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Wei H, Li W, Zeng L, Ding N, Li K, Yu H, Jiang F, Yin H, Xia Y, Deng C, Cai N, Chen X, Gu L, Chen H, Zhang F, He Y, Li J, Zhang C. OLFM4 promotes the progression of intestinal metaplasia through activation of the MYH9/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:124. [PMID: 38849840 PMCID: PMC11157765 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is classified into complete intestinal metaplasia (CIM) and incomplete intestinal metaplasia (IIM). Patients diagnosed with IIM face an elevated susceptibility to the development of gastric cancer, underscoring the critical need for early screening measures. In addition to the complexities associated with diagnosis, the exact mechanisms driving the progression of gastric cancer in IIM patients remain poorly understood. OLFM4 is overexpressed in several types of tumors, including colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and ovarian cancers, and its expression has been associated with tumor progression. METHODS In this study, we used pathological sections from two clinical centers, biopsies of IM tissues, precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) cell models, animal models, and organoids to explore the role of OLFM4 in IIM. RESULTS Our results show that OLFM4 expression is highly increased in IIM, with superior diagnostic accuracy of IIM when compared to CDX2 and MUC2. OLFM4, along with MYH9, was overexpressed in IM organoids and PLGC animal models. Furthermore, OLFM4, in combination with Myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), accelerated the ubiquitination of GSK3β and resulted in increased β-catenin levels through the Wnt signaling pathway, promoting the proliferation and invasion abilities of PLGC cells. CONCLUSIONS OLFM4 represents a novel biomarker for IIM and could be utilized as an important auxiliary means to delimit the key population for early gastric cancer screening. Finally, our study identifies cell signaling pathways involved in the progression of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfa Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, P.R. China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leli Zeng
- Scientific Research Center, The Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ni Ding
- Scientific Research Center, The Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, P.R. China
- The Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Haofan Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital, (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Scientific Research Center, The Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Cuncan Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiancong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Huanjie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, P.R. China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, P.R. China.
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Scientific Research Center, The Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Jaitner S, Pretzsch E, Neumann J, Schäffauer A, Schiemann M, Angele M, Kumbrink J, Schwitalla S, Greten FR, Brandl L, Klauschen F, Horst D, Kirchner T, Jung A. Olfactomedin 4 associates with expression of differentiation markers but not with properties of cancer stemness, EMT nor metastatic spread in colorectal cancer. J Pathol Clin Res 2023; 9:73-85. [PMID: 36349502 PMCID: PMC9732686 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor stem cells play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis and metastatic spread in colorectal cancer (CRC). Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is co-expressed with the established stem cell marker leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 at the bottom of intestinal crypts and has been suggested as a surrogate for cancer stemness and a biomarker in gastrointestinal tumors associated with prognosis. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to clarify whether OLFM4 is involved in carcinogenesis and metastatic spread in CRC. We used a combined approach of functional assays using forced OLFM4 overexpression in human CRC cell lines, xenograft mice, and an immunohistochemical approach using patient tissues to investigate the impact of OLFM4 on stemness, canonical Wnt signaling, properties of metastasis and differentiation as well as prognosis. OLFM4 expression correlated weakly with tumor grade in one patient cohort (metastasis collection: p = 0.05; pooled analysis of metastasis collection and survival collection: p = 0.19) and paralleled the expression of differentiation markers (FABP2, MUC2, and CK20) (p = 0.002) but did not correlate with stemness-associated markers. Further analyses in CRC cells lines as well as xenograft mice including forced overexpression of OLFM4 revealed that OLFM4 neither altered the expression of markers of stemness nor epithelial-mesenchymal transition, nor did OLFM4 itself drive proliferation, migration, or colony formation, which are all prerequisites of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In line with this, we found no significant correlation between OLFM4 expression, metastasis, and patient survival. In summary, expression of OLFM4 in human CRC seems to be characteristic of differentiation marker expression in CRC but is not a driver of carcinogenesis nor metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jaitner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elise Pretzsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Schäffauer
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Immune Monitoring, Helmholtz Center Munich (Neuherberg) and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Kumbrink
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schwitalla
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian R Greten
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lydia Brandl
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Munich, Heidelberg, Germany
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Huang D, Li X, Liu Y, Yang J, Liu J, Zhang M, Liu X, Meng Q, Zhang S, Li H. Significance of differential expression of OLFM4 in the development of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31858. [PMID: 36451436 PMCID: PMC9704920 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma (EA) has increased worldwide in recent years due to the widespread use of estrogen therapy and the overall increase in life expectancy. However, we know of no sensitive molecular index that can be used to predict the onset of EA, evaluate the therapeutic effects of treatment agents, or provide prognostic benefit in post-treatment follow-up. To explore the correlation between human olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) and the clinicopathologic parameters of EA, and to determine the precise involvement of OLFM4 as a related factor in the occurrence and development of EA. We enrolled 61 gynecologic patients for a retrospective study at the Tai'an Central Hospital of Shandong Province from January 1, 2016, to June 30, 2022. We determined the expression levels of estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and OLFM4 proteins in endometrial tissue with the immunohistochemical S-P staining method, and analyzed the correlations among ERα, PR, and OLFM4 protein expression levels and with the pathologic stage, histologic grade, myometrial invasiveness, and lymphatic metastasis of EA. The expression levels of OLFM4 in EA were higher than in normal endometrium (P = .036). The expression level of OLFM4 protein in stage II-III patients was higher than that in stage I patients (P = .034), and the expression levels of ERα and PR proteins in EA were lower than those in normal endometrial tissue (P = .014 and P = .0005). While we observed no correlation in endometrial tissues of disparate pathologic types between OLFM4 and the expression levels of ERα and PR proteins, we noted a positive correlation between the expression levels of ERα and PR protein. The expression level of OLFM4 protein increased with the malignant degree of endometrial lesions and OLFM4 protein expression was related to the FIGO stage of EA. And OLFM4 protein can be used as 1 of the potential diagnostic factors for endometrial lesions, which is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Huang
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Xiulan Liu
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Shuheng Zhang
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Hua Li
- Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
- * Correspondence: Hua Li, Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian 271000, China (e-mail: )
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New Insights of OLFM2 and OLFM4 in Gut-Liver Axis and Their Potential Involvement in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137442. [PMID: 35806447 PMCID: PMC9267292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedins (OLFMs) are a family of glycoproteins that play a relevant role in embryonic development and in some pathological processes. Although OLFM2 is involved in the regulation of the energy metabolism and OLFM4 is an important player in inflammation, innate immunity and cancer, the role of OLFMs in NAFLD-related intestinal dysbiosis remains unknown. In this study, we analysed the hepatic mRNA expression of OLFM2 and the jejunal expression of OLFM4 in a well-established cohort of women with morbid obesity (MO), classified according to their hepatic histology into normal liver (n = 27), simple steatosis (n = 26) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, n = 16). Our results showed that OLFM2 hepatic mRNA was higher in NASH, in advanced degrees of steatosis and in the presence of lobular inflammation. Additionally, we obtained positive correlations between hepatic OLFM2 and glucose, cholesterol, trimethylamine N-oxide and deoxycholic acid levels and hepatic fatty acid synthase, and negative associations with weight and jejunal Toll-like receptors (TLR4) and TLR5 expression. Regarding jejunal OLFM4, we observed positive correlations with circulating interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-17 and jejunal TLR9. In conclusion, OLFM2 in the liver seems to play a relevant role in NAFLD progression, while OLFM4 in the jejunum could be involved in gut dysbiosis-related inflammatory events.
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OLFM4-RET fusion is an oncogenic driver in small intestine adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:72-82. [PMID: 34675408 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small intestine adenocarcinoma is a rare intestinal malignancy with distinct clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics. Recently, a fusion of the intestinal stem-cell marker olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) and the proto-oncogene RET has been identified in a small intestine adenocarcinoma patient. Here we investigated the biological effects of OLFM4-RET fusion and whether it can initiate tumorigenesis in small intestine. OLFM4 expression was found to be frequently lost or reduced in human small intestine adenocarcinoma, and its downregulation correlated with high tumor grade and advanced tumor stage. Expression of OLFM4-RET fusion-induced cellular transformation in HEK293 cells and blocked RET-induced inhibition of colony growth in HuTu 80 small intestine adenocarcinoma cells. Further, expression of OLFM4-RET activated the RAS-RAF-MAPK and STAT3 cell signaling pathways in both HEK293 cells and HuTu 80 cells. OLFM4-RET expression in HEK293 cells upregulated multiple families of genes related to carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Targeted expression of OLFM4-RET in the small intestine led to the development of hyperplasia, adenoma, or adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice. Our study suggests that OLFM4-RET is an oncogenic driver of small intestine tumorigenesis. Therefore, the small intestine adenocarcinoma patients with OLFM4-RET fusion may benefit from treatment with RET kinase inhibitor.
