1
|
Dry SM. Dedifferentiation in bone and soft tissue sarcomas: How do we define it? What is prognostically relevant? Hum Pathol 2024; 147:139-147. [PMID: 38311185 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation traditionally is defined by descriptive criteria as a tumor showing an abrupt change in histology from a conventional, classic, low-grade appearing neoplasm to a tumor that is more cellular, pleomorphic and "high grade", with grading typically being performed by subjective criteria. The dedifferentiated areas range from areas with recognizable histologic differentiation which differs from the primary tumor (such as an osteosarcoma arising from a low-grade chondrosarcoma) to areas containing sarcomas without specific histologic differentiation (such as pleomorphic or spindle cell sarcoma). Many, but not all, dedifferentiated tumors are aggressive and associated with significantly shorter survival than their conventional counterparts, even grade 3 conventional tumors. As a result, dedifferentiated tumors are generally considered to be clinically aggressive and as a result, more aggressive surgery or the addition of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy is often considered. However, long-term (greater than 20 year) survivors are reported in the most common dedifferentiated bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Moreover, use of mitotic criterion for defining dedifferentiation in dedifferentiated liposarcoma as well as grading (by the French system) have been found to be associated with survival. This paper reviews the literature on dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated chordoma and dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma. As a result of that review, recommendations are advocated to identify evidence-based, objective diagnostic and grading criteria for dedifferentiation that are appropriate for each tumor type. Adding such criteria will improve consistency in diagnosis worldwide, allow easier comparison of clinical research performed on dedifferentiated tumors and help communicate (to patients and clinicians) the tumors with highest risk of clinically aggressive behavior, to allow appropriate and personalized treatment planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 13-222 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawaguchi K, Kohashi K, Sagiyama K, Hashisako M, Nabeshima A, Setsu N, Endo M, Iwasaki T, Nakashima Y, Oda Y. Low-grade central osteosarcoma with extraosseous dedifferentiation: a rare case. Skeletal Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00256-024-04647-x. [PMID: 38467824 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Low-grade central osteosarcoma (LGCOS), which arises from the intramedullary cavity of the metaphysis of long bones, occasionally exhibits extraosseous spread. Approximately 10-30% of patients with LGCOS exhibit dedifferentiation, but it is rare to experience a primary tumor with a dedifferentiated component. A 38-year-old female patient presented with right knee pain for two months. Imaging studies revealed a bone mass with extraosseous involvement. Wide resection was performed, and pathologic examination led to the diagnosis of LGCOS with a dedifferentiated extraosseous lesion. A single defect in the bone cortex constituted the boundary between the low- and high-grade components. The extraosseous high-grade component included more tumor cells with p53 overexpression and more murine double minute 2 (MDM2) copies compared with the low-grade component. These genetic mutations and copy number alterations can be associated with malignant transformation of LGCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kawaguchi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koji Sagiyama
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Hashisako
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Nabeshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nokitaka Setsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perloff A, Park S, Panganiban R, deVries J. Pediatric parosteal osteosarcoma of the distal radius causing extensive erosive mass effect of the adjacent ulna: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:950. [PMID: 38057715 PMCID: PMC10702084 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parosteal osteosarcomas are low-grade bony malignancies that are treated primarily with surgical resection and reconstruction. This report discusses a unique case of a pediatric patient who presented with a parosteal osteosarcoma of the distal radius causing extensive erosive mass effect and growth disturbance of the adjacent ulna. Likely due to their slow-growing nonaggressive nature, parosteal osteosarcomas have not been previously described to abut adjacent bony structures through direct contact. The patient presented in a significantly delayed manner due to social circumstances, inadvertently revealing this novel behavior. This report reviews this rare case and describes the current understanding of this tumor. CASE PRESENTATION The patient is a 13-year-old male who presented with a parosteal osteosarcoma of his distal radius. He presented with a palpable wrist mass and wrist stiffness. He presented in a delayed manner with advanced local disease due to social factors. Imaging revealed an osseous radial mass that abutted the ulna and likely stunted its growth. The patient ultimately underwent complex resection and allograft reconstruction of both his distal radius and ulna. Intraoperative pathology was confirmed to have negative tumor margins. Allograft reconstruction of the radius and ulna was performed utilizing patient-specific custom cutting guides. At the 6-month postoperative visit, the patient had no recurrence of the mass, minimal pain, and had almost regained range of motion of the extremities. Clinical radiographs at the 6-month postoperative visit demonstrated allograft incorporation. CONCLUSIONS A previously unreported case of pediatric parosteal osteosarcoma of the distal radius with erosion of the adjacent ulna through direct contact is presented. The challenges in and the importance of arriving at a definitive diagnosis in a timely manner for the proper treatment of this malignancy are emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perloff
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America.
| | - SeHoon Park
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - Robert Panganiban
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - John deVries
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mejbel HA, Siegal GP, Wei S. Periosteal Fasciitis With Unusual Radiologic Features Harboring a Novel STAG1::USP6 Fusion Gene. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:1387-1392. [PMID: 36694417 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221150369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Periosteal fasciitis is a subtype of nodular fasciitis originating from the periosteum. The diagnosis can be challenging and requires radiologic-pathologic correlation. Advances in molecular analysis confirmed that nodular fasciitis and its related lesions harbor a USP6 gene rearrangement with one of the several potential partners. Herein, we report a case of periosteal fasciitis with metaplastic bone formation detected incidentally during a radiologic survey for breast carcinoma. Radiologic examination revealed a 2.4 cm, heterogeneous, avidly enhancing lesion of the right femoral distal metaphysis concerning for low-grade periosteal chondrosarcoma. Histological examination of a core needle biopsy revealed a tumor composed of bland spindle cells with myofibroblastic and osteoblastic phenotypes admixed with immature bone and cartilaginous elements. Molecular analysis revealed a novel STAG1::USP6 fusion that helped arrive at the right diagnosis and further expands the molecular profile of USP6-associated neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haider A Mejbel
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gene P Siegal
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Departments of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Departments of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen C, He X, Chen M, Du T, Qin W, Jing W, Zhang H. Diagnostic value of MDM2 RNA in situ hybridization for low-grade osteosarcoma: Consistency comparison of RNA in situ hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03530-9. [PMID: 36977943 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection of MDM2 gene amplification via fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and MDM2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) have been utilized for the diagnosis of low-grade osteosarcoma (LGOS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of MDM2 RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) and compare this assay with MDM2 FISH and IHC in distinguishing LGOS from its histologic mimics. MDM2 RNA-ISH, FISH and IHC were performed on nondecalcified samples of 23 LGOSs and 52 control cases. Twenty (20/21, 95.2%) LGOSs were MDM2-amplified, and two cases failed in FISH. All control cases were MDM2-nonamplified. All 20 MDM2-amplified LGOSs and one MDM2-nonamplified LGOS harboring TP53 mutation and RB1 deletion showed positivity for RNA-ISH. Fifty of the 52 (96.2%) control cases were negative for RNA-ISH. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of MDM2 RNA-ISH were 100.0% and 96.2%, respectively. Nineteen of the 23 LGOSs were evaluated by MDM2 RNA-ISH and FISH in decalcified samples simultaneously. All decalcified LGOSs failed in FISH and most samples (18/19) were no staining in RNA-ISH. Fifteen (15/20, 75%) MDM2-amplified LGOSs were positive for IHC and 96.2% (50/52) of control cases were negative. The sensitivity of RNA-ISH (100%) was higher than that of IHC (75%). In conclusion, MDM2 RNA-ISH has great value for the diagnosis of LGOS, with excellent consistency with FISH and better sensitivity than IHC. Acid decalcification still has an adverse impact on RNA. Some MDM2-nonamplified tumors may show positivity for MDM2 RNA-ISH, which needs to be analyzed comprehensively in combination with clinicopathological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianhai Du
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiji Qin
