhesions may have therapeutic potential for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sozaburo Ihara
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Advanced Genome Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohko Hikiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayo Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ijichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Molecular and proteomic insight into Notch1 characterization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39609-39626. [PMID: 27167202 PMCID: PMC5129957 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks fifth in frequency worldwide amongst all human cancers causing one million deaths annually. Despite many promising treatment options, long-term prognosis remains dismal for the majority of patients who develop recurrence or present with advanced disease. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway crucial for the development and homeostasis of many organs including liver. Herein we showed that aberrant Notch1 is linked to HCC development, tumor recurrence and invasion, which might be mediated, at least in part, through the Notch1-E-Cadherin pathway. Collectively, these findings suggest that targeting Notch1 has important therapeutic value in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this regard, comparative analysis of the secretome of HepG2 and HepG2 Notch1 depleted cells identified novel secreted proteins related to Notch1 expression. Soluble E-Cadherin (sE-Cad) and Thrombospondin-1 (Thbs1) were further validated in human serum as potential biomarkers to predict response to Notch1 inhibitors for a tailored individualized therapy.
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11
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Takeda K, Okumura T, Taniguchi K, Adachi-Yamada T. Adult Intestine Aging Model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1076:11-23. [PMID: 29951812 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0529-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila adult has an intestine composed of a series of differentiated cells and tissue stem cells, all of which are similar to the mammalian intestinal cells. The aged adult intestine shows apparent characteristics such as multilayering of absorptive cells, misexpression of cell type-specific genes, and hyperproliferation of stem cells. Recent studies have revealed various gene networks responsible for progression of these aged phenotypes. The molecular mechanism for senescence of the Drosophila adult midgut and its relation with the corresponding mechanism in mammals are overviewed. In addition, a basic method for observing aged phenotypes of the midgut is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takeda
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Liang J, Balachandra S, Ngo S, O'Brien LE. Feedback regulation of steady-state epithelial turnover and organ size. Nature 2017; 548:588-591. [PMID: 28847000 DOI: 10.1038/nature23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial organs undergo steady-state turnover throughout adult life, with old cells being continually replaced by the progeny of stem cell divisions. To avoid hyperplasia or atrophy, organ turnover demands strict equilibration of cell production and loss. However, the mechanistic basis of this equilibrium is unknown. Here we show that robustly precise turnover of the adult Drosophila intestine arises through a coupling mechanism in which enterocyte apoptosis breaks feedback inhibition of stem cell division. Healthy enterocytes inhibit stem cell division through E-cadherin, which prevents secretion of mitogenic epidermal growth factors (EGFs) by repressing transcription of the EGF maturation factor rhomboid. Individual apoptotic enterocytes promote divisions by loss of E-cadherin, which releases cadherin-associated β-catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila) and p120-catenin to induce rhomboid. Induction of rhomboid in the dying enterocyte triggers activation of the EGF receptor (Egfr) in stem cells within a discrete radius. When we blocked apoptosis, E-cadherin-controlled feedback suppressed divisions, and the organ retained the same number of cells. When we disrupted feedback, apoptosis and divisions were uncoupled, and the organ developed either hyperplasia or atrophy. Together, our results show that robust cellular balance hinges on the obligate coupling of divisions to apoptosis, which limits the proliferative potential of a stem cell to the precise time and place at which a replacement cell is needed. In this way, localized cell-cell communication gives rise to tissue-level homeostatic equilibrium and constant organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sang Ngo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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13
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Koehler CL, Perkins GA, Ellisman MH, Jones DL. Pink1 and Parkin regulate Drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation during stress and aging. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2315-2327. [PMID: 28663346 PMCID: PMC5551703 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201610036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain the midgut epithelium in Drosophila melanogaster Proper cellular turnover and tissue function rely on tightly regulated rates of ISC division and appropriate differentiation of daughter cells. However, aging and epithelial injury cause elevated ISC proliferation and decreased capacity for terminal differentiation of daughter enteroblasts (EBs). The mechanisms causing functional decline of stem cells with age remain elusive; however, recent findings suggest that stem cell metabolism plays an important role in the regulation of stem cell activity. Here, we investigate how alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis modulate stem cell behavior in vivo via RNA interference-mediated knockdown of factors involved in mitochondrial dynamics. ISC/EB-specific knockdown of the mitophagy-related genes Pink1 or Parkin suppresses the age-related loss of tissue homeostasis, despite dramatic changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and mitochondrial damage in ISCs/EBs. Maintenance of tissue homeostasis upon reduction of Pink1 or Parkin appears to result from reduction of age- and stress-induced ISC proliferation, in part, through induction of ISC senescence. Our results indicate an uncoupling of cellular, tissue, and organismal aging through inhibition of ISC proliferation and provide insight into strategies used by stem cells to maintain tissue homeostasis despite severe damage to organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Koehler
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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A genetic framework controlling the differentiation of intestinal stem cells during regeneration in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006854. [PMID: 28662029 PMCID: PMC5510897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The speed of stem cell differentiation has to be properly coupled with self-renewal, both under basal conditions for tissue maintenance and during regeneration for tissue repair. Using the Drosophila midgut model, we analyze at the cellular and molecular levels the differentiation program required for robust regeneration. We observe that the intestinal stem cell (ISC) and its differentiating daughter, the enteroblast (EB), form extended cell-cell contacts in regenerating intestines. The contact between progenitors is stabilized by cell adhesion molecules, and can be dynamically remodeled to elicit optimal juxtacrine Notch signaling to determine the speed of progenitor differentiation. Notably, increasing the adhesion property of progenitors by expressing Connectin is sufficient to induce rapid progenitor differentiation. We further demonstrate that JAK/STAT signaling, Sox21a and GATAe form a functional relay to orchestrate EB differentiation. Thus, our study provides new insights into the complex and sequential events that are required for rapid differentiation following stem cell division during tissue replenishment.
