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Sengar AS, Kumar M, Rai C, Chakraborti S, Kumar D, Kumar P, Mukherjee S, Mondal K, Stewart A, Maity B. RGS6 drives cardiomyocyte death following nucleolar stress by suppressing Nucleolin/miRNA-21. J Transl Med 2024; 22:204. [PMID: 38409136 PMCID: PMC10895901 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior evidence demonstrated that Regulator of G protein Signaling 6 (RGS6) translocates to the nucleolus in response to cytotoxic stress though the functional significance of this phenomenon remains unknown. METHODS Utilizing in vivo gene manipulations in mice, primary murine cardiac cells, human cell lines and human patient samples we dissect the participation of a RGS6-nucleolin complex in chemotherapy-dependent cardiotoxicity. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that RGS6 binds to a key nucleolar protein, Nucleolin, and controls its expression and activity in cardiomyocytes. In the human myocyte AC-16 cell line, induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, primary murine cardiomyocytes, and the intact murine myocardium tuning RGS6 levels via overexpression or knockdown resulted in diametrically opposed impacts on Nucleolin mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation.RGS6 depletion provided marked protection against nucleolar stress-mediated cell death in vitro, and, conversely, RGS6 overexpression suppressed ribosomal RNA production, a key output of the nucleolus, and triggered death of myocytes. Importantly, overexpression of either Nucleolin or Nucleolin effector miRNA-21 counteracted the pro-apoptotic effects of RGS6. In both human and murine heart tissue, exposure to the genotoxic stressor doxorubicin was associated with an increase in the ratio of RGS6/Nucleolin. Preventing RGS6 induction via introduction of RGS6-directed shRNA via intracardiac injection proved cardioprotective in mice and was accompanied by restored Nucleolin/miRNA-21 expression, decreased nucleolar stress, and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic, hypertrophy, and oxidative stress markers in heart. CONCLUSION Together, these data implicate RGS6 as a driver of nucleolar stress-dependent cell death in cardiomyocytes via its ability to modulate Nucleolin. This work represents the first demonstration of a functional role for an RGS protein in the nucleolus and identifies the RGS6/Nucleolin interaction as a possible new therapeutic target in the prevention of cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh Sengar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Chetna Rai
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Sreemoyee Chakraborti
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Department of Home and Hill Affairs, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700037, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Pranesh Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Biochemistry, AIIMS Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Kausik Mondal
- Zoology, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Adele Stewart
- Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGI Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
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Bryant CJ, McCool MA, Abriola L, Surovtseva YV, Baserga SJ. A high-throughput assay for directly monitoring nucleolar rRNA biogenesis. Open Biol 2022; 12:210305. [PMID: 35078352 PMCID: PMC8790372 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the regulation of nucleolar function are critical for ascertaining clearer insights into the basic biological underpinnings of ribosome biogenesis (RB), and for future development of therapeutics to treat cancer and ribosomopathies. A number of high-throughput primary assays based on morphological alterations of the nucleolus can indirectly identify hits affecting RB. However, there is a need for a more direct high-throughput assay for a nucleolar function to further evaluate hits. Previous reports have monitored nucleolar rRNA biogenesis using 5-ethynyl uridine (5-EU) in low-throughput. We report a miniaturized, high-throughput 5-EU assay that enables specific calculation of nucleolar rRNA biogenesis inhibition, based on co-staining of the nucleolar protein fibrillarin (FBL). The assay uses two siRNA controls: a negative non-targeting siRNA control and a positive siRNA control targeting RNA Polymerase 1 (RNAP1; POLR1A), and specifically quantifies median 5-EU signal within nucleoli. Maximum nuclear 5-EU signal can also be used to monitor the effects of putative small-molecule inhibitors of RNAP1, like BMH-21, or other treatment conditions that cause FBL dispersion. We validate the 5-EU assay on 68 predominately nucleolar hits from a high-throughput primary screen, showing that 58/68 hits significantly inhibit nucleolar rRNA biogenesis. Our new method establishes direct quantification of nucleolar function in high-throughput, facilitating closer study of RB in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson J. Bryant
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mason A. McCool
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura Abriola
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Susan J. Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Stenström L, Mahdessian D, Gnann C, Cesnik AJ, Ouyang W, Leonetti MD, Uhlén M, Cuylen‐Haering S, Thul PJ, Lundberg E. Mapping the nucleolar proteome reveals a spatiotemporal organization related to intrinsic protein disorder. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9469. [PMID: 32744794 PMCID: PMC7397901 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is essential for ribosome biogenesis and is involved in many other cellular functions. We performed a systematic spatiotemporal dissection of the human nucleolar proteome using confocal microscopy. In total, 1,318 nucleolar proteins were identified; 287 were localized to fibrillar components, and 157 were enriched along the nucleoplasmic border, indicating a potential fourth nucleolar subcompartment: the nucleoli rim. We found 65 nucleolar proteins (36 uncharacterized) to relocate to the chromosomal periphery during mitosis. Interestingly, we observed temporal partitioning into two recruitment phenotypes: early (prometaphase) and late (after metaphase), suggesting phase-specific functions. We further show that the expression of MKI67 is critical for this temporal partitioning. We provide the first proteome-wide analysis of intrinsic protein disorder for the human nucleolus and show that nucleolar proteins in general, and mitotic chromosome proteins in particular, have significantly higher intrinsic disorder level compared to cytosolic proteins. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive and essential resource of spatiotemporal expression data for the nucleolar proteome as part of the Human Protein Atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovisa Stenström