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Prognostic Significance and Functional Relevance of Olfactomedin 4 in Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11:e00124. [PMID: 31990698 PMCID: PMC7056049 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cancer-related cause of death. Unfortunately, recurrence is common even after curative treatment of early-stage patients, and no adjuvant treatment has yet been established. Aberrant expression of OLFM4 in human cancers has been reported; yet, its specific function during tumor development remains poorly understood, and its role in HCC is unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the prognostic significance of OLFM4 and its functional relevance in determining recurrence in patients with early-stage HCC. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining to assess expression, cellular distribution, and prognostic significance of OLFM4 was performed in a tissue microarray comprising 157 HCC tissues and matched nontumor tissues. In addition, expression of OLFM4-coding mRNA was assessed in a separate patients' cohort. The findings were validated by in vitro functional studies using siRNA directed against OLFM4 to assess its effect on cell motility and proliferation. RESULTS The fraction of HCC samples exhibiting positive OLFM4 staining was higher in comparison with that observed in hepatocytes from matched nontumor tissue (61% vs 39%). However, cytoplasmic-only staining for OLFM4 was associated with vascular invasion (P = 0.048), MMP-7 expression (P = 0.002), and poorer survival (P = 0.008). A multivariate analysis confirmed the independent significance of OLFM4 in determining patients' outcome (5-year survival [58.3% vs 17.3%; HR: 2.135 {95% confidence interval: 1.135-4.015}; P = 0.019]). Correspondingly, inhibition of OLFM4 by siRNA modulated the expression of MMP-7 and E-cadherin, causing inhibition of cell proliferation, motility, and migration. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first report on the prognostic significance of OLFM4 in HCC and identify its mechanistic role as crucial mediator of MMP family protein and E-Cadherin in determining cell invasion and metastasis formation.
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Clinicopathological significance of olfactomedin-4 in extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152940. [PMID: 32276789 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) expression has not yet been elucidated in extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas (EBDCs). Immunohistochemical analysis of OLFM4 expression in 31 normal biliary epithelia, 33 biliary intraepithelial neoplasias (BilINs), and 180 surgically resected EBDCs (54 perihilar and 126 distal) was performed and was used to analyze clinicopathological variables including patient survival. The expression of OLFM4 showed a progressive increase from normal biliary epithelia (0.2 ± 0.4) to BilINs (2.8 ± 3.2) to EBDCs (4.6 ± 4.2; P < 0.001). OLFM4 was highly expressed in 26.1% (47/180) of the EBDC cases, and high OLFM4 levels were more frequently observed in tumors with nodular growth (P = 0.029), well differentiation (P = 0.011), and lower T-category (P = 0.025) and stage grouping (P = 0.013). Patients with EBDC having high expression of OLFM4 had better survival than those with low expression of OLFM4 (median, 43.3 vs. 29.2 months; P = 0.037). OLFM4 might play an important role in carcinogenesis and in the progression from BilINs to EBDCs. High OLFM4 expression predicted less aggressive clinical behavior in patients with EBDC.
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Ohkuma R, Yada E, Ishikawa S, Komura D, Ishizaki H, Tamada K, Kubota Y, Hamada K, Ishida H, Hirasawa Y, Ariizumi H, Satoh E, Shida M, Watanabe M, Onoue R, Ando K, Tsurutani J, Yoshimura K, Yokobori T, Sasada T, Aoki T, Murakami M, Norose T, Ohike N, Takimoto M, Izumizaki M, Kobayashi S, Tsunoda T, Wada S. High expression of olfactomedin-4 is correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226707. [PMID: 31923206 PMCID: PMC6953839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis, and identification of novel predictors of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis is urgently needed. Chemoresistance-related molecules are correlated with poor prognosis and may be effective targets for cancer treatment. Here, we aimed to identify novel molecules correlated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. We established 10 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lines from patients with pancreatic cancer and performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of tumor tissues from PDXs after treatment with standard drugs. We established a gene-transferred tumor cell line to express chemoresistance-related molecules and analyzed the chemoresistance of the established cell line against standard drugs. Finally, we performed immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of chemoresistance-related molecules using 80 pancreatic cancer tissues. From NGS analysis, we identified olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) as having high expression in the PDX group treated with anticancer drugs. In IHC analysis, OLFM4 expression was also high in PDXs administered anticancer drugs compared with that in untreated PDXs. Chemoresistance was observed by in vitro analysis of tumor cell lines with forced expression of OLFM4. In an assessment of tissue specimens from 80 patients with pancreatic cancer, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients in the low OLFM4 expression group had a better survival rate than patients in the high OLFM4 expression group. Additionally, multivariate analysis showed that high expression of OLFM4 was an independent prognostic factor predicting poor outcomes. Overall, our study revealed that high expression of OLFM4 was involved in chemoresistance and was an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer. OLFM4 may be a candidate therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ohkuma
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erica Yada
- Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kubota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hamada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirasawa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ariizumi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Satoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Shida
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Onoue
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tsurutani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Cancer Translational Research Institute, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of Innovative Immune-Oncology Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Surgery, Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Murakami
- Department of Surgery, Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Norose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ohike
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Izumizaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kobayashi
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Suzuki T, Yamazaki H, Honda K, Ryo E, Kaneko A, Ota Y, Mori T. Altered DNA methylation is associated with aberrant stemness gene expression in early‑stage HNSCC. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:915-924. [PMID: 31432153 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by morphological and functional cellular heterogeneity, which are properties of progenitor cells, as opposed to cell alterations caused by accidental expression of stem cell‑related molecules. The expression levels of stemness molecules and their distribution in HNSCC are unclear. As regards sporadic cellular heterogeneity, methylation is an important factor for transcriptional regulation in tumors. Integrative screening analysis of mRNA expression and altered methylation status was performed with original microarrays in 12 tumor and non‑tumor pairs of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases. From this data set, genes regulated via aberrant DNA methylation and classified proteins were validated by function clustering. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), known as an intestinal stemness molecule and cell‑cell adhesion factor, was found to be highly expressed in tumors, with an mRNA expression ratio [tumor/normal (T/N)] of 40.7686 and low methylation (‑18.02%) in the promoter region. In addition, the OLFM4 expression levels increased following treatment with the demethylating agent 5‑azacytidine in two HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore, the expression levels of OLFM4 in 59 cases of early‑stage tongue SCC were analyzed using immunohistochemistry to examine protein expression corresponding to the histopathological definition of tumors and to evaluate prognosis. The aberrant stemness gene expression caused by altered DNA methylation appeared to regulate early‑stage HNSCC characteristics. The results of the present study indicated a correlation between OLFM4 expression and promoter methylation, and suggest that it plays an important role in tumor cell heterogeneity in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Suzuki
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259‑1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259‑1193, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Honda
- Division of Biomarker for Cancer Early Detection, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104‑0045, Japan
| | - Eijitsu Ryo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104‑0045, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kaneko
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259‑1193, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ota
- Department of Oral Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259‑1193, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104‑0045, Japan
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Li H, Kim C, Liu W, Zhu J, Chin K, Rodriguez‐Canales J, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 downregulation is associated with tumor initiation, growth and progression in human prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1346-1358. [PMID: 31241767 PMCID: PMC7004162 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene has been analyzed as a tumor‐suppressor gene and a putative biomarker in many cancers. In our study, we analyzed the relationship of OLFM4 expression with clinicopathological features and with CpG site methylation in the OLFM4 gene promoter region in human primary prostate adenocarcinoma. OLFM4 protein expression was significantly reduced in prostate cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue and was further significantly reduced in more advanced cancers. Bioinformatic studies with clinical datasets revealed that primary prostate adenocarcinoma patients with reduced OLFM4 mRNA expression exhibited higher Gleason scores and higher preoperative serum prostate‐specific antigen levels, as well as lower recurrence‐free survival. Three of the eight CpG sites in the OLFM4 gene promoter region were hypermethylated in cancerous prostate cells compared to adjacent normal cells, and reduced methylation of eight CpG sites was associated with increased OLFM4 mRNA expression in RWPE1 and PC‐3 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of OLFM4 gene expression was associated with enhanced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐marker expression in RWPE immortalized normal prostate cells. In contrast, restoration of OLFM4 expression in PC‐3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells lacking OLFM4 significantly inhibited both EMT‐marker expression and tumor cell growth in in vitro and in vivo models, indicating that OLFM4 may play a tumor‐suppressor role in inhibiting the EMT program, as well as tumor initiation and growth, in prostate cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that OLFM4 plays an important tumor‐suppressor role in prostate cancer progression and might be useful as a novel candidate biomarker for prostate cancer. What's new? Altered expression of the OLFM4 gene appears to be involved in many cancers. In this study of prostate cancers, the authors found that OLFM4 can suppress tumor initiation, growth and progression. Downregulation of OLFM4 was associated with higher serum PSA levels, higher Gleason scores, and lower recurrence‐free survival in prostate cancer patients. These results indicate that OLFM4 may play an important tumor‐suppressor role in the progression of prostate cancer, and may provide a novel prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Li
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Christine Kim
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Jianqiong Zhu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Kay Chin
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Jaime Rodriguez‐Canales
- Pathogenetics Unit, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
- MedimmuneGaithersburgMD
| | - Griffin P. Rodgers
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
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11
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Suzuki L, ten Kate FJC, Gotink AW, Stoop H, Doukas M, Nieboer D, Spaander MCW, van Lanschot JJB, van Wijnhoven BPL, Koch AD, Bruno MJ, Looijenga LHJ, Biermann K. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) expression is associated with nodal metastases in esophageal adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219494. [PMID: 31283789 PMCID: PMC6613772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date no informative biomarkers exist to accurately predict presence of lymph node metastases (LNM) in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We studied the discriminative value of Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), an intestinal stem cell marker, in EAC. Patients who had undergone esophagectomy as single treatment modality for both advanced (pT2-4) and early (pT1b) adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction were selected for this study from an institutional database (Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands). Surgical resection specimens of 196 advanced and 44 early EAC were examined. OLFM4 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry and categorized as low (<30%) or high (> = 30%) expression. Low OLFM4 was associated with poor differentiation grade in both advanced (60% vs. 34.8%, p = 0.001) and early EAC (39.1% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.023). LNM were present in 161 (82.1%) of advanced and 9 (20.5%) of early EAC respectively. Low OLFM4 was independently associated with the presence of LNM in advanced EAC in multivariable analysis (OR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.16-6.41; p = 0.022), but not in early EAC (OR 2.1; 95% CI, 0.46-9.84; p = 0.338). However, the difference in association with LNM between advanced (OR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.18-6.34; p = 0.019) and early (OR 2.3; 95% CI, 0.47-11.13; p = 0.302) EAC was non-significant (p = 0.844), suggesting that the lack of significance in early EAC is due to the small number of patients in this group. OLFM4 was not of significance for the disease free and overall survival. Overall, low expression of intestinal stem cell marker OLFM4 was associated with the presence of LNM. Our study suggests that OLFM4 could be an informative marker with the potential to improve preoperative assessment in patients with EAC. Further studies are needed to confirm the value of OLFM4 as a biomarker for LNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiebo J. C. ten Kate