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15
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Guisoni N, Martinez-Corral R, Garcia Ojalvo J, de Navascués J. Diversity of fate outcomes in cell pairs under lateral inhibition. Development 2017; 144:1177-1186. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.137950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate determination by lateral inhibition via Notch/Delta signalling has been extensively studied. Most formalised models consider Notch/Delta interactions in fields of cells, with parameters that typically lead to symmetry breaking of signalling states between neighbouring cells, commonly resulting in salt-and-pepper fate patterns. Here we consider the case of signalling between isolated cell pairs, and find that the bifurcation properties of a standard mathematical model of lateral inhibition can lead to stable symmetric signalling states. We apply this model to the adult intestinal stem cell (ISC) of Drosophila, whose fate is stochastic but dependent on the Notch/Delta pathway. We observe a correlation between signalling state in cell pairs and their contact area. We interpret this behaviour in terms of the properties of our model in the presence of population variability in contact areas, which affects the effective signalling threshold of individual cells. Our results suggest that the dynamics of Notch/Delta signalling can contribute to explain stochasticity in stem cell fate decisions, and that the standard model for lateral inhibition can account for a wider range of developmental outcomes than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Guisoni
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos, CONICET & Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 59-789, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rosa Martinez-Corral
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia Ojalvo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín de Navascués
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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16
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Notch signaling-mediated cell-to-cell interaction is dependent on E-cadherin adhesion in adult rat anterior pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:125-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Loza-Coll MA, Jones DL. Simultaneous control of stemness and differentiation by the transcription factor Escargot in adult stem cells: How can we tease them apart? Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:53-9. [PMID: 27077690 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1176650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic turnover of adult organs and their regenerative capacity following injury depend on a careful balance between stem cell self-renewal (to maintain or enlarge the stem cell pool) and differentiation (to replace lost tissue). We have recently characterized the role of the Drosophila Snail family transcription factor escargot (esg) in testis cyst stem cells (CySCs) (1,2) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs). (3,4) CySCs mutant for esg are not maintained as stem cells, but they remain capable of differentiating normally along the cyst cell lineage. In contrast, esg mutant CySCs that give rise to a closely related lineage, the apical hub cells, cannot maintain hub cell identity. Similarly, Esg maintains stemness of ISCs while regulating the terminal differentiation of progenitor cells into absorptive enterocytes or secretory enteroendocrine cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that Esg may play a conserved and pivotal regulatory role in adult stem cells, controlling both their maintenance and terminal differentiation. Here we propose that this dual regulatory role is due to simultaneous control by Esg of overlapping genetic programs and discuss the exciting challenges and opportunities that lie ahead to explore the underlying mechanisms experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Loza-Coll
- a Department of Biology , California State University , Northridge , CA , USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- b Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,c Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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18
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Abstract
The disproportional enlargement of the neocortex through evolution has been instrumental in the success of vertebrates, in particular mammals. The neocortex is a multilayered sheet of neurons generated from a simple proliferative neuroepithelium through a myriad of mechanisms with substantial evolutionary conservation. This developing neuroepithelium is populated by progenitors that can generate additional progenitors as well as post-mitotic neurons. Subtle alterations in the production of progenitors vs. differentiated cells during development can result in dramatic differences in neocortical size. This review article will examine how cadherin adhesion proteins, in particular α-catenin and N-cadherin, function in regulating the neural progenitor microenvironment, cell proliferation, and differentiation in cortical development.
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Key Words
- APC, Adenomatous polyposis coli.
- CBD, catenin binding domain
- CK1, Casein kinase 1
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Hh, Hedgehog
- JMD, juxtamembrane domain
- N-cadherin
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SNP, short neural precursor
- VZ, ventricular zone
- adherens junction
- differentiation
- proliferation
- wnt
- α-catenin
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Stocker
- a Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory ; The Salk Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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19
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Niche appropriation by Drosophila intestinal stem cell tumours. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1182-92. [PMID: 26237646 PMCID: PMC4709566 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that inhibit differentiation in stem cell lineages are a common early step in cancer development, but precisely how a loss of differentiation initiates tumorigenesis is unclear. We investigated Drosophila intestinal stem cell (ISC) tumours generated by suppressing Notch (N) signalling, which blocks differentiation. Notch-defective ISCs require stress-induced divisions for tumour initiation and an autocrine EGFR ligand, Spitz, during early tumour growth. On achieving a critical mass these tumours displace surrounding enterocytes, competing with them for basement membrane space and causing their detachment, extrusion and apoptosis. This loss of epithelial integrity induces JNK and Yki/YAP activity in enterocytes and, consequently, their expression of stress-dependent cytokines (Upd2, Upd3). These paracrine signals, normally used within the stem cell niche to trigger regeneration, propel tumour growth without the need for secondary mutations in growth signalling pathways. The appropriation of niche signalling by differentiation-defective stem cells may be a common mechanism of early tumorigenesis.