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Diana Mahdessian
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Christian Gnann
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Anthony J Cesnik
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | | | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Cuylen‐Haering
- Cell Biology and Biophysics UnitEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryHeidelbergGermany
| | - Peter J Thul
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life LaboratorySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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4
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Farley-Barnes KI, McCann KL, Ogawa LM, Merkel J, Surovtseva YV, Baserga SJ. Diverse Regulators of Human Ribosome Biogenesis Discovered by Changes in Nucleolar Number. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1923-1934. [PMID: 29444442 PMCID: PMC5828527 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a highly regulated, essential cellular process. Although studies in yeast have established some of the biological principles of ribosome biogenesis, many of the intricacies of its regulation in higher eukaryotes remain unknown. To understand how ribosome biogenesis is globally integrated in human cells, we conducted a genome-wide siRNA screen for regulators of nucleolar number. We found 139 proteins whose depletion changed the number of nucleoli per nucleus from 2–3 to only 1 in human MCF10A cells. Follow-up analyses on 20 hits found many (90%) to be essential for the nucleolar functions of rDNA transcription (7), pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) processing (16), and/or global protein synthesis (14). This genome-wide analysis exploits the relationship between nucleolar number and function to discover diverse cellular pathways that regulate the making of ribosomes and paves the way for further exploration of the links between ribosome biogenesis and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I Farley-Barnes
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kathleen L McCann
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, PO Box 12233 MD F3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lisa M Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Janie Merkel
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, 600 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Yulia V Surovtseva
- Yale Center for Molecular Discovery, Yale University, 600 West Campus Drive, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Susan J Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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5
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Fukada T, Shibata S, Ueda T, Sasaki K, Shimoida Y, Senda-Murata K, Sugimoto K. Characterization of nucleolar localization and exclusion signals in terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase interacting factor 2/estrogen receptor α-binding protein. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1255-1262. [PMID: 30907250 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1591265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase interacting factor 2/estrogen receptor α-binding protein (TdIF2/ERBP) is a multifunctional nucleolar protein. The nucleolar localization of TdIF2/ERBP is important for its functions because it promotes ribosomal RNA transcription. However, signal sequences that direct TdIF2/ERBP to the nucleolus are not well characterized. We examined the TdIF2/ERBP sequence using truncation and mutation analyses to determine whether the nucleosome binding and C-terminal domains of TdIF2/ERBP possess nucleolar localization signals (NoLSs). In these domains, four NoLSs that could direct the mCherry protein to the nucleolus were detected. In addition, a short stretch of hydrophobic residues (VLLVL) in the center of TdIF2/ERBP acted as a nucleolar exclusion signal, which reduced the nucleolar accumulation of mCherry-NoLS fusion proteins. These results would contribute to improving the prediction of NoLSs from protein sequences. The short, transferrable localization signals would be valuable tools for understanding the association between localization and functions of nucleolar proteins. Abbreviations TdIF2: terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase interacting factor 2; ERBP: estrogen receptor α-binding protein; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; NLS: nuclear localization signal; NoLS: nucleolar localization signal; NoES: nucleolar exclusion signal; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fukada
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Shun Shibata
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ueda
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sasaki
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimoida
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Kaori Senda-Murata
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan.,b Live Cell Imaging Institute , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
| | - Kenji Sugimoto
- a Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan.,b Live Cell Imaging Institute , Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Japan
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6
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Abstract