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyi Jing
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, GuoXueXiang 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pacheco M, Guzmán R, Bonilla P. Dedifferentiated Low-Grade Osteosarcoma, Outcome with or Without Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review. Orthop Res Rev 2023; 15:79-89. [PMID: 37143718 PMCID: PMC10153403 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s404146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of low-grade osteosarcomas is surgical resection with wide margins. In instances of dedifferentiation, a therapeutic paradigm similar to that of conventional high-grade osteosarcoma has not been adequately evaluated in these neoplasms. The main objective of this review was to define whether the addition of chemotherapy to surgical treatment has an impact on the survival of patients with dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcomas. Secondary objectives were to observe the degree of histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to describe the percentage of de novo dedifferentiation. A systematic search of articles including dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcomas, published between 1980 and 2022 was carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane and Scielo databases. A qualitative synthesis of the results was performed. Twenty-three articles comprising 117 patients were included. The survival of patients treated with surgery alone and surgery with chemotherapy was not statistically significant between the two groups. A good histological response was seen in 20% of specimens treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. De novo dedifferentiation was seen in approximately a fifth of low-grade osteosarcomas. The evidence available suggests that the addition of chemotherapy does not have an impact on the survival of patients with low-grade dedifferentiated osteosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pacheco
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano CSS, Social Security Fund, Panama, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación; Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovación, Panama, Panama
- Correspondence: Marina Pacheco, Departamento de Patología, Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid CSS, Avenida José de Fábrega y Simón Bolivar, Bella Vista, Panama, Panama, Tel +507 503 6219, Email
| | - Rodolfo Guzmán
- Department of Pathology, Hospital San Juan de Dios CCSS, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Patricia Bonilla
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel, Panama, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dedifferentiation in low-grade osteosarcoma: a Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group (JMOG) study. Int J Clin Oncol 2022; 27:1758-1766. [PMID: 35932377 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-022-02223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade osteosarcomas, namely parosteal osteosarcoma (POS) and low-grade central osteosarcoma (LGCOS), occasionally dedifferentiate into high-grade malignancy, referred to as dedifferentiation in low-grade osteosarcoma (DLOS). This study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathologic features of DLOS, which are poorly described to date due to the extreme rarity of the disease. METHODS A total of 33 patients with DLOS were included. Clinical characteristics, including the diagnostic accuracy of tumor biopsy, multimodal treatments, and clinical course, were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with overall survival (OS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS). RESULTS The tumor subtypes comprised 10 cases (30.3%) of LGCOS and 23 cases (69.7%) of POS. The timing of dedifferentiation was synchronous in 25 (75.8%) and metachronous in 8 (24.2%) patients. The rates of preoperative diagnosis of DLOS were 40.0% and 65.4% for core needle biopsy and incisional biopsy, respectively. All patients underwent surgery and 25 patients received perioperative chemotherapy. Of the 13 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 11 exhibited a poor histological response. The 5-year OS and MFS rates were 88.1% and 77.7%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that local recurrence was associated with poor OS (P < 0.01) and MFS (P < 0.01). Perioperative chemotherapy did not affect OS or MFS. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy of tumor biopsy for DLOS was lower than that for bone sarcomas, as reported previously. In contrast to conventional osteosarcomas with high chemosensitivity, both histological responses and survival analysis revealed low efficacy of chemotherapy for DLOS.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ameline B, Nathrath M, Nord KH, de Flon FH, Bovée JVMG, Krieg AH, Höller S, Hench J, Baumhoer D. Methylation and copy number profiling: emerging tools to differentiate osteoblastoma from malignant mimics? Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1204-1211. [PMID: 35347251 PMCID: PMC9424109 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangements of the transcription factors FOS and FOSB have recently been identified as the genetic driver event underlying osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. Nuclear overexpression of FOS and FOSB have since then emerged as a reliable surrogate marker despite limitations in specificity and sensitivity. Indeed, osteosarcoma can infrequently show nuclear FOS expression and a small fraction of osteoblastomas seem to arise independent of FOS/FOSB rearrangements. Acid decalcification and tissue preservation are additional factors that can negatively influence immunohistochemical testing and make diagnostic decision-making challenging in individual cases. Particularly aggressive appearing osteoblastomas, also referred to as epithelioid osteoblastomas, and osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma can be difficult to distinguish, underlining the need for additional markers to support the diagnosis. Methylation and copy number profiling, a technique well established for the classification of brain tumors, might fill this gap. Here, we set out to comprehensively characterize a series of 77 osteoblastomas by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in-situ hybridization as well as copy number and methylation profiling and compared our findings to histologic mimics. Our results show that osteoblastomas are uniformly characterized by flat copy number profiles that can add certainty in reaching the correct diagnosis. The methylation cluster formed by osteoblastomas, however, so far lacks specificity and can be misleading in individual cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Ameline
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute for Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Nathrath
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Cancer Research Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany ,grid.419824.20000 0004 0625 3279Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Karolin H. Nord
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felix Haglund de Flon
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judith V. M. G. Bovée
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas H. Krieg
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Bone and Soft tissue Sarcoma Center, University of Basel, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Höller
- grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute for Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Stadtspital Zürich, Institute of Clinical Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hench
- grid.410567.1Institute for Medical Genetics and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumor Reference Center at the Institute for Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rossetti A, Fily A, Dreano T, Ropars M, Maximen J. Parosteal osteosarcoma of the thumb: a case report and literature review. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2022; 41:273-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Strauss SJ, Frezza AM, Abecassis N, Bajpai J, Bauer S, Biagini R, Bielack S, Blay JY, Bolle S, Bonvalot S, Boukovinas I, Bovee JVMG, Boye K, Brennan B, Brodowicz T, Buonadonna A, de Álava E, Dei Tos AP, Garcia Del Muro X, Dufresne A, Eriksson M, Fagioli F, Fedenko A, Ferraresi V, Ferrari A, Gaspar N, Gasperoni S, Gelderblom H, Gouin F, Grignani G, Gronchi A, Haas R, Hassan AB, Hecker-Nolting S, Hindi N, Hohenberger P, Joensuu H, Jones RL, Jungels C, Jutte P, Kager L, Kasper B, Kawai A, Kopeckova K, Krákorová DA, Le Cesne A, Le Grange F, Legius E, Leithner A, López Pousa A, Martin-Broto J, Merimsky O, Messiou C, Miah AB, Mir O, Montemurro M, Morland B, Morosi C, Palmerini E, Pantaleo MA, Piana R, Piperno-Neumann S, Reichardt P, Rutkowski P, Safwat AA, Sangalli C, Sbaraglia M, Scheipl S, Schöffski P, Sleijfer S, Strauss D, Sundby Hall K, Trama A, Unk M, van de Sande MAJ, van der Graaf WTA, van Houdt WJ, Frebourg T, Ladenstein R, Casali PG, Stacchiotti S. Bone sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS-ERN PaedCan Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1520-1536. [PMID: 34500044 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S J Strauss
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
| | - A M Frezza
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - N Abecassis
- Instituto Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Bajpai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - S Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Interdisciplinary Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R Biagini
- Department of Oncological Orthopedics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bielack
- Klinikum Stuttgart-Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Y Blay
- Centre Leon Berard and UCBL1, Lyon, France
| | - S Bolle
- Radiation Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - S Bonvalot
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - J V M G Bovee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Boye
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Brennan
- Paediatric Oncology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - T Brodowicz