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20
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Chu CC, Zavala JA, Spencer JL, Curzi MJ, Fields CJ, Drnevich J, Siegfried BD, Seufferheld MJ. Patterns of differential gene expression in adult rotation-resistant and wild-type western corn rootworm digestive tracts. Evol Appl 2015; 8:692-704. [PMID: 26240606 PMCID: PMC4516421 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The western corn rootworm (WCR,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is an important pest of corn. Annual crop rotation between corn and soybean disrupts the corn-dependent WCR life cycle and is widely adopted to manage this pest. This strategy selected for rotation-resistant (RR) WCR with reduced ovipositional fidelity to corn. Previous studies revealed that RR-WCR adults exhibit greater tolerance of soybean diets, different gut physiology, and host-microbe interactions compared to rotation-susceptible wild types (WT). To identify the genetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypic changes, a de novo assembly of the WCR adult gut transcriptome was constructed and used for RNA-sequencing analyses of RNA libraries from different WCR phenotypes fed with corn or soybean diets. Global gene expression profiles of WT- and RR-WCR were similar when feeding on corn diets, but different when feeding on soybean. Using network-based methods, we identified gene modules transcriptionally correlated with the RR phenotype. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated that the functions of these modules were related to metabolic processes, immune responses, biological adhesion, and other functions/processes that appear to correlate to documented traits in RR populations. These results suggest that gut transcriptomic divergence correlated with brief soybean feeding and other physiological traits may exist between RR- and WT-WCR adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching Chu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica INBA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joseph L Spencer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Fields
- High-Performance Biological Computing, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High-Performance Biological Computing, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Manfredo J Seufferheld
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA ; Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Champaign, IL, USA
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21
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Antonello ZA, Reiff T, Ballesta-Illan E, Dominguez M. Robust intestinal homeostasis relies on cellular plasticity in enteroblasts mediated by miR-8-Escargot switch. EMBO J 2015; 34:2025-41. [PMID: 26077448 PMCID: PMC4551350 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is remarkably robust despite perturbations and demand uncertainty. Here, we investigate the basis of such robustness using novel tracing methods that allow simultaneously capturing the dynamics of stem and committed progenitor cells (called enteroblasts) and intestinal cell turnover with spatiotemporal resolution. We found that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) divide "ahead" of demand during Drosophila midgut homeostasis. Their newborn enteroblasts, on the other hand, take on a highly polarized shape, acquire invasive properties and motility. They extend long membrane protrusions that make cell-cell contact with mature cells, while exercising a capacity to delay their final differentiation until a local demand materializes. This cellular plasticity is mechanistically linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programme mediated by escargot, a snail family gene. Activation of the conserved microRNA miR-8/miR-200 in "pausing" enteroblasts in response to a local cell loss promotes timely terminal differentiation via a reverse MET by antagonizing escargot. Our findings unveil that robust intestinal renewal relies on hitherto unrecognized plasticity in enteroblasts and reveal their active role in sensing and/or responding to local demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeus A Antonello
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Tobias Reiff
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Esther Ballesta-Illan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
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22
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Loza-Coll MA, Southall TD, Sandall SL, Brand AH, Jones DL. Regulation of Drosophila intestinal stem cell maintenance and differentiation by the transcription factor Escargot. EMBO J 2014; 33:2983-96. [PMID: 25433031 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue stem cells divide to self-renew and generate differentiated cells to maintain homeostasis. Although influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the genetic mechanisms coordinating the decision between self-renewal and initiation of differentiation remain poorly understood. The escargot (esg) gene encodes a transcription factor that is expressed in stem cells in multiple tissues in Drosophila melanogaster, including intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here, we demonstrate that Esg plays a pivotal role in intestinal homeostasis, maintaining the stem cell pool while influencing fate decisions through modulation of Notch activity. Loss of esg induced ISC differentiation, a decline in Notch activity in daughter enteroblasts (EB), and an increase in differentiated enteroendocrine (EE) cells. Amun, an inhibitor of Notch in other systems, was identified as a target of Esg in the intestine. Decreased expression of esg resulted in upregulation of Amun, while downregulation of Amun rescued the ectopic EE cell phenotype resulting from loss of esg. Thus, our findings provide a framework for further comparative studies addressing the conserved roles of Snail factors in coordinating self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells across tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Loza-Coll
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sharsti L Sandall
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea H Brand
- The Gurdon Institute University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Drosophila perlecan regulates intestinal stem cell activity via cell-matrix attachment. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:761-9. [PMID: 24936464 PMCID: PMC4050351 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells require specialized local microenvironments, termed niches, for normal retention, proliferation, and multipotency. Niches are composed of cells together with their associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Currently, the roles of ECM in regulating niche functions are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Perlecan (Pcan), a highly conserved ECM component, controls intestinal stem cell (ISC) activities and ISC-ECM attachment in Drosophila adult posterior midgut. Loss of Pcan from ISCs, but not other surrounding cells, causes ISCs to detach from underlying ECM, lose their identity, and fail to proliferate. These defects are not a result of a loss of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling activity but partially depend on integrin signaling activity. We propose that Pcan secreted by ISCs confers niche properties to the adjacent ECM that is required for ISC maintenance of stem cell identity, activity, and anchorage to the niche.