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annieke W. Gotink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon C. W. Spaander
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. B. van Lanschot
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas P. L. van Wijnhoven
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjun D. Koch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina Biermann
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Wang XY, Chen SH, Zhang YN, Xu CF. Olfactomedin-4 in digestive diseases: A mini-review. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1881-1887. [PMID: 29740203 PMCID: PMC5937205 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4, GW112, hGC-1) is a glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The expression of OLFM4 is strong in the small intestine, colon and prostate, and moderate in the stomach and bone marrow. Previous studies have revealed that OLFM4 is closely associated with many digestive diseases. Up-regulation of OLFM4 has been detected in the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected gastric mucosa, inflammatory bowel disease tissue and gastrointestinal malignancies, including gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and gallbladder cancer. Down-regulation of OLFM4 has also been detected in some cases, such as in poorly differentiated, advanced-stage and metastatic tumors. Studies using OLFM4-deficient mouse models have revealed that OLFM4 acts as a negative regulator of H. pylori-specific immune responses and plays an important role in mucosal defense in inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with OLFM4-positive gastric cancer or colorectal cancer have a better survival rate than OLFM4-negative patients. However, the prognosis is worse in pancreatic cancer patients with high levels of expression of OLFM4. The NF-κB, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of OLFM4 expression in digestive diseases, and its role in pathogenesis is associated with anti-inflammation, apoptosis, cell adhesion and proliferation. OLFM4 may serve as a potential specific diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target in digestive diseases. Further studies are required to explore the clinical value of OLFM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Zhou X, Yao K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Han Y, Liu HL, Liu XW, Su G, Yuan WZ, Wei XD, Guan QL, Zhu BD. Identification of Differentiation-Related Proteins in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Tissues by Proteomics. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 15:697-706. [PMID: 27624754 DOI: 10.1177/1533034615595792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant correlation between the degree of tumor differentiation and the survival of patients with gastric cancers. In this report, we compared proteomic differences between poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in order to identify differentiation-related proteins that may be closely correlated with differentiation of gastric cancer pathogenesis. We identified 7 proteins, of which calreticulin precursor, tapasinERP57 heterodimer, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2, class Pi glutathione S-transferase, and chain A crystal structure of human enolase 1 were upregulated in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma compared with well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, while myosin-11 isoform SM2A and actin alpha cardiac were downregulated. Two of them, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 are enzymes involved in glycolytic pathway. The upregulation of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we observed 107 cases with gastric adenocarcinoma and found that the high expression of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 correlates with tumor size (P = .0001 and P = .0017, respectively), depth of invasion (P = .0024 and P = .0261, respectively), and poor prognosis of patients. In conclusion, with this proteomic analysis, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 were identified upregulated in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma comparing with well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression level of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 was significantly correlated with overall survival. Some of them would be differentiation-related cancer biomarkers and are associated with tumor metastasis, invasion, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of the First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Beilun Branch of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China Xin Zhou and Kun Yao contributed equally to this article
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of the First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China Xin Zhou and Kun Yao contributed equally to this article
| | - Lang Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yin Han
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Wen Liu
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Quan-Lin Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing-Dong Zhu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is an olfactomedin domain-containing glycoprotein. Multiple signaling pathways and factors, including NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, PU.1, retinoic acids, estrogen receptor, and miR-486, regulate its expression. OLFM4 interacts with several other proteins, such as gene associated with retinoic-interferon-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), cadherins, lectins, nucleotide oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) and nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2), and cathepsins C and D, known to regulate important cellular functions. Recent investigations using Olfm4-deficient mouse models have provided important clues about its in vivo biological functions. Olfm4 inhibited Helicobacter pylori-induced NF-κB pathway activity and inflammation and facilitated H. pylori colonization in the mouse stomach. Olfm4-deficient mice exhibited enhanced immunity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in a chronic granulomatous disease mouse model rescued them from S. aureus infection. Olfm4 deletion in mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate led to robust intestinal inflammation and intestinal crypt hyperplasia. Olfm4 deletion in Apc (Min/+) mice promoted intestinal polyp formation as well as adenocarcinoma development in the distal colon. Further, Olfm4-deficient mice spontaneously developed prostatic epithelial lesions as they age. OLFM4 expression is correlated with cancer differentiation, stage, metastasis, and prognosis in a variety of cancers, suggesting its potential clinical value as an early-stage cancer marker or a therapeutic target. Collectively, these data suggest that OLFM4 plays important roles in innate immunity against bacterial infection, gastrointestinal inflammation, and cancer. In this review, we have summarized OLFM4's initial characterization, expression, regulation, protein interactions, and biological functions.
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15
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Ma H, Tian T, Liang S, Liu X, Shen H, Xia M, Liu X, Zhang W, Wang L, Chen S, Yu L. Estrogen receptor-mediated miR-486-5p regulation of OLFM4 expression in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10594-605. [PMID: 26871282 PMCID: PMC4891143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen signaling influences the development and progression of ovarian tumors, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In a previous study we demonstrated that impairment of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-mediated olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) expression promotes the malignant progression of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and we identified OLFM4 as a potential target of miR-486-5p. In this study we investigated the role of OLFM4 in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tissues had reduced OLFM4 expression. Expression of OLFM4 was positively correlated with ERα expression, and estrogen (E2) treatment in ovarian cancer cells induced OLFM4 expression in an ERα-dependent manner. In contrast to ERα, miR-486-5p levels were inversely correlated with OLFM4 expression in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Ovarian cancer cells transfected with miR-486-5p mimics showed decreased OLFM4 mRNA expression, and ovarian cancer cells treated with E2 showed reduced cellular miR-486-5p levels. OLFM4 knockdown enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion by ovarian cancer cells. Low expression of OLFM4 was also associated with high tumor FIGO stage and poor tumor differentiation. These results suggest OLFM4 is downregulated by miR-486-5p, which contributes to ovarian cancer tumorigenesis. Conversely, estrogen receptor signaling downregulates miR-486-5p and upregulates OLFM4 expression, slowing the development and progression of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubin Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liantang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Guo LL, He ZC, Yang CQ, Qiao PT, Yin GL. Epigenetic silencing of olfactomedin-4 enhances gastric cancer cell invasion via activation of focal adhesion kinase signaling. BMB Rep 2016; 48:630-5. [PMID: 26303970 PMCID: PMC4911205 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is associated with tumor progression, lymph node invasion and metastases. However, whether or not downregulation of OLFM4 is associated with epigenetic silencing remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the role of OLFM4 in gastric cancer cell invasion. We confirm the previous result that OLFM4 expression is increased in gastric cancer tissues and decreases with an increasing number of metastatic lymph nodes, which are associated with OLFM4 promoter hypermethylation. Overexpression of OLFM4 in gastric cancer cells had an inhibitory effect on cell invasion. Furthermore, we found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was negatively correlated with OLFM4 in regards to lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer tissues. Also, inhibition of FAK induced by OLFM4 knockdown resulted in a decrease in cell invasion. Thus, our study demonstrates that epigenetic silencing of OLFM4 enhances gastric cancer cell invasion via activation of FAK signaling. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(11): 630-635]
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Zhao-Cai He
- Department of General Surgery, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Chang-Qing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Pei-Tang Qiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
| | - Guo-Ling Yin
- Department of radiotherapy, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000, China
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17
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Zhao J, Shu P, Duan F, Wang X, Min L, Shen Z, Ruan Y, Qin J, Sun Y, Qin X. Loss of OLFM4 promotes tumor migration through inducing interleukin-8 expression and predicts lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e234. [PMID: 27294866 PMCID: PMC4945743 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic surgery is increasingly used for early gastric cancer (EGC) treatment worldwide, and lymph node metastasis remains the most important risk factor for endoscopic surgery in EGC patients. Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is mainly expressed in the digestive system and upregulated in several types of tumors. However, the role of OLFM4 in EGC has not been explored. We evaluated OLFM4 expression by immunohistochemical staining in 105 patients with EGC who underwent gastrectomy. The clinicopathological factors and OLFM4 expression were co-analyzed to predict lymph node metastasis in EGC. The metastatic mechanism of OLFM4 in gastric cancer was also investigated. We found that OLFM4 was upregulated in EGC tumor sections, and relatively low expression of OLFM4 was observed in patients with lymph node metastasis. OLFM4 expression as well as tumor size and differentiation were identified as independent factors, which could be co-analyzed to generate a better model for predicting lymph node metastasis in EGC patients. In vitro studies revealed that knockdown of OLFM4 promoted the migration of gastric cancer cells through activating the NF-κB/interleukin-8 axis. Negative correlation between OLFM4 and interleukin-8 expression was also observed in EGC tumor samples. Our study implies that OLFM4 expression is a potential predictor of lymph node metastasis in EGC, and combing OLFM4 with tumor size and differentiation could better stratify EGC patients with different risks of lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - P Shu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Min