- Vienna General Hospital (AKH), Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Buonadonna
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Aviano, Italy
| | - E de Álava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, CIBERONC, Seville, Spain; Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - A P Dei Tos
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - A Dufresne
- Département d'Oncologie Médicale Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
| | - M Eriksson
- Skane University Hospital-Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Fagioli
- Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Fedenko
- P.A. Herzen Cancer Research Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V Ferraresi
- Sarcomas and Rare Tumors Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferrari
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - N Gaspar
- Department of Oncology for Child and Adolescents, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - S Gasperoni
- Department of Oncology and Robotic Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - H Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F Gouin
- Centre Leon-Berard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - G Grignani
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - A Gronchi
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori and University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Haas
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiotherapy, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A B Hassan
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - N Hindi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Jimenez Diaz, University Hospital, Advanced Therapies in Sarcoma Lab, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Hohenberger
- Mannheim University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital (HUH) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - C Jungels
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Jutte
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Kager
- St. Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Department of Pediatrics and Medical University Vienna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Kasper
- Mannheim University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Kopeckova
- University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D A Krákorová
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Le Cesne
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - F Le Grange
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
| | - E Legius
- Department for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Leithner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A López Pousa
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Martin-Broto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fundación Jimenez Diaz, University Hospital, Advanced Therapies in Sarcoma Lab, Madrid, Spain
| | - O Merimsky
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov), Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - C Messiou
- Department of Radiology, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - A B Miah
- Department of Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital and Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - O Mir
- Department of Ambulatory Cancer Care, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - M Montemurro
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Morland
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - C Morosi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - E Palmerini
- Department of Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M A Pantaleo
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Piana
- Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Cita della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - P Reichardt
- Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A A Safwat
- Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Sangalli
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Sbaraglia
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S Scheipl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Schöffski
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Strauss
- Department of Surgery, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - K Sundby Hall
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Trama
- Department of Research, Evaluative Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Unk
- Institute of Oncology of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M A J van de Sande
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W T A van der Graaf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W J van Houdt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Frebourg
- Department of Genetics, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - R Ladenstein
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P G Casali
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Stacchiotti
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Savvidou O, Papakonstantinou O, Lakiotaki E, Zafeiris I, Melissaridou D, Korkolopoulou P, Papagelopoulos PJ. Surface bone sarcomas: an update on current clinicopathological diagnosis and treatment. EFORT Open Rev 2021; 6:905-917. [PMID: 34760290 PMCID: PMC8559567 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface bone sarcomas are rare malignant bone tumours. Osseous and cartilaginous surface bone sarcomas are the most common, with parosteal and periosteal osteosarcomas, periosteal chondrosarcomas and secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas being the most frequent. Their clinical symptoms are non-specific and include pain for several months, swelling and limited range of motion of the adjacent joints. Prompt diagnosis is important, as biological behaviour, imaging and histopathologic characteristics, treatment and prognosis differ considerably from their conventional intramedullary counterparts. Moreover, their imaging characteristics are not infrequently non-characteristic and may be misinterpreted as juxtacortical benign lesions leading to incorrect diagnosis and treatment, with life-threatening repercussions. Molecular studies and histopathological sampling are essential for accurate diagnosis. There are still numerous issues regarding the biology, pathophysiology and treatment options of these entities due to their rarity.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:905-917. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210064
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Savvidou
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Olympia Papakonstantinou
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Eleftheria Lakiotaki
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.,These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Ioannis Zafeiris
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Melissaridou
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Korkolopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Co-senior authors
| | - Panayiotis J Papagelopoulos
- First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Co-senior authors
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nie JH, Yang T, Li H, Ye HS, Zhong GQ, Li TT, Zhang C, Huang WH, Xiao J, Li Z, He JL, Du BL, Zhang Y, Liu J. Identification of GPC3 mutation and upregulation in a multidrug resistant osteosarcoma and its spheroids as therapeutic target. J Bone Oncol 2021; 30:100391. [PMID: 34611509 PMCID: PMC8476350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
GPC3 mutation in primary osteosarcoma becomes abundant in its metastasis. Mutant GPC3 is over-produced in metastatic spheroids with multidrug resistance. Anti-GPC3 antibody effectively commits metastatic spheroids to apoptosis. GPC3 would be a promising therapeutic target of osteosarcomas.
Background Drug resistance and the lack of molecular therapeutic target are the main challenges in the management of osteosarcomas (OSs). Identification of novel genetic alteration(s) related with OS recurrence and chemotherapeutic resistance would be of scientific and clinical significance. Methods To identify potential genetic alterations related with OS recurrence and chemotherapeutic resistance, the biopsies of a 20-year-old male osteosarcoma patient were collected at primary site (p-OS) and from its metastatic tumor (m-OS) formed after 5 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. Both OS specimens were subjected to cancer-targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) and their cell suspensions were cultured under three-dimensional condition to establish spheroid therapeutic model. Transcript-oriented Sanger sequencing for GPC3, the detected mutated gene, was performed on RNA samples of p-OS and m-OS tissues and spheroids. The effects of anti-GPC3 antibody and its combination with cisplatin on m-OS spheroids were elucidated. Results NGS revealed 4 mutations (GPC3, SOX10, MDM4 and MAPK8) and 6 amplifications (MDM2, CDK4, CCND3, RUNX2, GLI1 and FRS2) in p-OS, and 3 mutations (GPC3, SOX10 and EGF) and 10 amplifications (CDK4, CCND3, MDM2, RUNX2, GLI1, FRS2, CARD11, RAC1, SLC16A7 and PMS2) in m-OS. Among those alterations, the mutation abundance of GPC3 was the highest (56.49%) in p-OS and showed 1.54 times increase in m-OS. GPC3 transcript-oriented Sanger sequencing confirmed the mutation at 1046 in Exon 4, and immunohistochemical staining showed increased GPC3 production in m-OS tissues and its spheroids. EdU cell proliferation and Calcein/PI cell viability assays revealed that of the anti-OS first line drugs (doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate, ifosfamide and carboplatin), 10 μM carboplatin exerted the best inhibitory effects on the p-OS but not the m-OS spheroids. 2 μg/mL anti-GPC3 antibody effectively committed m-OS spheroids to death by itself (76.43%) or in combination with cisplatin (92.93%). Conclusion This study demonstrates increased abundance and up-regulated expression of mutant GPC3 in metastatic osteosarcoma and its spheroids with multidrug resistance. As GPC3-targeting therapy has been used to treat hepatocellular carcinomas and it is also effective to OS PDSs, GPC3 would be a novel prognostic parameter and therapeutic target of osteosarcomas.