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24
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Farahani E, Patra HK, Jangamreddy JR, Rashedi I, Kawalec M, Rao Pariti RK, Batakis P, Wiechec E. Cell adhesion molecules and their relation to (cancer) cell stemness. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:747-59. [PMID: 24531939 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of search for anticancer drugs targeting solid tumors, this group of diseases remains largely incurable, especially if in advanced, metastatic stage. In this review, we draw comparison between reprogramming and carcinogenesis, as well as between stem cells (SCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs), focusing on changing garniture of adhesion molecules. Furthermore, we elaborate on the role of adhesion molecules in the regulation of (cancer) SCs division (symmetric or asymmetric), and in evolving interactions between CSCs and extracellular matrix. Among other aspects, we analyze the role and changes of expression of key adhesion molecules as cancer progresses and metastases develop. Here, the role of cadherins, integrins, as well as selected transcription factors like Twist and Snail is highlighted, not only in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition but also in the avoidance of anoikis. Finally, we briefly discuss recent developments and new strategies targeting CSCs, which focus on adhesion molecules or targeting tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN) and
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25
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Abstract
Adult animals rely on populations of stem cells to ensure organ function throughout their lifetime. Stem cells are governed by signals from stem cell niches, and much is known about how single niches promote stemness and direct stem cell behavior. However, most organs contain a multitude of stem cell-niche units, which are often distributed across the entire expanse of the tissue. Beyond the biology of individual stem cell-niche interactions, the next challenge is to uncover the tissue-level processes that orchestrate spatial control of stem-based renewal, repair, and remodeling throughout a whole organ. Here we examine what is known about higher order mechanisms for interniche coordination in epithelial organs, whose simple geometry offers a promising entry point for understanding the regulation of niche number, distribution, and activity. We also consider the potential existence of stem cell territories and how tissue architecture may influence niche coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
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26
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Bausek N. JAK-STAT signaling in stem cells and their niches in Drosophila. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25686. [PMID: 24069566 PMCID: PMC3772118 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK-STAT signaling is a highly conserved regulator of stem cells and their niches. Aberrant activation in hematopoietic stem cells is the underlying cause of a majority of myeloproliferative diseases. This review will focus on the roles of JAK-STAT activity in three different adult stem cell systems in Drosophila. Tightly controlled levels of JAK-STAT signaling are required for stem cell maintenance and self-renewal, as hyperactivation of the pathway is associated with stem cell overproliferation. JAK-STAT activity is further essential for anchoring the stem cells in their respective niches by regulating different adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bausek
- MRC Centre for Development and Biomedical Genetics and The Department of Biomedical Science; The University of Sheffield; Sheffield, UK
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27
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Bufalino MR, DeVeale B, van der Kooy D. The asymmetric segregation of damaged proteins is stem cell-type dependent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:523-30. [PMID: 23649805 PMCID: PMC3653353 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric segregation of damaged proteins is detectable in three different adult tissue stem cells in Drosophila melanogaster but does not always favor segregation away from the stem cell. Asymmetric segregation of damaged proteins (DPs) during mitosis has been linked in yeast and bacteria to the protection of one cell from aging. Recent evidence suggests that stem cells may use a similar mechanism; however, to date there is no in vivo evidence demonstrating this effect in healthy adult stem cells. We report that stem cells in larval (neuroblast) and adult (female germline and intestinal stem cell) Drosophila melanogaster asymmetrically segregate DPs, such as proteins with the difficult-to-degrade and age-associated 2,4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) modification. Surprisingly, of the cells analyzed only the intestinal stem cell protects itself by segregating HNE to differentiating progeny, whereas the neuroblast and germline stem cells retain HNE during division. This led us to suggest that chronological life span, and not cell type, determines the amount of DPs a cell receives during division. Furthermore, we reveal a role for both niche-dependent and -independent mechanisms of asymmetric DP division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rose Bufalino
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Lin G, Zhang X, Ren J, Pang Z, Wang C, Xu N, Xi R. Integrin signaling is required for maintenance and proliferation of intestinal stem cells in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2013; 377:177-87. [PMID: 23410794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells are maintained by both local secreted signals and cell adhesion molecules that position the stem cells in the niche microenvironment. In the Drosophila midgut, multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located basally along a thin layer of basement membrane that composed of extracellular matrix (ECM), which separates ISCs from the surrounding visceral musculature: the muscle cells constitute a regulatory niche for ISCs by producing multiple secreted signals that directly regulate ISC maintenance and proliferation. Here we show that integrin-mediated cell adhesion, which connects the ECM and intracellular cytoskeleton, is required for ISC anchorage to the basement membrane. Specifically, the α-integrin subunits including αPS1 encoded by mew and αPS3 encoded by scb, and the β-integrin subunit encoded by mys are richly expressed in ISCs and are required for the maintenance, rather than their survival or multiple lineage differentiation. Furthermore, ISC maintenance also requires the intercellular and intracellular integrin signaling components including Talin, Integrin-linked kinase (Ilk), and the ligand, Laminin A. Notably, integrin mutant ISCs are also less proliferative, and genetic interaction studies suggest that proper integrin signaling is a pre-requisite for ISC proliferation in response to various proliferative signals and for the initiation of intestinal hyperplasia after loss of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc). Our studies suggest that integrin not only functions to anchor ISCs to the basement membrane, but also serves as an essential element for ISC proliferation during normal homeostasis and in response to oncogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guonan Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
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Zeng X, Chauhan C, Hou SX. Stem cells in the Drosophila digestive system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:63-78. [PMID: 23696352 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by continuously replenishing damaged, aged and dead cells in any organism. Five types of region and organ-specific multipotent adult stem cells have been identified in the Drosophila digestive system: intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the posterior midgut; hindgut intestinal stem cells (HISCs) at the midgut/hindgut junction; renal and nephric stem cells (RNSCs) in the Malpighian Tubules; type I gastric stem cells (GaSCs) at foregut/midgut junction; and type II gastric stem cells (GSSCs) at the middle of the midgut. Despite the fact that each type of stem cell is unique to a particular organ, they share common molecular markers and some regulatory signaling pathways. Due to the simpler tissue structure, ease of performing genetic analysis, and availability of abundant mutants, Drosophila serves as an elegant and powerful model system to study complex stem cell biology. The recent discoveries, particularly in the Drosophila ISC system, have greatly advanced our understanding of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and the role of stem cells play in tissue homeostasis/regeneration and adaptive tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Zeng
- The Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Cell adhesion in Drosophila: versatility of cadherin and integrin complexes during development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:702-12. [PMID: 22938782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We highlight recent progress in understanding cadherin and integrin function in the model organism Drosophila. New functions for these adhesion receptors continue to be discovered in this system, emphasising the importance of cell adhesion within the developing organism and showing that the requirement for cell adhesion changes between cell types. New ways to control adhesion have been discovered, including controlling the expression and recruitment of adhesion components, their posttranslational modification, recycling and turnover. Importantly, even ubiquitous adhesion components can function differently in distinct cellular contexts.