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Wang D, Pan Y, Hao T, Chen Y, Qiu S, Chen L, Zhao J. Clinical and Prognostic Significance of ANCCA in Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:89-95. [PMID: 27131099 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS AAA+ nuclear coregulatory cancer associated (ANCCA) has been demonstrated as playing important roles in diverse biological processes including tumorigenesis. However, the clinical and prognostic significance of ANCCA in squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) patients is still unknown. The aim of this study is to identify the role of ANCCA in SCLC patients. METHODS ANCCA mRNA and protein expressions were detected in SCLC tissues and cell lines by real-time PCR and Western blot. We examined the ANCCA protein expression in 152 SCLC samples by immunohistochemistry and analyzed the association between the expression of ANCCA protein and clinicopathological characteristics of SCLC patients. RESULTS ANCCA mRNA and protein expression are increased in SCLC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, ANCCA protein overexpression was associated with differentiated degree, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. In uni- and multivariate analyses, ANCCA protein overexpression was an independent poor prognostic factor for SCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS ANCCA act as a potential biomarker for therapeutic strategy and prognostic prediction for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmiao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting Hao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shiming Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xianning Central Hospital, Xianning City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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19
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Li H, Liu W, Chen W, Zhu J, Deng CX, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 deficiency promotes prostate neoplastic progression and is associated with upregulation of the hedgehog-signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16974. [PMID: 26581960 PMCID: PMC4652203 DOI: 10.1038/srep16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene expression is associated with the progression of human prostate cancer, but its role and the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been completely understood. In this study, we found that Olfm4-knockout mice developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Importantly, we found that the hedgehog-signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in the Olfm4-knockout mouse model. We also found that restoration of OLFM4 in human prostate-cancer cells that lack OLFM4 expression significantly downregulated hedgehog signaling-pathway component expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the OLFM4 protein interacts with sonic hedgehog protein, as well as significantly inhibits GLI-reporter activity. Bioinformatic and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that decreased OLFM4 and increased SHH expression was significantly associated with advanced human prostate cancer. Thus, olfactomedin 4 appears to play a critical role in regulating progression of prostate cancer, and has potential as a new biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Li
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomics Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianqiong Zhu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Griffin P Rodgers
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Clemmensen SN, Glenthøj AJ, Heebøll S, Nielsen HJ, Koch C, Borregaard N. Plasma levels of OLFM4 in normals and patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2865-73. [PMID: 26416558 PMCID: PMC4687705 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is a secreted glycoprotein predominantly expressed in bone marrow and gastrointestinal tissues. Aberrant expression of OLFM4 has been shown in several cancers. However, the clinical significance hereof is currently controversial. OLFM4 has been proposed as a candidate biomarker of gastrointestinal cancers. To address this, we developed monoclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides representing various segments of OLFM4. We examined expression of OLFM4 in epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry and found that OLFM4 is highly expressed in proliferating benign epithelial cells and in some carcinoma cells. We developed an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for OLFM4 and investigated whether plasma levels of OLFM4 reflect colorectal malignancies, but were unable to see any such association. Instead, we observed two populations of individuals with respect to OLFM4 levels in plasma, the majority with OLFM4 in plasma between 0 and 0.1 μg/ml, mean 0.028 μg/ml while 10% of both normals and patients with cancers had OLFM4 between 4 and 60 μg/ml, mean 15 μg/ml. The levels were constant over time. The background for this high plasma level is not known, but must be taken into account if OLFM4 is used as biomarker for GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine N Clemmensen
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders J Glenthøj
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Claus Koch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Borregaard
- The Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Ran X, Xu X, Yang Y, She S, Yang M, Li S, Peng H, Ding X, Hu H, Hu P, Zhang D, Ren H, Wu L, Zeng W. A quantitative proteomics study on olfactomedin 4 in the development of gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1932-44. [PMID: 26398045 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is now one of the most common malignancies with a relatively high incidence and high mortality rate. The prognosis is closely related to the degree of tumor metastasis. The mechanism of metastasis is still unclear. Proteomics analysis is a powerful tool to study and evaluate protein expression in tumor tissues. In the present study, we collected 15 gastric cancer and adjacent normal gastric tissues and used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method to identify differentially expressed proteins. A total of 134 proteins were differentially expressed between the cancerous and non-cancerous samples. Azurocidin 1 (AZU1), CPVL, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) and Villin 1 (VIL1) were upregulated and confirmed by western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. These results were in accordance with iTRAQ. Furthermore, silencing the OLFM4 expression suppressed the migration, invasion and proliferation of the GC cells in vitro. The present study represents a successful application of the iTRAQ method in analyzing the expression levels of thousands of proteins. Overexpression of OLFM4 in gastric cancer may induce the development of gastric cancer. Overall, suppression of OLFM4 expression may be a promising strategy in the development of novel cancer therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Sha She
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchun Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Huaidong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Ligang Wu
- Department of Oncological Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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22
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Maeda S, Morikawa T, Takadate T, Suzuki T, Minowa T, Hanagata N, Onogawa T, Motoi F, Nishimura T, Unno M. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2015; 22:683-91. [PMID: 25917007 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is very difficult to diagnose at an early stage, and has a poor prognosis. Novel markers for diagnosis and optimal treatment selection are needed. However, there has been very limited data on the proteome profile of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. This study was designed to unravel the proteome profile of this disease and to identify overexpressed proteins using mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches. METHODS We analyzed a discovery set of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 14 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas using shotgun mass spectrometry, and compared proteome profiles with those of seven controls. Then, selected candidates were verified by quantitative analysis using scheduled selected reaction monitoring-based mass spectrometry. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining used a validation set of 165 cases. RESULTS In total, 1,992 proteins were identified and 136 proteins were overexpressed. Verification of 58 selected proteins by quantitative analysis revealed 11 overexpressed proteins. Immunohistochemical validation for 10 proteins showed positive rates of S100P (84%), CEAM5 (75%), MUC5A (62%), OLFM4 (60%), OAT (42%), CAD17 (41%), FABPL (38%), AOFA (30%), K1C20 (25%) and CPSM (22%) in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, which were rarely positive in controls. CONCLUSIONS We identified 10 proteins associated with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using proteomic approaches. These proteins are potential targets for future diagnostic biomarkers and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Surgery, South Miyagi Medical Center, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takanori Morikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Takadate
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Minowa
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tohru Onogawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Jang BG, Lee BL, Kim WH. Olfactomedin-related proteins 4 (OLFM4) expression is involved in early gastric carcinogenesis and of prognostic significance in advanced gastric cancer. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:285-94. [PMID: 26070873 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) has been demonstrated to be upregulated in various cancers and involved in many cellular processes such as cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. In gastric cancer, clinicopathological relevance of OLFM4 expression has been reported. However, there are few studies showing how expression of OLFM4 evolves during multistep gastric carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated OLFM4 expression during gastric carcinogenesis using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH). We found that OLFM4 expression is absent in normal gastric mucosa, begins to appear at the isthmus region in gastric glands in chronic gastritis, and is remarkably increased in intestinal metaplasia (IM). Interestingly, gastric-type glands around IM frequently expressed OLFM4 before CDX2 was expressed, suggesting that OLFM4 might be involved in regulating CDX2 expression. However, overexpression of OLFM4 failed to induce CDX2 transcription. All gastric adenomas were strongly positive for OLFM4. OLFM4 expression was higher in intestinal type, well to moderately differentiated and early-stage adenocarcinomas, and decreased in poorly differentiated and advanced-stage gastric cancer (GC). Although OLFM4 expression had no prognostic value for GC overall (P = 0.441), it was associated with poor survival of GC in stage II, III, and IV (P = 0.018), suggesting that OLFM4 expression has prognostic significance for late-stage GC. Our findings suggest that OLFM4 is not only involved in early stages of gastric carcinogenesis but also a useful prognostic marker for advanced GC, which is encouraging for further studies exploring OLFM4 as a potential target for therapy of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeju National University Hospital, Ara-1-dong, Jeju, 690-767, Korea
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24
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Su W, Luo L, Wu F, Lai Z, Li X, Xie Z, Tang Z, Yang Z, Liang R. Low expression of olfactomedin 4 correlates with poor prognosis in smoking patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Guette C, Valo I, Vétillard A, Coqueret O. Olfactomedin-4 is a candidate biomarker of solid gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, head and neck, and prostate cancers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:58-63. [PMID: 25400027 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4, OLM4) is a 72 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The OLFM4 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1, and the OLM4 functions are poorly understood. OLM4 has been described as being able to interact with cell surface proteins such as lectins and concanavalin-A suggesting that one function of OLM4 is to regulate cell adhesion and migration. OLM4 is a marker for intestinal stem cells and is expressed at the bottom of the intestinal crypts. Expression of OLM4 during tumor development showed that OLM4 expression is increased in the early stages of tumor initiation. As OLM4 is a secreted protein, it is a prime candidate for biomarker research for tumor detection or progression. Levels of circulating OLM4 were significantly higher in patients with gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers than in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Guette
- Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest Paul Papin, INSERM U892, Angers, France
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26
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Deletion of the olfactomedin 4 gene is associated with progression of human prostate cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1329-38. [PMID: 24070418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene is located on chromosome 13q14.3, which frequently is deleted in human prostate cancer. However, direct genetic evidence of OLFM4 gene alteration in human prostate cancer has not yet been obtained. In this study, we investigated the genetics, protein expression, and functions of the OLFM4 gene in human prostate cancer. We found overall 25% deletions within the OLFM4 gene in cancerous epithelial cells compared with adjacent normal epithelial cells that were microdissected from 31 prostate cancer specimens using laser-capture microdissection and genomic DNA sequencing. We found 28% to 45% hemizygous and 15% to 57% homozygous deletions of the OLFM4 gene via fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis from 44 different prostate cancer patient samples. Moreover, homozygous deletion of the OLFM4 gene significantly correlated with advanced prostate cancer. By using immunohistochemical analysis of 162 prostate cancer tissue array samples representing a range of Gleason scores, we found that OLFM4 protein expression correlated inversely with advanced prostate cancer, consistent with the genetic results. We also showed that a truncated mutant of OLFM4 that lacks the olfactomedin domain eliminated suppression of PC-3 prostate cancer cell growth. Together, our findings indicate that OLFM4 is a novel candidate tumor-suppressor gene for chromosome 13q and may shed new light on strategies that could be used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of prostate cancer patients.