The nucleolus as site of ribosome biogenesis holds a pivotal role in cell metabolism. It is composed of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which is present as tandem arrays located in nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). In interphase cells, rDNA can be found inside and adjacent to nucleoli and the location is indicative for transcriptional activity of ribosomal genes-inactive rDNA (outside) versus active one (inside). Moreover, the nucleolus itself acts as a spatial organizer of non-nucleolar chromatin. Microscopy-based approaches offer the possibility to explore the spatially distinct localization of the different DNA populations in relation to the nucleolar structure. Recent technical developments in microscopy and preparatory methods may further our understanding of the functional architecture of nucleoli. This review will attempt to summarize the current understanding of mammalian nucleolar chromatin organization as seen from a microscopist's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöfer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klara Weipoltshammer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Athreya AP, Kalari KR, Cairns J, Gaglio AJ, Wills QF, Niu N, Weinshilboum R, Iyer RK, Wang L. Model-based unsupervised learning informs metformin-induced cell-migration inhibition through an AMPK-independent mechanism in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:27199-27215. [PMID: 28423712 PMCID: PMC5432329 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that model-based unsupervised learning can uniquely discriminate single-cell subpopulations by their gene expression distributions, which in turn allow us to identify specific genes for focused functional studies. This method was applied to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin, which is being repurposed for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Unsupervised learning identified a cluster of metformin-treated cells characterized by a significant suppression of 230 genes (p-value < 2E-16). This analysis corroborates known studies of metformin action: a) pathway analysis indicated known mechanisms related to metformin action, including the citric acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction (p-value < 1E-9); b) 70% of these 230 genes were functionally implicated in metformin response; c) among remaining lesser functionally-studied genes for metformin-response was CDC42, down-regulated in breast cancer treated with metformin. However, CDC42's mechanisms in metformin response remained unclear. Our functional studies showed that CDC42 was involved in metformin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and cell migration mediated through an AMPK-independent mechanism. Our results points to 230 genes that might serve as metformin response signatures, which needs to be tested in patients treated with metformin and, further investigation of CDC42 and AMPK-independence's role in metformin's anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun P. Athreya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Junmei Cairns
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan J. Gaglio
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Quin F. Wills
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nifang Niu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ravishankar K. Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Abstract
Heterochromatin is the transcriptionally repressed portion of eukaryotic chromatin that maintains a condensed appearance throughout the cell cycle. At sites of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) heterochromatin, epigenetic states contribute to gene silencing and genome stability, which are required for proper chromosome segregation and a normal life span. Here, we focus on recent advances in the epigenetic regulation of rDNA silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in mammals, including regulation by several histone modifications and several protein components associated with the inner nuclear membrane within the nucleolus. Finally, we discuss the perturbations of rDNA epigenetic pathways in regulating cellular aging and in causing various types of diseases.
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9
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Yoshikawa H, Ishikawa H, Izumikawa K, Miura Y, Hayano T, Isobe T, Simpson RJ, Takahashi N. Human nucleolar protein Nop52 (RRP1/NNP-1) is involved in site 2 cleavage in internal transcribed spacer 1 of pre-rRNAs at early stages of ribosome biogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5524-36. [PMID: 25969445 PMCID: PMC4477673 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early steps of ribosome biogenesis in mammals, the two ribosomal subunits 40S and 60S are produced via splitting of the large 90S pre-ribosomal particle (90S) into pre-40S and pre-60S pre-ribosomal particles (pre-40S and pre-60S). We previously proposed that replacement of fibrillarin by Nop52 (RRP1/NNP-1) for the binding to p32 (C1QBP) is a key event that drives this splitting process. However, how the replacement by RRP1 is coupled with the endo- and/or exo-ribonucleolytic cleavage of pre-rRNA remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that RRP1 deficiency suppressed site 2 cleavage on ITS1 of 47S/45S, 41S and 36S pre-rRNAs in human cells. RRP1 was also present in 90S and was localized in the dense fibrillar component of the nucleolus dependently on active RNA polymerase I transcription. In addition, double knockdown of XRN2 and RRP1 revealed that RRP1 accelerated the site 2 cleavage of 47S, 45S and 41S pre-rRNAs. These data suggest that RRP1 is involved not only in competitive binding with fibrillarin to C1QBP on 90S but also in site 2 cleavage in ITS1 of pre-rRNAs at early stages of human ribosome biogenesis; thus, it is likely that RRP1 integrates the cleavage of site 2 with the physical split of 90S into pre-40S and pre-60S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunori Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Hideaki Ishikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Keiichi Izumikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiya Hayano
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachiouji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Richard J Simpson
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), LIMS Building 1, Room 412 La Trobe University, Bundoora Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
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