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Takashima S, Hartenstein V. Genetic control of intestinal stem cell specification and development: a comparative view. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:597-608. [PMID: 22529012 PMCID: PMC3950647 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells of the adult vertebrate intestine (ISCs) are responsible for the continuous replacement of intestinal cells, but also serve as site of origin of intestinal neoplasms. The interaction between multiple signaling pathways, including Wnt/Wg, Shh/Hh, BMP, and Notch, orchestrate mitosis, motility, and differentiation of ISCs. Many fundamental questions of how these pathways carry out their function remain unanswered. One approach to gain more insight is to look at the development of stem cells, to analyze the "programming" process which these cells undergo as they emerge from the large populations of embryonic progenitors. This review intends to summarize pertinent data on vertebrate intestinal stem cell biology, to then take a closer look at recent studies of intestinal stem cell development in Drosophila. Here, stem cell pools and their niche environment consist of relatively small numbers of cells, and questions concerning the pattern of cell division, niche-stem cell contacts, or differentiation can be addressed at the single cell level. Likewise, it is possible to analyze the emergence of stem cells during development more easily than in vertebrate systems: where in the embryo do stem cells arise, what structures in their environment do they interact with, and what signaling pathways are active sequentially as a result of these interactions. Given the high degree of conservation among genetic mechanisms controlling stem cell behavior in all animals, findings in Drosophila will provide answers that inform research in the vertebrate stem cell field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takashima
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Drosophila midgut homeostasis involves neutral competition between symmetrically dividing intestinal stem cells. EMBO J 2012; 31:2473-85. [PMID: 22522699 PMCID: PMC3365418 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila adult posterior midgut has been identified as a powerful system in which to study mechanisms that control intestinal maintenance, in normal conditions as well as during injury or infection. Early work on this system has established a model of tissue turnover based on the asymmetric division of intestinal stem cells. From the quantitative analysis of clonal fate data, we show that tissue turnover involves the neutral competition of symmetrically dividing stem cells. This competition leads to stem-cell loss and replacement, resulting in neutral drift dynamics of the clonal population. As well as providing new insight into the mechanisms regulating tissue self-renewal, these findings establish intriguing parallels with the mammalian system, and confirm Drosophila as a useful model for studying adult intestinal maintenance.
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Biteau B, Hochmuth CE, Jasper H. Maintaining tissue homeostasis: dynamic control of somatic stem cell activity. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:402-11. [PMID: 22056138 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis relies on the accurate regulation of somatic stem cell activity. Somatic stem cells have to respond to tissue damage and proliferate according to tissue requirements while avoiding overproliferation. The regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses are now being unraveled in the intestinal epithelium of Drosophila, providing new insight into strategies and mechanisms of stem cell regulation in barrier epithelia. Here, we review these studies and highlight recent findings in vertebrate epithelia that indicate significant conservation of regenerative strategies between vertebrate and fly epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Biteau
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Abstract
Stem cell-mediated tissue repair is a promising approach in regenerative medicine. Intestinal epithelium is the most rapidly self-renewing tissue in adult mammals. Recently, using lineage tracing and molecular marker labeling, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) have been identified in Drosophila adult midgut. ISCs reside at the basement membrane and are multipotent as they produce both enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an excellent in vivo model organ to study ISC behavior during aging, stress, regeneration, and infection. It has been demonstrated that Notch, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase, Hippo, and wingless signaling pathways regulate ISCs proliferation and differentiation. There are plenty of genetic tools and markers developed in recent years in Drosophila stem cell studies. These tools and markers are essential in the precise identification of stem cells as well as manipulation of genes in stem cell regulation. Here, we describe the details of genetic tools, markers, and immunolabeling techniques used in identification and characterization of adult midgut stem cells in Drosophila.
