1
|
Takahashi K, Okazawa T, Shingaki T, Furuya K, Kimura J, Ohmori K. Tumour necrosis factor-α induces C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 production in canine keratinocytes. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:219-225. [PMID: 38111073 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5 induces skin inflammation in healthy dogs. In addition, CCL5 is overexpressed in the skin of experimental models of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been shown to be upregulated in cAD. However, it remains unclear whether TNF-α induces CCL5 production in canine keratinocytes. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of TNF-α on CCL5 production in canine keratinocyte culture and investigate possible synergy with interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4. MATERIALS AND METHODS CCL5 protein concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the culture supernatant of a cell line of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocyte (CPEK) cells stimulated with TNF-α with or without inhibitors of the TNF receptor signalling pathway. CCL5 protein concentrations also were measured in CPEK cells stimulated with TNF-α in the absence or presence of IFN-γ, a T-helper (Th)1-type cytokine, and/or IL-4, a Th2-type cytokine. RESULTS TNF-α increased CCL5 production in CPEK cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. Inhibitors of the TNF receptor signalling pathway diminished CCL5 production. Although neither IFN-γ nor IL-4 alone induced CCL5 production in CPEK cells, the combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ, and not IL-4, synergistically enhanced CCL5 production in these cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE TNF-α may be involved in skin inflammation in dogs by promoting CCL5 production in keratinocytes. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of TNF-α and IFN-γ suggests that the local Th1-type milieu may aggravate skin inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of TNF-α-induced CCL5 production of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of cAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaho Takahashi
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiga Okazawa
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shingaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Keitaro Ohmori
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baretta LT, do Espírito Santo Cunha V, Figueiredo CD, Gerardi DG. A randomised, double-blinded trial to assess the effect of oclacitinib and prednisolone on intradermal allergen and prick tests in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:71-80. [PMID: 37770410 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal (IDT) and prick (PT) tests are used to select allergens for allergen-specific immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, the use of antipruritic drugs before performing these tests may influence the results. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of the drugs oclacitinib and prednisolone on the immediate-phase reactions of IDT and PT. ANIMALS Thirty client-owned dogs with cAD with positive reactions to at least one allergen extract on IDT or PT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to receive oclacitinib 0.4-0.58 mg/kg per os, every 12 h (n = 14), or prednisolone 0.37-0.65 mg/kg p.o., every 12 h (n = 16) for 14 days. IDT and PT were performed on Day (D)0 before treatment and on D14. RESULTS At D14 there was no significant reduction in the means of the orthogonal diameters of the positive immediate-phase reactions of the IDT (p = 0.064) in the oclacitinib group; however, in the PT, the diameter of the positive reactions reduced significantly (p = 0.048). In both tests, there was no significant reduction in the total number of positive reactions (IDT, p > 0.999; PT, p = 0.735). In the prednisolone group, the means of the orthogonal diameters of positive immediate-phase reactions were significantly reduced in both tests (IDT, p = 0.001; PT, p ≤ 0.001) and there also was a reduction in the total number of positive reactions (IDT, p = 0.022; PT, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of oclacitinib 0.4-0.58 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days does not interfere with IDT results in dogs with cAD. However, oclacitinib may reduce PT reactivity. The use of prednisolone 0.37-0.65 mg/kg twice daily results in a reduction in both IDT and PT results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Talita Baretta
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jackson MI, Jewell DE. Feeding of fish oil and medium-chain triglycerides to canines impacts circulating structural and energetic lipids, endocannabinoids, and non-lipid metabolite profiles. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168703. [PMID: 37691632 PMCID: PMC10484482 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of medium-chain fatty acid-containing triglycerides (MCT), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing triglycerides from fish oil (FO), and their combination (FO+MCT) on the serum metabolome of dogs (Canis familiaris) was evaluated. Methods Dogs (N = 64) were randomized to either a control food, one with 7% MCT, one with FO (0.18% eicosapentaenoate and 1.3% docosahexaenoate), or one with FO+MCT for 28 days following a 14-day washout period on the control food. Serum metabolites were analyzed via chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Results Additive effects of serum metabolites were observed for a number of metabolite classes, including fatty acids, phospholipids, acylated amines including endocannabinoids, alpha-oxidized fatty acids, and methyl donors. Some effects of the addition of FO+MCT were different when the oils were combined compared with when each oil was fed separately, namely for acylcarnitines, omega-oxidized dicarboxylic acids, and amino acids. Several potentially beneficial effects on health were observed, including decreased circulating triglycerides and total cholesterol with the addition of FO (with or without MCT) and decreases in N-acyl taurines with the addition of MCT, FO, or FO+MCT. Discussion Overall, the results of this study provide a phenotypic characterization of the serum lipidomic response to dietary supplementation of long-chain n3-polyunsaturated and medium-chain saturated fats in canines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew I. Jackson