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27
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Duan C, Liu X, Liang S, Yang Z, Xia M, Wang L, Chen S, Yu L. Oestrogen receptor-mediated expression of Olfactomedin 4 regulates the progression of endometrial adenocarcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:863-74. [PMID: 24495253 PMCID: PMC4119392 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial adenocarcinoma is the most common tumour of the female genital tract in developed countries, and oestrogen receptor (ER) signalling plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. When we used bioinformatics tools to search for the genes contributing to gynecological cancers, the expression of Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) was found by digital differential display to be associated with differentiation of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Aberrant expression of OLFM4 has been primarily reported in tumours of the digestive system. The mechanism of OLFM4 in tumuorigenesis is elusive. We investigated OLFM4 expression in endometrium, analysed the association of OLFM4 with ER signalling in endometrial adenocarcinoma, and examined the roles of OLFM4 in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Expression of OLFM4 was increased during endometrial carcinogenesis, linked to the differentiation of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and positively related to the expression of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and progesterone receptor. Moreover, ERα-mediated signalling regulated expression of OLFM4, and knockdown of OLFM4 enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion of endometrial carcinoma cells. Down-regulation of OLFM4 was associated with decreased cumulative survival rate of patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Our data suggested that impairment of ERα signal-mediated OLFM4 expression promoted the malignant progression of endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which may have significance for the therapy of this carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Duan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Identification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma biomarker candidates through proteomic analysis of cancer cell secretome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lukic N, Visentin R, Delhaye M, Frossard JL, Lescuyer P, Dumonceau JM, Farina A. An integrated approach for comparative proteomic analysis of human bile reveals overexpressed cancer-associated proteins in malignant biliary stenosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:1026-33. [PMID: 23872482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is a key tool in the identification of new bile biomarkers for differentiating malignant and nonmalignant biliary stenoses. Unfortunately, the complexity of bile and the presence of molecules interfering with protein analysis represent an obstacle for quantitative proteomic studies in bile samples. The simultaneous need to introduce purification steps and minimize the use of pre-fractionation methods inevitably leads to protein loss and limited quantifications. This dramatically reduces the chance of identifying new potential biomarkers. In the present study, we included differential centrifugation as a preliminary step in a quantitative proteomic workflow involving iTRAQ labeling, peptide fractionation by OFFGEL electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS, to compare protein expression in bile samples collected from patients with malignant or nonmalignant biliary stenoses. A total of 1267 proteins were identified, including a set of 322 newly described bile proteins, mainly belonging to high-density cellular fractions. The subsequent comparative analysis led to a 5-fold increase in the number of quantified proteins over previously published studies and highlighted 104 proteins overexpressed in malignant samples. Finally, immunoblot verifications performed on a cohort of 8 malignant (pancreatic adenocarcinoma, n=4; cholangiocarcinoma, n=4) and 5 nonmalignant samples (chronic pancreatitis, n=3; biliary stones, n=2) confirmed the results of proteomic analysis for three proteins: olfactomedin-4, syntenin-2 and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biomarkers: A Proteomic Challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Lukic
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Visentin
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Delhaye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels BE-1070, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Frossard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland; Clinical Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Dumonceau
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Annarita Farina
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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30
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Micci F, Panagopoulos I, Haugom L, Dahlback HSS, Pretorius ME, Davidson B, Abeler VM, Tropé CG, Danielsen HE, Heim S. Genomic aberration patterns and expression profiles of squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 52:551-63. [PMID: 23404381 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genomic abnormalities of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the vulva and how they correlate with gene expression. We determined the genomic and expression profiles of 15 such SCC using karyotyping, DNA ploidy analysis, arrayCGH, and expression arrays. Four of the five cases with clonal chromosomal aberrations found by G-banding showed highly abnormal karyotypes with multiple rearrangements. The imbalances scored by arrayCGH mapped to different chromosomes with losses being more common than gains. Frequent losses were scored from 3p and 8p whereas gains were frequent from 3q and 8q (loss of 8p with concomitant gain of 8q mostly occurred via 8q isochromosome formation). This is the first study of vulvar tumors using arrayCGH, and some frequent imbalances could be defined precisely. Of particular note were the sometimes large, sometimes small deletions of 3p and 9p which had minute areas in 3p14 and 9p23 as minimal commonly deleted regions. FHIT (3p14) and PTPRD (9p23) are the only genes here. They were both lost in seven cases, including homozygous losses of PTPRD in four tumors. Using qPCR we could demonstrate deregulation of the FHIT gene in tumor cells. Hence, this gene is likely to play a pathogenetic role in vulvar SCC tumorigenesis. Expression array analyses also identified a number of other genes whose expression profile was altered. Notable among the downregulated genes were MAL (in 2q11), KRT4 (in 12q13), and OLFM4 (in 13q14), whereas upregulated genes included SPRR2G (in 1q21.3) and S100A7A (in 1q21.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Medical Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Park KS, Kim KK, Piao ZH, Kim MK, Lee HJ, Kim YC, Lee KS, Lee JH, Kim KE. Olfactomedin 4 suppresses tumor growth and metastasis of mouse melanoma cells through downregulation of integrin and MMP genes. Mol Cells 2012; 34:555-61. [PMID: 23161172 PMCID: PMC3887829 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is highly expressed in gastrointestinal cancers and has an anti-apoptotic function. The roles of OLFM4 in tumor growth and metastasis and how it functions in these processes remain elusive. We investigated the function of OLFM4 in tumor growth and metastasis using B16F10 mouse melanoma cells as an experimental system. Our results showed that OLFM4 had no positive effect on cell viability or cell cycle progression in B16F10 cells. However, it significantly suppressed the tumorigenicity of B16F10 cells, i.e., intradermal primary tumor growth and lung metastasis. OLFM4 also suppressed the migration and invasion of B16F10 cells in vitro. For further insight into the mechanisms underlying OLFM4-mediated suppression of tumor progression, we examined the effect of OLFM4 on the expression of integrin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), both of which are involved in tumor progression. Overexpression of OLFM4 clearly reduced the expression levels of integrin α1, integrin α4, integrin α5, integrin α6, and MMP9. Moreover, forced expression of MMP9 attenuated the inhibitory activity of OLFM4 on migration and invasiveness. Our findings provide the experimental evidence that OLFM4 may function as a tumor suppressor and an anti-metastatic gene during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key Sun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Kee Kwang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892,
USA
| | - Zheng-Hao Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Hyun Jean Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
- Department of Medicine (MED), USUHS Building A, Bethesda, MD 20814,
USA
| | - Ki Sung Lee
- Department of Biology and Medicinal Science, College of Sciences and Technology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 302-735,
Korea
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747,
Korea
| | - Kyoon Eon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
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Sousa JF, Ham AJL, Whitwell C, Nam KT, Lee HJ, Yang HK, Kim WH, Zhang B, Li M, LaFleur B, Liebler DC, Goldenring JR. Proteomic profiling of paraffin-embedded samples identifies metaplasia-specific and early-stage gastric cancer biomarkers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1560-72. [PMID: 22944598 PMCID: PMC3483808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and curative resection are the predominant factors associated with increased survival in patients with gastric cancer. However, most gastric cancer cases are still diagnosed at later stages. Since most pathologic specimens are archived as FFPE samples, the ability to use them to generate expression profiles can greatly improve cancer biomarker discovery. We sought to uncover new biomarkers for stomach preneoplastic metaplasias and neoplastic lesions by generating proteome profiles using FFPE samples. We combined peptide isoelectric focusing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis to generate proteomic profiles from FFPE samples of intestinal-type gastric cancer, metaplasia, and normal mucosa. The expression patterns of selected proteins were analyzed by immunostaining first in single tissue sections from normal stomach, metaplasia, and gastric cancer and later in larger tissue array cohorts. We detected 60 proteins up-regulated and 87 proteins down-regulated during the progression from normal mucosa to metaplasia to gastric cancer. Two of the up-regulated proteins, LTF and DMBT1, were validated as specific markers for spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia, respectively. In cancers, significantly lower levels of DMBT1 or LTF correlated with more advanced disease and worse prognosis. Thus, proteomic profiling using FFPE samples has led to the identification of two novel markers for stomach metaplasias and gastric cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josane F. Sousa
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Epithelial Biology Center and the Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amy-Joan L. Ham
- Department of Biochemistry, Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, Belmont University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Corbin Whitwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Epithelial Biology Center and the Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hyuk-Joon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Kwang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ming Li