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Abstract
The specification, maintenance, division and differentiation of stem cells are integral to the development and homeostasis of many tissues. These stem cells often live in specialized anatomical areas, called niches. While niches can be complex, most involve cell-cell interactions that are mediated by adherens junctions. A diverse array of functions have been attributed to adherens junctions in stem cell biology. These include physical anchoring to the niche, control of proliferation and division orientation, regulation of signaling cascades and of differentiation. In this review, a number of model stem cell systems that highlight various functions of adherens junctions are discussed. In addition, a summary of the current understanding of adherens junction function in mammalian tissues and embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is provided. This analysis demonstrates that the roles of adherens junctions are surprisingly varied and integrated with both the anatomy and the physiology of the tissue.
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Abstract
Drosophila represents a paradigm for the analysis of the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms of development and is an ideal model system to study the contribution of Adherens Junctions (AJs) and their major components, cadherins, to morphogenesis. The combination of different techniques and approaches has allowed researchers to identify the requirements of these epithelial junctions in vivo in the context of a whole organism. The functional analysis of mutants for AJ core components, particularly for Drosophila DE-cadherin, has shown that AJs play critical roles in virtually all stages of development. For instance, AJs maintain tissue integrity while allowing the remodelling and homeostasis of many tissues. They control cell shape, contribute to cell polarity, facilitate cell-cell recognition during cell sorting, orient cell divisions, or regulate cell rearrangements, among other activities. Remarkably, these activities require a very fine control of the organisation and turnover of AJs during development. In addition, AJs engage in diverse and complex interactions with the cytoskeleton, signalling networks, intracellular trafficking machinery or polarity cues to perform these functions. Here, by summarising the requirements of AJs and cadherins during Drosophila morphogenesis, we illustrate the capital contribution of this model system to our knowledge of the mechanisms and biology of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Developmental Biology, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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Nonautonomous regulation of Drosophila midgut stem cell proliferation by the insulin-signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18702-7. [PMID: 22049341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109348108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila adult midgut intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain tissue homeostasis by producing progeny that replace dying enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. ISCs adjust their rates of proliferation in response to enterocyte turnover through a positive feedback loop initiated by secreted enterocyte-derived ligands. However, less is known about whether ISC proliferation is affected by growth of the progeny as they differentiate. Here we show that nutrient deprivation and reduced insulin signaling results in production of growth-delayed enterocytes and prolonged contact between ISCs and newly formed daughters. Premature disruption of cell contact between ISCs and their progeny leads to increased ISC proliferation and rescues proliferation defects in insulin receptor mutants and nutrient-deprived animals. These results suggest that ISCs can indirectly sense changes in nutrient and insulin levels through contact with their daughters and reveal a mechanism that could link physiological changes in tissue growth to stem cell proliferation.
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Xia L, Liu Q, Zhou G, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu W. Mouse out root sheath cells cultured on E-cadherin-coated dishes exhibit neuronal cell morphology. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Opota O, Vallet-Gély I, Vincentelli R, Kellenberger C, Iacovache I, Gonzalez MR, Roussel A, van der Goot FG, Lemaitre B. Monalysin, a novel ß-pore-forming toxin from the Drosophila pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila, contributes to host intestinal damage and lethality. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002259. [PMID: 21980286 PMCID: PMC3182943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas entomophila is an entomopathogenic bacterium that infects and kills Drosophila. P. entomophila pathogenicity is linked to its ability to cause irreversible damages to the Drosophila gut, preventing epithelium renewal and repair. Here we report the identification of a novel pore-forming toxin (PFT), Monalysin, which contributes to the virulence of P. entomophila against Drosophila. Our data show that Monalysin requires N-terminal cleavage to become fully active, forms oligomers in vitro, and induces pore-formation in artificial lipid membranes. The prediction of the secondary structure of the membrane-spanning domain indicates that Monalysin is a PFT of the ß-type. The expression of Monalysin is regulated by both the GacS/GacA two-component system and the Pvf regulator, two signaling systems that control P. entomophila pathogenicity. In addition, AprA, a metallo-protease secreted by P. entomophila, can induce the rapid cleavage of pro-Monalysin into its active form. Reduced cell death is observed upon infection with a mutant deficient in Monalysin production showing that Monalysin plays a role in P. entomophila ability to induce intestinal cell damages, which is consistent with its activity as a PFT. Our study together with the well-established action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins suggests that production of PFTs is a common strategy of entomopathogens to disrupt insect gut homeostasis. Insects are potential reservoirs for microbes and ideal vectors for their transmission due to their motility and capacity to live in bacteria-rich environments. This is exemplified by fruit flies that live in rotting fruits and are capable of transmitting phytopathogenic bacteria. Insects are notably resistant to microbial infection allowing them to colonize these microbe-rich environments. To study how pathogenic bacteria disrupt gut homeostasis, we investigated the interactions between Drosophila and a newly identified entomopathogen, Pseudomonas entomophila. Ingestion of P. entomophila inflicts severe damage to the Drosophila intestine. How damages are inflicted, however, remains unknown. In this study, we identified a secreted protein that plays an important role in the damage inflicted by P. entomophila to the Drosophila gut. We showed that this protein is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) that we named Monalysin. Our study reveals that Monalysin oligomerizes into ring-like structures that form pores into the plasma membrane of target cells leading to the disruption of membrane permeability and cell death. Our work together with studies on the insecticidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis suggests that production of PFTs is a common strategy of entomopathogenic bacteria to interfere with insect gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onya Opota
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (OO); (BL)
| | | | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Structural Immunology, AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ioan Iacovache
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Rodrigo Gonzalez
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alain Roussel
- Structural Immunology, AFMB UMR 6098 CNRS/UI/UII, Case 932, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (OO); (BL)