Collapse
Key Words
- Anti-GPC3 targeted therapy
- CBP, carboplatin
- CDDP, cisplatin
- DOX, doxorubicin
- FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded
- GPC3 mutation
- GPC3-Ab, anti-GPC3 antibody
- Gene upregulation
- H/E, hematoxylin and eosin
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- MA, mutation abundance
- MSS, microsatellite stable
- MTX, methotrexate
- Multidrug resistance
- NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- Next generation sequencing
- OS, osteosarcoma
- Osteosarcoma
- PDS, patient-derived spheroids
- Patient-derived spheroids
- SNV, single-nucleotide variant
- m-OS, metastatic osteosarcoma
- p-OS, primary osteosarcoma
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Nie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Hong Li
- Jingkeson BioMed Laboratory, Guangzhou Jingke Institute of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Hai-Shan Ye
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhong
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Jingkeson BioMed Laboratory, Guangzhou Jingke Institute of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Wen-Han Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jian-Li He
- Jingkeson BioMed Laboratory, Guangzhou Jingke Institute of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Bo-Le Du
- Jingkeson BioMed Laboratory, Guangzhou Jingke Institute of Life Sciences, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Desai C, Thomason J, Kohlmeyer JL, Reisetter AC, Ahirwar P, Jahanseir K, Leidinger M, Ofori-Amanfo G, Fritchie K, Velu SE, Breheny P, Quelle DE, Tanas MR. Prognostic and therapeutic value of the Hippo pathway, RABL6A, and p53-MDM2 axes in sarcomas. Oncotarget 2021; 12:740-755. [PMID: 33889298 PMCID: PMC8057271 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers effective across different histological types of sarcoma are needed. Herein we evaluate expression of TAZ and YAP, the p53-MDM2 axis, and RABL6A, a novel oncoprotein with potential ties to both pathways, in sarcomas of different histological types. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray including 163 sarcomas and correlation with clinical data showed that elevated YAP and TAZ independently predict worse overall and progression-free survival, respectively. In the absence of p53 expression, combined TAZ and YAP expression adversely affect overall, progression free, and metastasis free survival more than TAZ or YAP activation alone. RABL6A independently predicted shorter time to metastasis and was positively correlated with p53, MDM2 and YAP expression, supporting a possible functional relationship between the biomarkers. Network analysis further showed that TAZ is positively correlated with MDM2 expression. The data implicate all five proteins as clinically relevant downstream players in the Hippo pathway. Finally, a novel inhibitor of MDM2 (MA242), effectively suppressed the survival of sarcoma cell lines from different histological types regardless of p53 status. These findings suggest both independent and cooperative roles for all five biomarkers across different histological types of sarcoma in predicting patient outcomes and potentially guiding future therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jon Thomason
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jordan L Kohlmeyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Anna C Reisetter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Parmanand Ahirwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Khadijeh Jahanseir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Karen Fritchie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dawn E Quelle
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Munir R Tanas
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tran V, Slavin J. Bone Tumour Pathology. Sarcoma 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9414-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
15
|
Farah BL, Sittampalam K. Two cases of parosteal osteosarcoma with unusual histological and molecular features. Pathology 2020; 53:654-658. [PMID: 33272695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kesavan Sittampalam
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu DH, Xu ZY, Mo S, Yuan L, Cheng XD, Qin JJ. Targeting MDMX for Cancer Therapy: Rationale, Strategies, and Challenges. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1389. [PMID: 32850448 PMCID: PMC7419686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene MDMX, also known as MDM4 is a critical negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and has been implicated in the initiation and progression of human cancers. Increasing evidence indicates that MDMX is often amplified and highly expressed in human cancers, promotes cancer cell growth, and inhibits apoptosis by dampening p53-mediated transcription of its target genes. Inhibiting MDMX-p53 interaction has been found to be effective for restoring the tumor suppressor activity of p53. Therefore, MDMX is becoming one of the most promising molecular targets for developing anticancer therapeutics. In the present review, we mainly focus on the current MDMX-targeting strategies and known MDMX inhibitors, as well as their mechanisms of action and in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities. We also propose other potential targeting strategies for developing more specific and effective MDMX inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Hua Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Mo
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Cheng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hattinger CM, Patrizio MP, Luppi S, Serra M. Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics in Osteosarcoma: Translational Studies and Clinical Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4659. [PMID: 32629971 PMCID: PMC7369799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade osteosarcoma (HGOS) is a very aggressive bone tumor which primarily affects adolescents and young adults. Although not advanced as is the case for other cancers, pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies applied to HGOS have been providing hope for an improved understanding of the biology and the identification of genetic biomarkers, which may impact on clinical care management. Recent developments of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in HGOS are expected to: i) highlight genetic events that trigger oncogenesis or which may act as drivers of disease; ii) validate research models that best predict clinical behavior; and iii) indicate genetic biomarkers associated with clinical outcome (in terms of treatment response, survival probability and susceptibility to chemotherapy-related toxicities). The generated body of information may be translated to clinical settings, in order to improve both effectiveness and safety of conventional chemotherapy trials as well as to indicate new tailored treatment strategies. Here, we review and summarize the current scientific evidence for each of the aforementioned issues in view of possible clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Massimo Serra
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacogenetics Research Unit, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.M.H.); (M.P.P.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schubert NA, Lowery CD, Bergthold G, Koster J, Eleveld TF, Rodríguez A, Jones DTW, Vassal G, Stancato LF, Pfister SM, Caron HN, Molenaar JJ. Systematic target actionability reviews of preclinical proof-of-concept papers to match targeted drugs to paediatric cancers. Eur J Cancer 2020; 130:168-181. [PMID: 32224415 PMCID: PMC7203547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Children with cancer are in urgent need of new therapies, as approximately 25% of patients experience a relapse and 20% succumb to their disease. Moreover, the majority of survivors suffer from clinically relevant health problems. Repurposing of targeted agents developed for adult indications could provide novel therapeutic options for paediatric cancer patients. To prioritise targeted drugs for paediatric clinical development, we applied a systematic review methodology to develop a Target Actionability Review (TAR) strategy. These TARs assess the strength and completeness of published preclinical proof-of-concept (PoC) data by structured critical appraisal of and summarising the available scientific literature for a specific target (pathway) and the associated drugs in paediatric tumours. Methods A sensitive literature search in PubMed was performed and relevant papers were identified. For each paper, the individual experimental findings were extracted, marked for paediatric tumour type and categorised into nine separate PoC data modules. Each experimental finding was scored for experimental outcome and quality independently by two reviewers; discrepancies were assessed by a third reviewer and resolved by adjudication. Scores corresponding to one PoC module were merged for each tumour type and visualised in a heat map matrix in the publicly available R2 data portal [r2.amc.nl]. Results and conclusions To test our TAR methodology, we conducted a pilot study on MDM2 and TP53. The heat map generated from analysis of 161 publications provides a rationale to support drug development in specific paediatric solid and brain tumour types. Furthermore, our review highlights tumour types where preclinical data are incomplete or lacking and for which additional preclinical testing is advisable. A new strategy to review literature on targeted compounds in paediatric cancer. Results help to guide and prioritise clinical development of novel targeted agents. Outcomes are visualised in a publicly available, interactive heat map. We applied this unique methodology to MDM2 and TP53 and MDM2 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nil A Schubert
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas F Eleveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - David T W Jones
- Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Department of Clinical Research, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mogler C, Knebel C, Boxberg M, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Wörtler K, Specht K. [Parosteal low-grade osteosarcoma with focal differentiation]. DER ORTHOPADE 2020; 49:273-276. [PMID: 31919554 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-019-03849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This case study deals with the case of a 16-year-old male patient with a low-grade parosteal osteosarcoma of the distal femur with focal differentiation. Case history, disease course, and surgery as well as the pathological workup with final diagnosis are presented. Relevant radiologic and pathologic differential diagnoses und diagnostic pitfalls are explained in detail and discussed. Additionally, postoperative treatment options are illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mogler
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Carolin Knebel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland.