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bonnie LaFleur
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Department of Biochemistry, Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Epithelial Biology Center and the Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Liu W, Yan M, Liu Y, McLeish KR, Coleman WG, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 inhibits cathepsin C-mediated protease activities, thereby modulating neutrophil killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2460-7. [PMID: 22844115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils kill bacteria generally through oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Whereas much research has focused on the enzymes essential for neutrophil killing, little is known about the regulatory molecules responsible for such killing. In this study, we investigated the role of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), an olfactomedin-related glycoprotein, in neutrophil bactericidal capability and host innate immunity. Neutrophils from OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice have increased intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro. The OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice have enhanced in vivo bacterial clearance and are more resistant to sepsis when challenged with S. aureus or E. coli by i.p. injection. OLFM4 was found to interact with cathepsin C, a cysteine protease that plays an important role in bacterial killing and immune regulation. We demonstrated that OLFM4 inhibited cathepsin C activity in vitro and in vivo. The cathepsin C activity in neutrophils from OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice was significantly higher than that in neutrophils from wild-type littermate mice. The activities of three serine proteases (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3), which require cathepsin C activity for processing and maturity, were also significantly higher in OLFM4⁻/⁻ neutrophils. The bacterial killing and clearance capabilities observed in OLFM4⁻/⁻ mice that were enhanced relative to wild-type mice were significantly compromised by the additional loss of cathepsin C in mice with OLFM4 and cathepsin C double deficiency. These results indicate that OLFM4 is an important negative regulator of neutrophil bactericidal activity by restricting cathepsin C activity and its downstream granule-associated serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Olfactomedin-4 is a glycoprotein secreted into mucus in active IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:425-34. [PMID: 22398066 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4) is a glycoprotein characteristic of intestinal stem cells and apparently involved in mucosal defense of the stomach and colon. Here we studied its expression, regulation and function in IBD. METHODS The expression of OLFM4, mucins Muc1 and Muc2, the goblet cell differentiation factor Hath1 and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 was measured in inflamed or noninflamed colon in IBD patients and controls. OLFM4 protein was located by immunohistochemistry, quantified by Dot Blot and its binding capacity to defensins HBD1-3 was investigated. The influence of bacteria with or without the Notch blocker dibenzazepine (DBZ) and of several cytokines on OLFM4 expression was determined in LS174T cells. RESULTS OLFM4 mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in inflamed CD (4.3 and 1.7-fold) and even more pronounced in UC (24.8 and 3.7-fold). OLFM4 expression was correlated to IL-8 but not to Hath1. In controls immunostaining was restricted to the lower crypts but in inflamed IBD it expanded up to the epithelial surface including the mucus. OLFM4 bound to HBD1-3 without profoundly inactivating these defensins. In LS174T-cells OLFM4 mRNA was significantly augmented after incubation with Escherichia coli K12, Escherichia coli Nissle and Bacteroides vulgatus. DBZ downregulated OLFM4 expression and blocked bacterial induction whereas IL-22 but not TNF-α was stimulatory. CONCLUSIONS OLFM4 is overexpressed in active IBD and secreted into mucus. The induction is triggered by bacteria through the Notch pathway and also by the cytokine IL-22. OLFM4 seems to be of functional relevance in IBD as a mucus component, possibly by binding defensins.
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Liu RH, Yang MH, Xiang H, Bao LM, Yang HA, Yue LW, Jiang X, Ang N, Wu LY, Huang Y. Depletion of OLFM4 gene inhibits cell growth and increases sensitization to hydrogen peroxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced-apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:38. [PMID: 22471589 PMCID: PMC3359197 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene is a secreted glycoprotein more commonly known as the anti-apoptotic molecule GW112. OLFM4 is found to be frequently up-regulated in many types of human tumors including gastric cancer and it was believed to play significant role in the progression of gastric cancer. Although the function of OLFM4 has been indicated in many studies, recent evidence strongly suggests a cell or tissue type-dependent role of OLFM4 in cell growth and apoptosis. The aim of this study is to examine the role of gastric cancer-specific expression of OLFM4 in cell growth and apoptosis resistance. METHODS OLFM4 expression was eliminated by RNA interference in SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells. Cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, cell cycle and apoptosis were characterized in vitro. Tumorigenicity was analyzed in vivo. The apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF α) were assessed in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. RESULTS The elimination of OLFM4 protein by RNA interference in SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells significantly inhibits tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo by induction of cell G1 arrest (all P < 0.01). OLFM4 knockdown did not trigger obvious cell apoptosis but increased H2O2 or TNF α-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity (all P < 0.01). Treatment of Z-VAD-fmk attenuated caspase-3 activity and significantly reversed the H(2)O(2) or TNF α-induced apoptosis in OLFM4 knockdown cells (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that depletion of OLFM4 significantly inhibits tumorigenicity of the gastric cancer SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells. Blocking OLFM4 expression can sensitize gastric cancer cells to H2O2 or TNF α treatment by increasing caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. A combination strategy based on OLFM4 inhibition and anticancer drugs treatment may provide therapeutic potential in gastric cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-hua Liu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
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Kessler M, Zielecki J, Thieck O, Mollenkopf HJ, Fotopoulou C, Meyer TF. Chlamydia trachomatis disturbs epithelial tissue homeostasis in fallopian tubes via paracrine Wnt signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:186-98. [PMID: 22067911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) is a major cause of sexually transmitted disease and infertility worldwide. Ascending genital infections cause inflammation of fallopian tubes and subsequent scarring and occlusion. The cellular basis for such sequelae remains undetermined. We used confocal immunofluorescence microscopy to show that Ctr disrupts epithelial homeostasis in an ex vivo infection model of human fallopian tubes. Ctr triggered loss of polarity of inclusion harboring cells and of neighboring uninfected cells, as shown by subcellular redistribution of adhesion and polarity (occludin) markers. β-catenin (a component of the adherens junction and a Wnt signaling transducer) was recruited to the bacterial inclusion, suggesting a role for Wnt signaling in Ctr-mediated tissue damage. Comparative microarray analysis of infected epithelium in the presence of the Wnt secretion inhibitor (IWP2) demonstrated that the transcriptional response to Ctr infection was highly dependent on active Wnt secretion, moreover IWP2 reversed Ctr-induced tissue phenotypes. Notably, we observed the up-regulation of differentiation and proliferation biomarkers olfactomedin 4 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule, and also Ctr-induced proteolytic activation of epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Thus, acute Ctr infection activates the paracrine Wnt signaling pathway, leading to profound disruption of epithelial structure and function that facilitates the dissemination of damage beyond that of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Luo Z, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Li B, Chen J, Wang Y. OLFM4 is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1713-20. [PMID: 21904905 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the clinical significance of the relationship between olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) expression and the clinicopathological features of patients with gastric cancer. METHODS Tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue, lymph nodes, and peritoneal metastases were analyzed by the Affymetrix GeneChip(®) HG-U133A2.0 array. The expression of OLFM4 was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in gastric tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue. OLFM4 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 436 clinicopathologically characterized gastric cancer cases and in corresponding distant metastases from 61 patients. RESULTS A total of 434 genes and 169 expressed sequence tags were upregulated, including OLFM4. The expression of OLFM4 mRNA or protein differed significantly among gastric tumor tissue, matched normal gastric mucosa, and lymph node metastases. Further multivariate analysis suggested that lymph node metastases and distant metastases, TNM stage, and expression of OLFM4 were independent prognostic indicators for gastric cancer. CONCLUSION Gene expression profiles were useful for simultaneously analyzing the expression levels of thousands of genes. Reduced expression of OLFM4 in gastric cancer is associated significantly with lymph node and distant metastases and with poor prognosis. OLFM4 may prove to be an important molecular marker for predicting the carcinogenesis, development, progression, and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyan Luo
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is expressed in gastrointestinal cancers and related to progression and differentiation of these malignancies. However, whether OLFM4 contributes to tumorigenesis of other tissues has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of the study was to investigate OLFM4 expression in cervical epithelium and its association with progression of cervical neoplasia and differentiation of cervical carcinomas. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the expression and distribution of OLFM4 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (ISCCs). RESULTS The overall positive OLFM4 staining levels in normal cervical epithelia, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, and ISCCs are 22.0%, 94.2%, 93.7%, 94.6%, and 96.7%, respectively. The intensity of OLFM4 staining was enhanced according to increased pathologic grade of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion. The immunoreactivity to OLFM4 was stronger in well-differentiated ISCCs than in poorly differentiated ISCCs. CONCLUSIONS Olfactomedin 4 expression has been associated with progression of CIN and differentiation of cervical cancer. The results provide new evidence that OLFM4 plays an important role in tumorigenesis in the female reproductive tract.