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Kuwamura M, Maeda K, Adachi-Yamada T. Mathematical modelling and experiments for the proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila intestinal stem cells II. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2011; 6:267-276. [PMID: 22873590 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2011.560290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila posterior midgut epithelium mainly consists of intestinal stem cells (ISCs); semi-differentiated cells, i.e. enteroblasts (EBs); and two types of fully differentiated cells, i.e. enteroendocrine cells (EEs) and enterocytes (ECs), which are controlled by signalling pathways. In [M. Kuwamura, K. Maeda, and T. Adachi-Yamada, Mathematical modeling and experiments for the proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila intestinal stem cells I, J. Biol. Dyn. 4 (2009), pp. 248-257], on the basis of the functions of the Wnt and Notch signalling pathways, we studied the regulatory mechanism for the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs under the assumption that the Wnt proteins are supplied from outside the cellular system of ISCs. In this paper, we experimentally show that the Wnt proteins are specifically expressed in ISCs, EBs, and EEs, and theoretically show that the cellular system of ISCs can be self-maintained under the assumption that the Wnt proteins are produced in the cellular system of ISCs. These results provide a useful basis for determining whether an environmental niche is required for maintaining the cellular system of tissue stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kuwamura
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
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Amcheslavsky A, Ito N, Jiang J, Ip YT. Tuberous sclerosis complex and Myc coordinate the growth and division of Drosophila intestinal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 193:695-710. [PMID: 21555458 PMCID: PMC3166862 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive cell growth in Drosophila intestinal stem cells lacking TSC blocks further cell division. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in the adult Drosophila melanogaster midgut can respond to damage and support repair. We demonstrate in this paper that the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) plays a critical role in balancing ISC growth and division. Previous studies have shown that imaginal disc cells that are mutant for TSC have increased rates of growth and division. However, we report in this paper that loss of TSC in the adult Drosophila midgut results in the formation of much larger ISCs that have halted cell division. These mutant ISCs expressed proper stem cell markers, did not differentiate, and had defects in multiple steps of the cell cycle. Slowing the growth by feeding rapamycin or reducing Myc was sufficient to rescue the division defect. The TSC mutant guts had a thinner epithelial structure than wild-type tissues, and the mutant flies were more susceptible to tissue damage. Therefore, we have uncovered a context-dependent phenotype of TSC mutants in adult ISCs, such that the excessive growth leads to inhibition of division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Amcheslavsky
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Chen T, Yuan D, Wei B, Jiang J, Kang J, Ling K, Gu Y, Li J, Xiao L, Pei G. E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact is critical for induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1315-25. [PMID: 20521328 DOI: 10.1002/stem.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The low efficiency of reprogramming and genomic integration of virus vectors obscure the potential application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells; therefore, identification of chemicals and cooperative factors that may improve the generation of iPS cells will be of great value. Moreover, the cellular mechanisms that limit the reprogramming efficiency need to be investigated. Through screening a chemical library, we found that two chemicals reported to upregulate E-cadherin considerably increase the reprogramming efficiency. Further study of the process indicated that E-cadherin is upregulated during reprogramming and the established iPS cells possess E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact, morphologically indistinguishable from embryonic stem (ES) cells. Our experiments also demonstrate that overexpression of E-cadherin significantly enhances reprogramming efficiency, whereas knockdown of endogenous E-cadherin reduces the efficiency. Consistently, abrogation of cell-cell contact by the inhibitory peptide or the neutralizing antibody against the extracellular domain of E-cadherin compromises iPS cell generation. Further mechanistic study reveals that adhesive binding activity of E-cadherin is required. Our results highlight the critical role of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact in reprogramming and suggest new routes for more efficient iPS cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Buchon N, Broderick NA, Kuraishi T, Lemaitre B. Drosophila EGFR pathway coordinates stem cell proliferation and gut remodeling following infection. BMC Biol 2010; 8:152. [PMID: 21176204 PMCID: PMC3022776 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut homeostasis is central to whole organism health, and its disruption is associated with a broad range of pathologies. Following damage, complex physiological events are required in the gut to maintain proper homeostasis. Previously, we demonstrated that ingestion of a nonlethal pathogen, Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15, induces a massive increase in stem cell proliferation in the gut of Drosophila. However, the precise cellular events that occur following infection have not been quantitatively described, nor do we understand the interaction between multiple pathways that have been implicated in epithelium renewal. Results To understand the process of infection and epithelium renewal in more detail, we performed a quantitative analysis of several cellular and morphological characteristics of the gut. We observed that the gut of adult Drosophila undergoes a dynamic remodeling in response to bacterial infection. This remodeling coordinates the synthesis of new enterocytes, their proper morphogenesis and the elimination of damaged cells through delamination and anoikis. We demonstrate that one signaling pathway, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, is key to controlling each of these steps through distinct functions in intestinal stem cells and enterocytes. The EGFR pathway is activated by the EGF ligands, Spitz, Keren and Vein, the latter being induced in the surrounding visceral muscles in part under the control of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Additionally, the EGFR pathway synergizes with the JAK/STAT pathway in stem cells to promote their proliferation. Finally, we show that the EGFR pathway contributes to gut morphogenesis through its activity in enterocytes and is required to properly coordinate the delamination and anoikis of damaged cells. This function of the EGFR pathway in enterocytes is key to maintaining homeostasis, as flies lacking EGFR are highly susceptible to infection. Conclusions This study demonstrates that restoration of normal gut morphology following bacterial infection is a more complex phenomenon than previously described. Maintenance of gut homeostasis requires the coordination of stem cell proliferation and differentiation, with the incorporation and morphogenesis of new cells and the expulsion of damaged enterocytes. We show that one signaling pathway, the EGFR pathway, is central to all these stages, and its activation at multiple steps could synchronize the complex cellular events leading to gut repair and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Buchon
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Marthiens V, Kazanis I, Moss L, Long K, Ffrench-Constant C. Adhesion molecules in the stem cell niche--more than just staying in shape? J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1613-22. [PMID: 20445012 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.054312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of adhesion molecules by stem cells within their niches is well described, but what is their function? A conventional view is that these adhesion molecules simply retain stem cells in the niche and thereby maintain its architecture and shape. Here, we review recent literature showing that this is but one of their roles, and that they have essential functions in all aspects of the stem cell-niche interaction--retention, division and exit. We also highlight from this literature evidence supporting a simple model whereby the regulation of centrosome positioning and spindle angle is regulated by both cadherins and integrins, and the differential activity of these two adhesion molecules enables the fundamental stem cell property of switching between asymmetrical and symmetrical divisions.