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | | | - Klaus Wörtler
- Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - Katja Specht
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen PCH, Yen CC, Hung GY, Pan CC, Chen WM. Gene amplification and tumor grading in parosteal osteosarcoma. J Chin Med Assoc 2019; 82:889-894. [PMID: 31634336 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parosteal osteosarcoma (POS) is a unique low grade osteosarcoma. Two separate oncogenes, MDM2 and CDK4, are specifically amplified in POS. Its clinical behavior is usually indolent. In some occasions, it may progress to high grade and become fatal. Malignant transformation with high grade differentiation is the most reliable indicator to predict its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. This study is to discover the relationship between gene amplification and grading. METHODS Retrospective analysis of MDM2/CDK4 expression/amplification using immunostaining, multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MQPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were studied on 14 patients with recurrent POS. RESULTS Forty tumor specimens in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from 14 patients of POS were included in this study. Twenty-seven tumors are low-grade, 13 are high-grade. All POS showed increased expression of both MDM2 and CDK4 proteins, but not those from conventional osteosarcoma. Except some tumors were non-informative (poor DNA quality), the rest of POS had a marked increase of MDM2 and CDK4 genes copies by MQPCR, and confirmed by MDM2 FISH. Moreover, the folds of amplification increase as tumors progress. And, the amplification folds in high-grade POS are consistently higher than those of conventional ones. CONCLUSION FISH and MQPCR are both useful assays for estimating oncogene amplification status in bone tumors. Amplification levels of MDM2 and CDK4 are related to tumor grading and progression. Molecular determination of gene amplification status can be a reliable alternative for predicting clinical behavior of POS at small biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal tumor, Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal tumor, Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal tumor, Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chen Pan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal tumor, Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Parosteal osteosarcoma: a monocentric retrospective analysis of 195 patients. Hum Pathol 2019; 91:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Thoenen E, Curl A, Iwakuma T. TP53 in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 202:149-164. [PMID: 31276706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genomic and functional study of existing and emerging sarcoma targets, such as fusion proteins, chromosomal aberrations, reduced tumor suppressor activity, and oncogenic drivers, is broadening our understanding of sarcomagenesis. Among these mechanisms, the tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) plays significant roles in the suppression of bone and soft tissue sarcoma progression. Although mutations in TP53 were thought to be relatively low in sarcomas, modern techniques including whole-genome sequencing have recently illuminated unappreciated alterations in TP53 in osteosarcoma. In addition, oncogenic gain-of-function activities of missense mutant p53 (mutp53) have been reported in sarcomas. Moreover, new targeting strategies for TP53 have been discovered: restoration of wild-type p53 (wtp53) activity through inhibition of TP53 negative regulators, reactivation of the wtp53 activity from mutp53, depletion of mutp53, and targeting of vulnerabilities in cells with TP53 deletions or mutations. These discoveries enable development of novel therapeutic strategies for therapy-resistant sarcomas. We have outlined nine bone and soft tissue sarcomas for which TP53 plays a crucial tumor suppressive role. These include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma (LPS), angiosarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thoenen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Amanda Curl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA; Translational Laboratory Oncology Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Toki S, Kobayashi E, Yoshida A, Ogura K, Wakai S, Yoshimoto S, Yonemori K, Kawai A. A clinical comparison between dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcoma and conventional osteosarcoma. Bone Joint J 2019; 101-B:745-752. [PMID: 31154837 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.101b6.bjj-2018-1207.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical behaviour, prognosis, and optimum treatment of dedifferentiated low-grade osteosarcoma (DLOS) diagnosed based on molecular pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 13 DLOS patients (six men, seven women; median age 32 years (interquartile range (IQR) 27 to 38)) diagnosed using the following criteria: the histological coexistence of low-grade and high-grade osteosarcoma components in the lesion, and positive immunohistochemistry of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) associated with MDM2 amplification. These patients were then compared with 51 age-matched consecutive conventional osteosarcoma (COS) patients (33 men, 18 women; median age 25 years (IQR 20 to 38)) regarding their clinicopathological features. RESULTS The five-year overall survival (OAS) rates in the DLOS and COS patients were 85.7% and 77.1% (p = 0.728), respectively, and the five-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 57.7% and 44.9% (p = 0.368), respectively. A total of 12 DLOS patients received chemotherapy largely according to regimens for COS. Among the nine cases with a histological evaluation after chemotherapy, eight showed a poor response, and seven of these had a necrosis rate of < 50%. One DLOS patient developed local recurrence and five developed distant metastases. CONCLUSION Based on our study of 13 DLOS cases that were strictly defined by histological and molecular means, DLOS showed a poorer response to a standard chemotherapy regimen than COS, while the clinical outcomes were not markedly different. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:745-752.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Toki
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Rare Cancer Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Kobayashi
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Rare Cancer Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Rare Cancer Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ogura
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Wakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Yoshimoto
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yonemori
- Department of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Rare Cancer Center, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lam SW, van IJzendoorn DG, Cleton-Jansen AM, Szuhai K, Bovée JV. Molecular Pathology of Bone Tumors. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:171-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
25
|
Abstract
Soft tissue neoplasms are diagnostically challenging, although many advances in ancillary testing now enable accurate classification of fine-needle aspiration biopsies by detection of characteristic immunophenotypes (including protein correlates of molecular alterations) and molecular features. Although there are many useful diagnostic immunohistochemical markers and molecular assays, their diagnostic utility relies on correlation with clinical and morphologic features, judicious application, and appropriate interpretation because no single test is perfectly sensitive or specific. This review discusses applications of ancillary testing for commonly encountered soft tissue neoplasms in cytopathologic practice in the context of a pattern-based approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Y Jo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
There have been rapid and significant advances in diagnostic and predictive molecular techniques in recent years with profound impact on patient care. In situ hybridization (ISH) studies have become well entrenched in surgical pathology practice and their role in the evaluation of HER2 in breast carcinoma and their diagnostic utility in soft tissue pathology are well known. Fluorescent ISH is being increasingly used in other sites such as the head and neck and the gynecologic tract. Like most tests in surgical pathology, ISH studies require good quality tissue, correlation with clinical and histopathologic findings, and adherence to guidelines for optimal assay performance and interpretation. Although ISH studies are largely performed in tertiary centers, the tissue is often processed by a variety of laboratories and the referring pathologists are required to discuss the need, relevance, and significance of these tests and the results with their clinical colleagues. Here we review the predictive and diagnostic utility of fluorescent ISH studies in a variety of organ systems, the preanalytical factors that may affect the results, and the pitfalls in the interpretation that all practicing surgical pathologists should be aware of.