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Cuoghi A, Farina A, Z'graggen K, Dumonceau JM, Tomasi A, Hochstrasser DF, Genevay M, Lescuyer P, Frossard JL. Role of proteomics to differentiate between benign and potentially malignant pancreatic cysts. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2664-70. [PMID: 21425880 DOI: 10.1021/pr2000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms represent 10-15% of primary cystic masses of the pancreas. While pancreatic cysts are detected with an increasing frequency due to the use of advanced imaging modalities in clinical practice, the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms remains unsatisfactory because available diagnostic techniques proved not sensitive enough so far. This study was designed to characterize the proteomic pattern of pancreatic cyst fluids obtained from various cystic lesions. Cyst fluids were collected by direct puncture during open surgery to avoid any possible contamination from other tissues. CEA, CA-19-9, and amylase concentrations were measured using specific immunoassays. After immunodepletion and fractionation by SDS-PAGE, proteins were digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Specific histological lesions were found to be associated with distinct protein patterns. Interestingly, some of these proteins have been proposed as biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. Immunoblots allowed for verifying the differential expression in specific cyst fluids of two selected proteins, olfactomedin-4 and mucin-18. Finally, immunohistochemistry was performed to correlate these data with the expression pattern of olfactomedin-4 and mucin-18 in pancreatic cyst tissues. Results from this study indicate that proteomic analysis of cyst fluid could provide reliable candidates for developing new biomarkers for the preoperative management of malignant and premalignant pancreatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Cuoghi
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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Chen L, Li H, Liu W, Zhu J, Zhao X, Wright E, Cao L, Ding I, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 suppresses prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis via negative interaction with cathepsin D and SDF-1. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:986-94. [PMID: 21470957 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human olfactomedin 4 gene (OLFM4) encodes an olfactomedin-related glycoprotein. OLFM4 is normally expressed in a limited number of tissues, including the prostate, but its biological functions in prostate are largely unknown. In this study, we found that OLFM4 messenger RNA was reduced or undetectable in prostate cancer tissues and prostate cancer cell lines. To study the effects of OLFM4 on prostate cancer progression, we transfected PC-3 prostate cancer cells with OLFM4 to establish OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cell clones. The OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cell clones were found to have decreased proliferation and invasiveness compared with vector-transfected control PC-3 cells in vitro. In addition, nude mice injected with OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cells demonstrated reduced tumor growth and bone invasion and metastasis compared with mice injected with vector-transfected control cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that OLFM4 may exhibit its anticancer effects through regulating cell autophagy by targeting cathepsin D, as OLFM4 reduced cathepsin D protein levels and enzymatic activity and attenuated cathepsin D-induced cancer cell proliferation. In addition, overexpression of OLFM4 abrogated stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-induced PC-3 cell invasiveness in a Matrigel invasion assay, partially through blocking SDF-1-mediated AKT phosphorylation. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining studies in OLFM4-expressing PC-3 cells demonstrated a direct interaction between OLFM4 and cathepsin D or SDF-1. Taken together, these results suggest that OLFM4 negatively interacts with cathepsin D and SDF-1 and inhibits prostate cancer growth and bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dassen H, Punyadeera C, Delvoux B, Schulkens I, Marchetti C, Kamps R, Klomp J, Dijcks F, de Goeij A, D'Hooghe T, Kyama C, Ederveen A, Dunselman G, Groothuis P, Romano A. Olfactomedin-4 regulation by estrogen in the human endometrium requires epidermal growth factor signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 177:2495-508. [PMID: 21048224 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM-4) is an extracellular matrix protein that is highly expressed in human endometrium. We have examined the regulation and function of OLFM-4 in normal endometrium and in cases of endometriosis and endometrial cancer. OLFM-4 expression levels are highest in proliferative-phase endometrium, and 17β-estradiol up-regulates OLFM-4 mRNA in endometrial explant cultures. Using the luciferase reporter under control of the OLFM-4 promoter, it was shown that both 17β-estradiol and OH-tamoxifen induce luciferase activity, and epidermal growth factor receptor-1 is required for this estrogenic response. In turn, EGF activates the OLFM-4 promoter, and estrogen receptor-α is needed for the complete EGF response. The cellular functions of OLFM-4 were examined by its expression in OLFM-4-negative HEK-293 cells, which resulted in decreased vimentin expression and cell adherence as well as increased apoptosis resistance. In cases of endometriosis and endometrial cancer, OLFM-4 expression correlated with the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor-1 and estrogen receptor-α (or estrogen signaling). An increase of OLFM-4 mRNA was observed in the endometrium of endometriosis patients. No change in OLFM-4 expression levels were observed in patients with endometrial cancer relative with controls. In conclusion, cross-talk between estrogen and EGF signaling regulates OLFM-4 expression. The role of OLFM-4 in endometrial tissue remodeling before the secretory phase and during the predisposition and early events in endometriosis can be postulated but requires additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Dassen
- GROW--School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University and Medical Centre, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Oh HK, Tan ALK, Das K, Ooi CH, Deng NT, Tan IB, Beillard E, Lee J, Ramnarayanan K, Rha SY, Palanisamy N, Voorhoeve PM, Tan P. Genomic loss of miR-486 regulates tumor progression and the OLFM4 antiapoptotic factor in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2657-67. [PMID: 21415212 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNAs (miRNA) play pivotal oncogenic and tumor-suppressor roles in several human cancers. We sought to discover novel tumor-suppressor miRNAs in gastric cancer (GC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using Agilent miRNA microarrays, we compared miRNA expression profiles of 40 primary gastric tumors and 40 gastric normal tissues, identifying miRNAs significantly downregulated in gastric tumors. RESULTS Among the top 80 miRNAs differentially expressed between gastric tumors and normals (false discovery rate < 0.01), we identified hsa-miR-486 (miR-486) as a significantly downregulated miRNA in primary GCs and GC cell lines. Restoration of miR-486 expression in GC cell lines (YCC3, SCH and AGS) caused suppression of several pro-oncogenic traits, whereas conversely inhibiting miR-486 expression in YCC6 GC cells enhanced cellular proliferation. Array-CGH analysis of 106 primary GCs revealed genomic loss of the miR-486 locus in approximately 25% to 30% of GCs, including two tumors with focal genomic losses specifically deleting miR-486, consistent with miR-486 playing a tumor-suppressive role. Bioinformatic analysis identified the secreted antiapoptotic glycoprotein OLFM4 as a potential miR-486 target. Restoring miR-486 expression in GC cells decreased endogenous OLFM4 transcript and protein levels, and also inhibited expression of luciferase reporters containing an OLFM4 3' untranslated region with predicted miR-486 binding sites. Supporting the biological relevance of OLFM4 as a miR-486 target, proliferation in GC cells was also significantly reduced by OLFM4 silencing. CONCLUSIONS miR-486 may function as a novel tumor-suppressor miRNA in GC. Its antioncogenic activity may involve the direct targeting and inhibition of OLFM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue-Kian Oh
- Cellular and Molecular Research and Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre of Singapore, Singapore
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Grover PK, Hardingham JE, Cummins AG. Stem cell marker olfactomedin 4: critical appraisal of its characteristics and role in tumorigenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:761-75. [PMID: 20878207 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), a member of the olfactomedin domain-containing proteins, is a glycoprotein with molecular weight of approximately 64 kDa. The protein is a "robust marker" of Lgr5+ stem cells and has been localised to mitochondria, nuclei and cell membranes. The bulk of OLFM4 exists in a polymeric form which is held together by disulfide bonds and carbohydrate interactions. Earlier studies revealed that the protein binds to lectins and cadherins, and facilitates cell-cell adhesion. Recent data demonstrated that the protein possesses several hallmarks of carcinogenesis. OLFM4 has also been purported to be an inducible resistance factor to apoptotic stimuli such as radiation and anticancer drugs. Here, we review its synonyms and classification, gene structure, protein structure, intracellular and tissue distribution, adhesive and antiapoptotic; mitotic; migratory and cell cycle regulatory characteristics. We also critically evaluate recent advances in understanding of the transcriptional regulation of OLFM4 and its upstream signalling pathways with special emphasis on carcinogenesis and outline future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phulwinder K Grover
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Woodville South, South Australia 5011, Australia.