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Park JS, Kim YS, Kim JG, Lee SH, Park SY, Yamaguchi M, Yoo MA. Regulation of the Drosophila p38b gene by transcription factor DREF in the adult midgut. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:510-9. [PMID: 20346429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila midgut is an excellent model for evaluation of gene networks that regulate adult stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The Drosophila p38b (D-p38b) gene has been shown to be involved in intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation in the adult midgut. Here, we report that D-p38b gene expression is regulated by DREF (DNA replication-related element binding factor) in the adult midgut. We have identified a DRE in the 5'-flanking region of the D-p38b gene and showed that DREF could bind to this DRE via a gel mobility shift assay and a ChIP assay. Base-substitution mutations of the D-p38b promoter DRE and analyses of transformants carrying D-p38b-lacZ or D-p38b-DREmut-lacZ indicated that this DRE is required for the activity of the D-p38b gene promoter. Furthermore, by using the GAL4-UAS system, we showed that DREF regulates the activity of the D-p38b gene promoter in adult ISCs and progenitors. In addition, the D-p38b knockdown phenotypes in the midgut were rescued by DREF overexpression, suggesting a functional link between these two factors. Our results suggest that the D-p38b gene is regulated by the DREF pathway and that DREF is involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila ISCs and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Lin G, Xu N, Xi R. Paracrine unpaired signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway controls self-renewal and lineage differentiation of drosophila intestinal stem cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 2:37-49. [PMID: 19797317 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila and mammalian intestinal stem cells (ISCs) share similarities in their regulatory mechanisms, with both requiring Wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling for their self-renewal, although additional regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of Unpaired as another paracrine signal from the muscular niche, which activates a canonical JAK/STAT signaling cascade in Drosophila ISCs to regulate ISC self-renewal and differentiation. We show that compromised JAK signaling causes ISC quiescence and loss, whereas signaling overactivation produces extra ISC-like and progenitor cells. Simultaneous disruption or activation of both JAK and Wg signaling in ISCs results in a stronger ISC loss or a greater expansion of ISC-like cells, respectively, than by altering either pathway alone, indicating that the two pathways function in parallel. Furthermore, we show that loss of JAK signaling causes blockage of enteroblast differentiation and reduced JAK signaling preferentially affects enteroendocrine (ee) cell differentiation. Conversely, JAK overactivation produces extra differentiated cells, especially ee cells. Together with the functional analysis with Notch (N), we suggest two separate roles of JAK/STAT signaling in Drosophila ISC lineages: it functions upstream of N, in parallel and cooperatively with Wg signaling to control ISC self-renewal; it also antagonizes with N activity to control the binary fate choice of intestinal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guonan Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
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Chatterjee M, Ip YT. Pathogenic stimulation of intestinal stem cell response in Drosophila. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:664-71. [PMID: 19452446 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-mediated tissue repair is a promising approach for many diseases. Mammalian intestine is an actively regenerating tissue such that epithelial cells are constantly shedding and underlying precursor cells are constantly replenishing the loss of cells. An imbalance of these processes will lead to intestinal diseases including inflammation and cancer. Mammalian intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located in bases of crypts but at least two groups of cells have been cited as stem cells. Moreover, precursor cells in the transit amplifying zone can also proliferate. The involvement of multiple cell types makes it more difficult to examine tissue damage response in mammalian intestine. In adult Drosophila midgut, the ISCs are the only cells that can go through mitosis. By feeding pathogenic bacteria and stress inducing chemicals to adult flies, we demonstrate that Drosophila ISCs in the midgut can respond by increasing their division. The resulting enteroblasts, precursor cells for enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells, also differentiate faster to become cells resembling enterocyte lineage. These results are consistent with the idea that Drosophila midgut stem cells can respond to tissue damage induced by pathogens and initiate tissue repair. This system should allow molecular and genetic analyses of stem cell-mediated tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chatterjee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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