Collapse
|
28
|
Vargas AC, Selinger C, Satgunaseelan L, Cooper WA, Gupta R, Stalley P, Brown W, Soper J, Schatz J, Boyle R, Thomas DM, Tattersall MH, Bhadri V, Maclean F, Bonar SF, Scolyer RA, Karim RZ, McCarthy SW, Mahar A, O'Toole SA. FISH analysis of selected soft tissue tumors: Diagnostic experience in a tertiary center. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 15:38-47. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Makise N, Sekimizu M, Kubo T, Wakai S, Watanabe SI, Kato T, Kinoshita T, Hiraoka N, Fukayama M, Kawai A, Ichikawa H, Yoshida A. Extraskeletal osteosarcoma: MDM2 and H3K27me3 analysis of 19 cases suggest disease heterogeneity. Histopathology 2018; 73:147-156. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Makise
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Pathology; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaya Sekimizu
- Department of Clinical Genomics; National Cancer Center Research Institute; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Division of Translational Genomics; Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center; National Cancer Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Susumu Wakai
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Watanabe
- Division of Thoracic Surgery; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kato
- Division of Gynecology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takayuki Kinoshita
- Division of Breast Surgery; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Akira Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeleltal Oncology; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
- Rare Cancer Center; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Genomics; National Cancer Center Research Institute; Tokyo Japan
- Division of Translational Genomics; Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center; National Cancer Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
- Rare Cancer Center; National Cancer Center Hospital; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jing W, Lan T, Chen H, Zhang Z, Chen M, Peng R, He X, Zhang H. Amplification of FRS2 in atypical lipomatous tumour/well-differentiated liposarcoma and de-differentiated liposarcoma: a clinicopathological and genetic study of 146 cases. Histopathology 2018; 72:1145-1155. [PMID: 29368794 DOI: 10.1111/his.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of FRS2 amplification and its relationship with the clinicopathological features of atypical lipomatous tumour (ALT)/well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDL)/de-differentiated liposarcoma (DDL). METHODS AND RESULTS FRS2 and MDM2 fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed on 146 tumours (70 ALT/WDLs and 76 DDLs). One hundred and eight control samples were included for FRS2 analysis. FRS2 amplification was detected in 136 of 146 (93.2%) ALT/WDL/DDLs, including 63 ALT/WDLs and 73 DDLs. A higher FRS2/CEP12 ratio was observed in DDLs than in ALT/WDLs (P = 0.0005). The FRS2/CEP12 ratio of peripheral tumours was lower than that of central tumours (P = 0.00004). All the ALT/WDL/DDLs showed MDM2 amplification (100%). The MDM2+ /FRS2- series included seven ALT/WDLs and three DDLs. Four of seven (57.1%) MDM2+ /FRS2- ALT/WDLs occurred in peripheral sites, slightly higher than the percentage of MDM2+ /FRS2+ ALT/WDLs (28 of 63, 44.4%). All the three MDM2+ /FRS2- DDLs (100%) were peripheral tumours, a much higher proportion than that of MDM2+ /FRS2+ DDLs (10 of 73, 13.7%). A high percentage of homologous pleomorphic liposarcoma-like DDLs (two of three) were observed in the MDM2+ /FRS2- group. In the control group all the parosteal osteosarcomas (five of five, 100%) were FRS2 amplified, whereas the remaining 103 samples were FRS2 non-amplified. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that FRS2 is amplified consistently in ALT/WDL/DDLs and offer another avenue for the investigation of the biology of this tumour group. MDM2+ /FRS2- cases seem to be associated with certain clinicopathological features, and further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Jing
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Peng
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mogler C, Boxberg M, Knebel C, Weichert W, Wörtler K, Specht K. [Spindle-cell osteosclerotic bone lesion with MDM2 amplification]. DER PATHOLOGE 2017; 39:186-190. [PMID: 29209796 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-017-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This case report presents an osteosclerotic bone lesion in a 49-year-old man with MDM2 amplification. The final diagnosis shows metastasis to the bones from stomach cancer. In primary bone tumours, the MDM2 amplifications observed have been described for many other tumour entities as well, and therefore do not exclude bone metastasis from a carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Mogler
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland.
| | - M Boxberg
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - C Knebel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - W Weichert
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - K Wörtler
- Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - K Specht
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mdm2 selectively suppresses DNA damage arising from inhibition of topoisomerase II independent of p53. Oncogene 2017; 36:6085-6096. [PMID: 28692049 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mdm2 is often overexpressed in tumors that retain wild-type TP53 but may affect therapeutic response independently of p53. Herein is shown that tumor cells with MDM2 amplification are selectively resistant to treatment with topoisomerase II poisons but not other DNA damaging agents. Tumor cells that overexpress Mdm2 have reduced DNA double-strand breaks in response to doxorubicin or etoposide. This latter result is not due to altered drug uptake. The selective attenuation of DNA damage in response to these agents is dependent on both Mdm2 levels and an intact ubiquitin ligase function. These findings reveal a novel, p53-independent activity of Mdm2 and have important implications for the choice of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of Mdm2-overexpressing tumors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Primary extraskeletal osteosarcoma: a clinicopathological study of 18 cases focusing on MDM2 amplification status. Hum Pathol 2017; 63:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Salinas-Souza C, De Andrea C, Bihl M, Kovac M, Pillay N, Forshew T, Gutteridge A, Ye H, Amary MF, Tirabosco R, Toledo SRC, Baumhoer D, Flanagan AM. GNAS mutations are not detected in parosteal and low-grade central osteosarcomas. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1336-42. [PMID: 26248895 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parosteal osteosarcoma, low-grade central osteosarcoma, and fibrous dysplasia share similar histological features that may pose a diagnostic challenge. The detection of GNAS mutations in primary bone tumors has been useful in clinical practice for diagnosing fibrous dysplasia. However, the recent report of GNAS mutations being detected in a significant proportion of parosteal osteosarcoma challenges the specificity of this mutation. As the number of cases reported in this study was small we set out to determine if these results could be reproduced. We studied 97 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded low-grade osteosarcomas from 90 patients including 62 parosteal osteosarcomas, of which MDM2 amplification was detected in 79%, 11 periosteal osteosarcomas and 24 low-grade central osteosarcoma samples. The mutational status of GNAS was analyzed in codons p.R201, p.Q227, and other less common GNAS alterations by bidirectional Sanger sequencing and/or next generation sequencing using the Life Technologies Ion Torrent platform. GNAS mutations were not detected in any of the low-grade osteosarcomas from which informative DNA was extracted. Our findings therefore support prior observations that GNAS mutations are highly specific for fibrous dysplasia and occur rarely, if ever, in parosteal and other low-grade osteosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salinas-Souza
- UCL Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Laboratory, Sarah Cannon-UCL Laboratories, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Pediatric Oncology Institute/Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos De Andrea
- UCL Advanced Diagnostics Molecular Profiling Laboratory, Sarah Cannon-UCL Laboratories, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Michel Bihl
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michal Kovac
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Hongtao Ye
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - M Fernanda Amary
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | | | - Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
XI-006 induces potent p53-independent apoptosis in Ewing sarcoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11465. [PMID: 26095524 PMCID: PMC4476092 DOI: 10.1038/srep11465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an imperious need for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma, the second most prevalent solid bone tumour observed in children and young adolescents. Recently, a 4-nitrobenzofuroxan derivative, XI-006 (NSC207895) was shown to diminish MDM4 promoter activity in breast cancer cell lines. As amplification of MDM4 is frequently observed in sarcomas, this study examined the therapeutic potential of XI-006 for the treatment of Ewing and osteosarcoma. XI-006 treatment of Ewing and osteosarcoma cell lines (n = 11) resulted in rapid and potent apoptosis at low micro-molar concentrations specifically in Ewing sarcoma cell lines (48 hr IC50 0.099–1.61 μM). Unexpectedly, apoptotic response was not dependent on MDM4 mRNA/protein levels or TP53 status. Alkaline/neutral comet and γH2AX immunofluorescence assays revealed that the cytotoxic effects of XI-006 could not be attributed to the induction of DNA damage. RNA expression analysis revealed that the mechanism of action of XI-006 could be accredited to the inhibition of cell division and cycle regulators such as KIF20A and GPSM2. Finally, potent synergy between XI-006 and olaparib (PARP inhibitor) were observed due to the down-regulation of Mre11. Our findings suggest that XI-006 represents a novel therapeutic intervention for the treatment of Ewing sarcoma.