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Liu W, Lee HW, Liu Y, Wang R, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 is a novel target gene of retinoic acids and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine involved in human myeloid leukemia cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Blood 2010; 116:4938-47. [PMID: 20724538 PMCID: PMC3012588 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-246439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical application of retinoic acids (RAs) and demethylation agents has proven to be effective in treating certain myeloid leukemia patients. However, the target genes that mediate these antileukemia activities are still poorly understood. In this study, we identified olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), a myeloid-lineage-specific gene from the olfactomedin family, as a novel target gene for RAs and the demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. We demonstrated that the retinoic acid receptor alpha/retinoic X receptor alpha heterodimer binds to a retinoic acid response-element (DR5) site in the OLFM4 promoter and mediates all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced transactivation of the OLFM4 gene. OLFM4 overexpression in HL-60 cells led to growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis, and potentiated ATRA induction of these effects. Conversely, down-regulation of endogenous OLFM4 in acute myeloid leukemia-193 cells compromised ATRA-induced growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis. Overexpression of OLFM4 in HL-60 cells inhibited constitutive and ATRA-induced phosphorylation of the eukaryote initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), whereas down-regulation of OLFM4 protein in acute myeloid leukemia-193 cells increased 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, suggesting that OLFM4 is a potent upstream inhibitor of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation/deactivation. Thus, our study demonstrates that OLFM4 plays an important role in myeloid leukemia cellular functions and induction of OLFM4-mediated effects may contribute to the therapeutic value of ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lee HJ, Nam KT, Park HS, Kim MA, LaFleur BJ, Aburatani H, Yang HK, Kim WH, Goldenring JR. Gene expression profiling of metaplastic lineages identifies CDH17 as a prognostic marker in early stage gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:213-25.e3. [PMID: 20398667 PMCID: PMC2917327 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal metaplasia (IM) and spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) are precursors to gastric carcinogenesis. We sought to identify molecular biomarkers of gastric metaplasias and gastric cancer by gene expression profiling of metaplastic lesions from patients. METHODS Complementary DNA microarray analysis was performed on IM and SPEM cells isolated from patient samples using laser capture microdissection. Up-regulated transcripts in metaplastic lesions were confirmed by immunostaining analysis in IM, SPEM, and gastric cancer tissues. Proteins that were highly expressed specifically in gastric cancer tissues were analyzed for their association with survival in a test set (n = 450) and a validation set (n = 502) of samples from gastric cancer patients. RESULTS Compared with normal chief cells, 858 genes were differentially expressed in IM or SPEM samples. Immunostaining was detected for 12 proteins, including 3 new markers of IM (ACE2, LGALS4, AKR1B10) and 3 of SPEM (OLFM4, LYZ, DPCR1). Of 13 proteins expressed in IM or SPEM, 8 were expressed by 17%-50% of human gastric cancer tissues (MUC13, OLFM4, CDH17, KRT20, MUC5AC, LGALS4, AKR1B10, REG4). Expression of CDH17 or MUC13 correlated with patient survival in the test and validation sets. Multivariate analysis showed that CDH17 was an independent prognostic factor in patients with stage I or node-negative disease. CONCLUSIONS We identified several novel biomarkers for IM, SPEM, and gastric cancer using gene expression profiling of human metaplastic lesions. Expression of CDH17 and MUC13 was up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues. CDH17 is a promising prognostic marker for early stage gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University College of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Department of Surgery and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University College of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Heae Surng Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bonnie J. LaFleur
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Han-Kwang Yang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Department of Surgery and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University College of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee,Nashville Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Olfactomedin 4 down-regulates innate immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11056-61. [PMID: 20534456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001269107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is a glycoprotein that has been found to be up-regulated in inflammatory bowel diseases and Helicobacter pylori infected patients. However, its role in biological processes such as inflammation or other immune response is not known. In this study, we generated OLFM4 KO mice to investigate potential role(s) of OLFM4 in gastric mucosal responses to H. pylori infection. H. pylori colonization in the gastric mucosa of OLFM4 KO mice was significantly lower compared with WT littermates. The reduced bacterial load was associated with enhanced infiltration of inflammatory cells in gastric mucosa. Production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-12 p70, and MIP-1alpha was increased in OLFM4 KO mice compared with infected controls. Furthermore, we found that OLFM4 is a target gene of NF--kappaB pathway and has a negative feedback effect on NF-kappaB activation induced by H. pylori infection through a direct association with nucleotide oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) and -2 (NOD2). Together these observations indicate that OLFM4 exerts considerable influence on the host defense against H. pylori infection acting through NOD1 and NOD2 mediated NF-kappaB activation and subsequent cytokines and chemokines production, which in turn inhibit host immune response and contribute to persistence of H. pylori colonization.
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Upregulation of the GRIM-19 gene suppresses invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2061-70. [PMID: 20478305 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality 19 (GRIM-19), as a novel IFN-beta/RA-inducible gene product, was identified as a potential tumor suppressor associated with growth inhibition and cell apoptosis. Recently, it has been reported that the apoptotic effects and apoptosis-related gene induction of GRIM-19 can be attenuated by GW112, indicating that GRIM-19 and GW112 are involved in a common signal transduction pathway. To investigate the signaling mechanisms that link GRIM-19 to GW112 and their functional role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, we utilized adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GRIM-19 in the gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell line. We observed that enhanced expression of GRIM-19 not only downregulated GW112 but also decreased NF-small ka, CyrillicB binding activity. As a result, we found that tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion and liver metastasis were inhibited. Additionally, upregulation of GRIM-19 also suppressed secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These results indicate that GRIM-19 acts as an upstream regulator of GW112 to block NF-small ka, CyrillicB binding activity, thereby inhibiting gastric cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. We conclude that adenoviral transfer of the GRIM-19 gene may be an efficacious approach to controlling the invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer.
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Seko N, Oue N, Noguchi T, Sentani K, Sakamoto N, Hinoi T, Okajima M, Yasui W. Olfactomedin 4 (GW112, hGC-1) is an independent prognostic marker for survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:73-78. [PMID: 23136596 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. We previously performed Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) on four primary gastric cancer samples and identified several gastric cancer-specific genes. Of these genes, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4, also known as GW112 or hGC-1) is a candidate gene for cancer-specific expression. In the present study, we examined the expression and distribution of olfactomedin 4 in CRC by immunohistochemistry. Of the 176 CRC cases, 59 (34%) were positive for cytoplasmic staining of olfactomedin 4. Olfactomedin 4-positive CRC cases showed earlier T classification (P=0.0180), N classification (P=0.0149) and stage (P=0.0144) than olfactomedin 4-negative CRC cases. In the 176 CRC patients, those with olfactomedin 4-positive CRC had a better survival rate than patients with olfactomedin 4-negative CRC (P=0.0092). Multivariate analysis indicated that T classification, M classification and negative olfactomedin 4 expression were independent predictors of survival in patients with CRC. In addition to cytoplasmic staining of olfactomedin 4, stromal staining at the invasive front was observed. In total, 29 (16%) of the 176 CRC cases were positive for stromal olfactomedin 4; however, stromal olfactomedin 4 staining was not correlated with any clinicopathologic characteristic or with patient survival. These results indicate that olfactomedin 4 is a valuable marker for long-term survival in patients with CRC.
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Oue N, Sentani K, Noguchi T, Ohara S, Sakamoto N, Hayashi T, Anami K, Motoshita J, Ito M, Tanaka S, Yoshida K, Yasui W. Serum olfactomedin 4 (GW112, hGC-1) in combination with Reg IV is a highly sensitive biomarker for gastric cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2383-92. [PMID: 19670418 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is 1 of the most common human cancers. Early detection remains the most promising approach to improving long-term survival of patients with GC. We previously performed Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) on 4 primary GCs and identified several GC-specific genes including Reg IV. Of these genes, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4, also known as GW112 or hGC-1) is a candidate gene for cancer-specific expression. In this study, we examined the expression of olfactomedin 4 in human GC by immunohistochemistry. We also assessed serum olfactomedin 4 levels in GC patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 94 (56%) of 167 GC cases were positive for olfactomedin 4 by immunostaining. Olfactomedin 4 staining was observed more frequently in stage I/II cases than in stage III/IV cases. The serum olfactomedin 4 concentration in presurgical GC patients (n = 123, mean +/- SE, 36.3 +/- 3.5 ng/mL) was significantly higher than that in healthy individuals (n = 76, 16.6 +/- 1.6 ng/mL). In patients with stage I GC, the sensitivity of serum olfactomedin 4 (25%) and Reg IV (35%) was superior to that of CA19-9 (5%) or CEA (3%). Furthermore, in patients with stage I GC, the combination of olfactomedin 4 and Reg IV elevated the diagnostic sensitivity to 52%. These results suggest that serum olfactomedin 4 is a useful marker for GC and its measurement alone or in combination with Reg IV has utility in the early detection of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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BCL6 degradation caused by the interaction with the C-terminus of pro-HB-EGF induces cyclin D2 expression in gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 2009; 100:1320-9. [PMID: 19337254 PMCID: PMC2676553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL6 is a transcriptional repressor that has important functions in lymphocyte differentiation and lymphomagenesis, but there have been no reports of BCL6 expression in gastric cancers. In the present study, we investigated the BCL6 function in gastric cancers. Treatment with TPA resulted in BCL6 degradation and cyclin D2 upregulation. This phenomenon was inhibited by the suppression of the nuclear translocation of HB-EGF-CTF (C-terminal fragment of pro-HB-EGF). The HB-EGF-CTF nuclear translocation leads to the interaction of BCL6 with HB-EGF-CTF and the nuclear export of BCL6, and after that BCL6 degradation was mediated by ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Real-time RT-PCR and siRNA targeting BCL6 revealed that BCL6 suppresses cyclin D2 expression. Our data indicate that BCL6 interacts with nuclear-translocated HB-EGF-CTF and that the nuclear export and degradation of BCL6 induces cyclin D2 upregulation. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of BCL6, HB-EGF and cyclin D2 in human gastric cancers. The inverse correlation between BCL6 and cyclin D2 was also found in HB-EGF-positive human gastric cancers. BCL6 degradation caused by the HB-EGF-CTF also might induce cyclin D2 expression in human gastric cancers. Inhibition of HB-EGF-CTF nuclear translocation and maintenance of BCL6 function are important for the regulation of gastric cancer progression.
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