Collapse
|
36
|
Righi A, Gambarotti M, Benini S, Gamberi G, Cocchi S, Picci P, Bertoni F. MDM2 and CDK4 expression in periosteal osteosarcoma. Hum Pathol 2014; 46:549-53. [PMID: 25680902 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Periosteal osteosarcoma is defined by the World Health Organization as an intermediate-grade, malignant, cartilaginous, and bone-forming neoplasm arising on the surface of bone. Unlike other subtypes of osteosarcoma, no data have been published about mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expression. For this reason, we evaluated the molecular and immunohistochemical features of MDM2 and CDK4 in 27 cases relative to 20 patients with a diagnosis of periosteal osteosarcoma, surgically treated at the Rizzoli Institute between 1981 and 2014. When possible, these results were compared with the MDM2 amplification status as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). All but 1 case (26/27, 96.3%) were negative for MDM2 protein using immunohistochemistry both in primary and in recurrent periosteal osteosarcoma, whereas gene amplification of MDM2 was not detected in any tumor analyzed (10 cases). The positive immunohistochemical case shows a weak/moderate focal nuclear expression of MDM2 antibody in the prevalent cartilaginous component and in the spindle cells of peripheral fibroblastic areas associated with osteoid production in a primary periosteal osteosarcoma. CDK4 immunohistochemical expression was negative in all 27 cases. This retrospective analysis has demonstrated that MDM2 and CDK4 are very rarely expressed in primary and recurrent periosteal osteosarcomas and therefore do not appear to be molecules central to the control of cancer development, growth, and progression in periosteal osteosarcoma. Therefore, when compared with low-grade central and parosteal osteosarcomas, MDM2 and CDK4 markers cannot be used diagnostically to differentiate this subtype of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Righi
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136.
| | | | - Stefania Benini
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136
| | - Gabriella Gamberi
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy 40126
| | - Stefania Cocchi
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136
| | - Piero Picci
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136
| | - Franco Bertoni
- Pathology Department, Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy 40136; Department of Pathology, Villa Erbosa Hospital, Bologna, Italy 40129
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fernanda Amary M, Ye H, Berisha F, Khatri B, Forbes G, Lehovsky K, Frezza AM, Behjati S, Tarpey P, Pillay N, Campbell PJ, Tirabosco R, Presneau N, Strauss SJ, Flanagan AM. Fibroblastic growth factor receptor 1 amplification in osteosarcoma is associated with poor response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Med 2014; 3:980-7. [PMID: 24861215 PMCID: PMC4303166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone sarcoma, is a genetically complex disease with no widely accepted biomarker to allow stratification of patients for treatment. After a recent report of one osteosarcoma cell line and one tumor exhibiting fibroblastic growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene amplification, the aim of this work was to assess the frequency of FGFR1 amplification in a larger cohort of osteosarcoma and to determine if this biomarker could be used for stratification of patients for treatment. About 352 osteosarcoma samples from 288 patients were analyzed for FGFR1 amplification by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. FGFR1 amplification was detected in 18.5% of patients whose tumors revealed a poor response to chemotherapy, and no patients whose tumors responded well to therapy harbored this genetic alteration. FGFR1 amplification is present disproportionately in the rarer histological variants of osteosarcoma. This study provides a rationale for inclusion of patients with osteosarcoma in clinical trials using FGFR kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Amary
- Histopathology, London Sarcoma Service, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, U.K; UCL Cancer Institute, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Parosteal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant bone tumor arising from the bone cortical surface. It most commonly occurs in young women over the metaphyseal region, especially the long bones near the knee joint. Patients usually report a slow-growing mass for years. The tumor is characterized by its bland microscopic morphology, prone to be misdiagnosed as other benign tumors. In the absence of dedifferentiation, the prognosis is generally better than that of conventional osteosarcoma. Recent studies demonstrated distinctive cytogenetic abnormality resulting in amplification of the CDK4 and MDM2 genes, which may serve as markers for molecular diagnosis. In this article, we review the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of parosteal osteosarcoma and identify some diagnostic pitfalls, discuss the prognostic variables, and update recent molecular advances and their application in the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Fan Hang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In this paper we provide an overview of benign and malignant osteogenic bone tumors. We describe the diagnostic features, radiographic findings, and pertinent ancillary studies needed to diagnose these bone-forming lesions. We begin with osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma, which are histologically bland and eminently benign with rare possible exceptions. On the other end of the behavioral spectrum is osteosarcoma, which encompasses many subtypes ranging from high-grade osteogenic osteosarcoma to less overtly osteogenic lesions such as telangiectatic and small cell osteosarcoma. While classic osteogenic osteosarcoma can be easily recognized by its high grade morphology and formation of extracellular lace-like osteoid, its variants may pose diagnostic dilemmas as their differential diagnoses can include benign, fibrous, and vascular lesions, among others. Recognition of these variants is essential to avoid diagnostic pitfalls. In equivocal cases, some forms of osteosarcoma have shown molecular alterations that may prove diagnostically useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery T Green
- Division of Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Anne M Mills
- Division of Surgical Pathology & Cytopathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Van Maerken T, Rihani A, Van Goethem A, De Paepe A, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. Pharmacologic activation of wild-type p53 by nutlin therapy in childhood cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 344:157-65. [PMID: 24262662 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A peculiar feature of several types of childhood cancer is that loss-of-function mutations of the TP53 (p53) tumor suppressor gene are uncommon, in contrast to many adult tumors. As p53 needs to be inactivated in order for tumor cells to survive and thrive, pediatric tumors typically make use of other mechanisms to keep p53 in check. One of the critical negative regulators of p53 is the MDM2 oncoprotein. Many anticancer drug development efforts in the past decade have therefore been devoted to the discovery and optimization of small molecules that selectively disrupt the interaction between MDM2 and p53, which could provide, in principle, a potent means to restore p53 function in tumor cells with wild-type p53. The nutlins are the class of selective inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction that are currently most advanced in their clinical development. We review here the preclinical data that support the potential therapeutic use of nutlin drugs in the treatment of various pediatric tumors, including neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma, and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ali Rihani
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan Van Goethem
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne De Paepe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Puls F, Niblett AJ, Mangham DC. Molecular pathology of bone tumours: diagnostic implications. Histopathology 2013; 64:461-76. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Puls
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
| | - Angela J Niblett
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
| | - D Chas Mangham
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Robert Aitken Institute of Clinical Research; Birmingham UK
- Department of Musculoskeletal Pathology; Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust; Oswestry Shropshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Update on Targets and Novel Treatment Options for High-Grade Osteosarcoma and Chondrosarcoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:1021-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
43
|
Nord KH, Macchia G, Tayebwa J, Nilsson J, Vult von Steyern F, Brosjö O, Mandahl N, Mertens F. Integrative genome and transcriptome analyses reveal two distinct types of ring chromosome in soft tissue sarcomas. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:878-88. [PMID: 24070870 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification is a common phenomenon in malignant neoplasms of all types. One mechanism behind increased gene copy number is the formation of ring chromosomes. Such structures are mitotically unstable and during tumor progression they accumulate material from many different parts of the genome. Hence, their content varies considerably between and within tumors. Partly due to this extensive variation, the genetic content of many ring-containing tumors remains poorly characterized. Ring chromosomes are particularly prevalent in specific subtypes of sarcoma. Here, we have combined fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), global genomic copy number and gene expression data on ring-containing soft tissue sarcomas and show that they harbor two fundamentally different types of ring chromosome: MDM2-positive and MDM2-negative rings. While the former are often found in an otherwise normal chromosome complement, the latter seem to arise in the context of general chromosomal instability. In line with this, sarcomas with MDM2-negative rings commonly show complete loss of either CDKN2A or RB1 -both known to be important for genome integrity. Sarcomas with MDM2-positive rings instead show co-amplification of a variety of potential driver oncogenes. More than 100 different genes were found to be involved, many of which are known to induce cell growth, promote proliferation or inhibit apoptosis. Several of the amplified and overexpressed genes constitute potential drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin H Nord
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University and Regional Laboratories, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Salinas-Souza C, De Oliveira R, Alves MTDS, Garcia Filho RJ, Petrilli AS, Toledo SRC. The metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma by gene expression and cytogenetic analyses. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2188-98. [PMID: 23845465 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor with high metastatic potential. Metastasis at diagnosis is the most significant prognostic factor in predicting the clinical outcome of osteosarcoma. We compared the gene expression of metastases that were present at the time of initial diagnosis to those developed later in the course of the disease. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the gene expression of MDM2, CXCR4, RANKL, RB1, and OSTERIX in 98 samples of osteosarcoma taken from 47 patients (74 metastases and 24 primary tumors) and 30 nonmalignant lung tissues surrounding osteosarcoma metastases. In addition, we investigated the copy number changes of RB1 and MDM2 genes in 12 primary cultures of pulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma, using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Metastases from metastatic patients at diagnosis were characterized by low expression of RB1 and RANKL (P = .0009 and P = .0109, respectively) and overexpression of CXCR4 and MDM2 (P = .0389 and P = .0325, respectively). The loss of RANKL and gain of CXCR4 could also be detected in the primary tumors of metastatic patients at diagnosis (P = .0121 and P = .0264, respectively). Thus, some early genetic events such as the loss of RANKL and the gain of CXCR4 expressions probably facilitate the metastatic progression concomitant with the primary tumor establishment, supporting the role of the CXCR4 receptor in directing osteosarcoma metastases to the lung. On the other hand, late events such as the loss of RB1 and gain of MDM2, crucial regulators of cell cycle, appear to be related to the final mechanisms contributing to the metastatic establishment of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salinas-Souza
- Genetics Laboratory, Pediatric Oncology Institute (IOP/GRAACC/UNIFESP), Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Since the discovery of Mdm2, the contribution of this RING E3 ubiquitin ligase to the pathobiology of cancer has focused almost exclusively on its role as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Under normal conditions, Mdm2 promotes the ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent degradation of p53. Levels of p53 are thus kept sufficiently low to allow for cell survival and cell cycle progression. In the context of such insults as DNA damage or ribosomal stress, however, the Mdm2-p53 interaction is disrupted and p53 is stabilized. The myriad intracellular outcomes of p53 activation together comprise a robust program of tumor suppression that is short-circuited in cancer. Over half of all human malignancies are known to have lost p53 expression or sustained p53 mutation, whereas many of the remaining tumors harbor other alterations in key mediators of p53 activity that include overexpression of Mdm2. Therapies targeting the interaction between Mdm2 and p53 represent a possible means of pharmacologically reactivating the p53 pathway in this latter setting. The degree of overlap across the biological consequences of either p53 loss or Mdm2 overexpression, however, has not been thoroughly explored. Indeed, a body of evidence for several p53-independent functions of Mdm2 suggests that disrupting the Mdm2-p53 interaction may fail to address the full spectrum of oncogenic effects specific to tumors that overexpress Mdm2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emir Senturk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sensitivity of MDM2 amplification and unexpected multiple faint alphoid 12 (alpha 12 satellite sequences) signals in atypical lipomatous tumor. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1384-96. [PMID: 22699518 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed whether analysis of MDM2 copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) would help distinguish lipomas from atypical lipomatous tumors, otherwise referred to as well-differentiated liposarcomas, using a commercially available MDM2 FISH kit. 227 lipomatous and 201 non-lipomatous tumors were analyzed to assess its sensitivity and specificity. Of 178 mature lipomatous tumors, 86 were classified histologically as lipoma and 92 as atypical lipomatous tumor. Two of the lipomas harboring MDM2 amplification were reclassified as atypical lipomatous tumors. Overall, 13 atypical lipomatous tumors did not reveal MDM2 or CDK4 amplification, although this was reduced to 12 following analysis of multiple slides. Three of these cases revealed very occasional tumor cells harboring high-level MDM2 amplification, two had a dedifferentiated component, and MDM2 amplification was detected when one tumor recurred. The remaining six cases exhibited reactive/inflammatory features and were reclassified as lipomas. The findings indicate that MDM2 amplification is 93.5% sensitive for diagnosing atypical lipomatous tumor. A total of 2 of the 20 dedifferentiated liposarcomas failed to reveal MDM2 amplification. All atypical lipomatous tumors measured >10 cm, two dedifferentiated liposarcoma presented de novo at <10 cm, and ~50% of lipomas measured >10 cm. Spindle cell lipomas, lipoblastomas, hibernomas and pleomorphic liposarcomas did not reveal MDM2 amplification. Of 201 non-lipomatous tumors, eight revealed MDM2 amplification or multiple faint alphoid 12 signals and were reclassified as dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Multiple faint alphoid 12 signals were observed in nine tumors from seven patients, an observation not previously reported on paraffin sections: these included four atypical lipomatous tumors, and three dedifferentiated liposarcomas, one previously diagnosed as a myxofibrosarcoma, all of which also revealed amplification of CDK4, although two lacked MDM2 amplification. MDM2 FISH test is a useful adjunct to histology for distinguishing lipoma from atypical lipomatous tumor. The limitations of molecular genetic tests must be known before introducing them into a clinical service.
Collapse
|
47
|
Salinas-Souza C, Oliveira ID, de Oliveira R, de Seixas Alves MT, Petrilli AS, Toledo SRC. Establishment and cytogenetic characterization of a cell line from a pulmonary metastasis of osteosarcoma. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:347-53. [PMID: 22833358 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent malignant bone tumour in children and adolescents. In metastatic patients, the most common site of metastasis is the lung. There are relatively few cell lines of metastatic OS reported in the literature and the cytogenetic aspects of OS metastases are still controversial and inconclusive. Here we describe the establishment of a new OS cell line, M-OS, from a pulmonary metastasis of a typical osteoblastic OS of an 11-year-old boy with metastatic OS at diagnosis. M-OS cells have been maintained in culture for over 50 passages for more than 1 year. M-OS was characterized by immunohistochemistry, conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In order to evaluate in vitro cell modification, the immunohistochemical analysis was performed in three different moments of the cell line: 10th, 30th and 50th passages. The conventional cytogenetic analysis revealed the ploidy of M-OS cell line as near-diploid, with most metaphases hyperdiploid and tetraploid. We found a copy number gain of MDM2 gene as the most frequent alteration in the FISH analysis. The immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that M-OS cell line maintained the osteogenic nature even after all passages for the cell line establishment in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salinas-Souza
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Oncology Institute (IOP/GRAACC/UNIFESP), Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 743-8° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy with a particularly high incidence rate in children and adolescents relative to other age groups. The etiology of this often aggressive cancer is currently unknown, because complicated structural and numeric genomic rearrangements in cancer cells preclude understanding of tumour development. In addition, few consistent genetic changes that may indicate effective molecular therapeutic targets have been reported. However, high-resolution techniques continue to improve knowledge of distinct areas of the genome that are more commonly associated with osteosarcomas. Copy number gains at chromosomes 1p, 1q, 6p, 8q, and 17p as well as copy number losses at chromosomes 3q, 6q, 9, 10, 13, 17p, and 18q have been detected by numerous groups, but definitive oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes remain elusive with respect to many loci. In this paper, we examine studies of the genetics of osteosarcoma to comprehensively describe the heterogeneity and complexity of this cancer.
Collapse
|