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Pet Nutrition Center, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Investigation on the Effect of Dose, Frequency and Duration of Allergen Exposure on Development of Staphylococcal Infections in a Chronic Model of Canine Atopic Dermatitis. Vet Sci 2021; 9:vetsci9010008. [PMID: 35051092 PMCID: PMC8780866 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is chronic and frequently complicated by Staphylococcal infections. Understanding the role of allergen dose, frequency and duration of exposure in triggering infections requires a model. Most models elicit acute inflammation and do not mimic real-life disease. Here we describe the effects of allergen exposures on development of infections in a model of chronic CAD. Diagnosis of pyoderma was based on clinical signs and consistent cytology. Study 1 evaluated the role of duration of exposure keeping the daily dose constant (25 mg/day). The one-week protocol involved three exposures, 3 days in a row. The one-month protocol involved twice-weekly challenges for 4 weeks. The three-month protocol involved twice-weekly challenges for 12 weeks. Study 2 evaluated different daily doses while keeping constant the total weekly dose (25 mg) and duration (3 weeks). Low-dose used 5 mg/day for 5 days, each week. High-dose used 12.5 mg/day twice-weekly. In Study 1, the longer the exposure, the more dogs developed pyoderma (6/9 in the three-month study, 2/9 in the one-month and 0 in the one-week). In Study 2, low-dose daily exposure caused more infections (5/8) than high-dose infrequent exposure (0/8). It is concluded that low-grade, daily exposure for a long time is most relevant for development of staphylococcal infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vargo C, Gogal R, Barber J, Austel M, Banovic F. Characterisation of the serum cytokine profile in feline atopic skin syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:485-e133. [PMID: 34180094 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) is a pruritic and inflammatory skin disease commonly encountered in cats. Three previous reports evaluated cytokine immune activation in cats diagnosed with feline allergic dermatitis. However, no significant upregulations were observed in allergic cats compared to healthy controls. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To evaluate differences in the serum cytokine profile of cats diagnosed with FASS compared to healthy cats, and correlate serum markers with the extent of FASS skin disease using clinical scoring systems. ANIMALS Thirteen client-owned FASS cats and 12 healthy control cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS Thirteen cytokine and chemokines from the serum of FASS cats and healthy controls were analysed using a commercially available feline-specific multiplex assay. RESULTS Patients with FASS had a significant increase in serum concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-13 and IL-18. In addition, cytokine/chemokines involved in inflammation and chemotaxis [IL-8, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand (CCL)5, CCL2 and CXCL12], as well as growth factors, stem cell factor and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), also were significantly elevated. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.64) between the serum levels of Flt3L and Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) score was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the activation of a broad array of immune secretory cytokines in the serum of cats with FASS, which are largely associated with a mixed Th1 and Th2 inflammatory response along with specific growth factors. Further larger-sample studies are needed to assess the modulation of serum biomarkers in FASS by pharmacological/therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Vargo
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of, Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - James Barber
- Department of, Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michaela Austel
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Departments of, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Banovic F, Denley T, Blubaugh A. Dose-dependent pruritogenic and inflammatory effects of intradermal injections of histamine, compound 48/80 and anti-canine IgE in healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:325-e91. [PMID: 31038263 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scratching behaviours associated with intradermal (i.d.) injection of pruritogens such as histamine and compound 48/80 into the skin of mice and humans is the commonly used model to advance itch research and drug development. The predictive validity of this model is poorly documented in dogs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the dose-dependent effects of pruritogenic substances, each with a different mechanism of action, in healthy dogs. ANIMALS Ten healthy laboratory beagles. METHODS AND MATERIALS All dogs were video-recorded for 30 min post-injection (mpi) of i.d. goat anti-canine IgE (4 and 25 μg/site), histamine and compound 48/80 (50, 100, 200, 400 μg/site); two buffered saline injections served as controls. Two blinded investigators reviewed the pruritic behaviours of all video recordings. Global wheal scores were evaluated at 30 min by a blinded investigator. RESULTS All dogs showed wheal and erythema at the pruritogen injection site; global wheal scores at 30 min of each substance significantly increased at all concentrations compared to control (P ≤ 0.05). A blinded evaluation revealed that all pruritogens induced mild acute pruritic behaviours at the site of injection. There was no injection site pain seen in any dog. Compared to controls, injections of pruritogens did not significantly affect the pruritic seconds or occurrence of pruritic episodes for any of the substances. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These preliminary results suggest that i.d. injections of the studied pruritogens can induce cutaneous wheal and flare response in healthy dogs; but inconsistencies occur in the induction of itch, even with the different concentrations of pruritogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bae S, Kim K, Oh T. The effect of an ex vivo boosted immune cell therapy on canine atopic dermatitis: an open, uncontrolled pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:504-e169. [PMID: 30226281 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is associated with an imbalance between multiple T lymphocytes and cytokines. Ex vivo boosted immune cell (EBIC) therapy is the sequential administration of ex vivo cultured and activated lymphocytes to patients to improve immune function. OBJECTIVE This pilot study aimed to assess the safety of EBIC therapy and demonstrate its efficacy as a novel treatment for cAD. ANIMALS Ten dogs with AD. METHODS AND MATERIALS The phenotypes of the immune cells before and after ex vivo culture were analysed by flow cytometry. EBICs (1.0-5.0 × 108 cells/animal) were administered to dogs every two weeks, with a total of six injections. The cAD extent and severity index (CADESI)-03 and pruritus scores were calculated to evaluate the efficacy of EBIC therapy for cAD. For safety assessment, regular blood examination was conducted, and any adverse events recorded. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-31 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were evaluated. RESULTS The cells expanded by an average of 57.52-fold and the proportions of CD8+ cells and IFN-γ-producing cells significantly increased after ex vivo culture. Sequential EBIC therapy improved CADESI-03, and pruritus scores significantly. After stopping treatment the improvement rates increased for the CADESI score and were maintained for the pruritus score. There were no significant changes in cytokine levels. No significant adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE EBIC therapy is a safe and efficient treatment for cAD. This therapy could correct the immunological imbalance in dogs with AD by infusing activated T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijung Kim
- GNS Bio, 142 Unjungro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13466, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blubaugh A, Rissi D, Elder D, Denley T, Eguiluz-Hernandez S, Banovic F. The anti-inflammatory effect of topical tofacitinib on immediate and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in dogs: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:250-e93. [PMID: 29512229 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition is a promising therapeutic target for several inflammatory skin diseases of humans. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of tofacitinib, a JAK 1/3 inhibitor, on immediate and late-phase skin reactions in dogs. ANIMALS Five healthy laboratory beagle dogs. METHODS Topical tofacitinib (total daily dosage: 0.5 mg/cm2 ) or its gel vehicle were applied on either the left or right lateral thorax of each dog for eight days. Three days before application and after eight days of topical treatment, intradermal injections of histamine and anticanine-IgE antibodies were performed on both sides; they were evaluated by an investigator blinded to the interventions. RESULTS The tofacitinib gel was well-tolerated; one dog developed mild erythema at Day 5 that resolved by the next application. Treatment with tofacitinib reduced histamine and anticanine-IgE global wheal scores (one-way ANOVA, P ≤ 0.005 for both) compared to baseline; there was no significant difference for the vehicle placebo (histamine; P = 0.163; IgE, P = 0.223). Late-phase reactions (LPRs) were markedly, but not significantly reduced after tofacitinib treatment (P = 0.071). A blinded histological evaluation of 6 h-anti-IgE-associated LPRs revealed a significant reduction in the total leucocyte superficial dermal cellularity (P = 0.022), as well as eosinophil (P = 0.022) and mast cell (P = 0.022) counts at tofacitinib-treated sides compared with pretreatment values. Post-treatment complete blood counts and serum chemistry profiles did not show relevant tofacitinib-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that topical tofacitinib exerts an inhibitory effect on activated canine skin-emigrating immune cells; this drug should be investigated further as a topical immunosuppressive drug in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Rissi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Deborah Elder
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 W. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sitka Eguiluz-Hernandez
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, and the NCSU Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asahina R, Maeda S. A review of the roles of keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in humans and dogs. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:16-e5. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Asahina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu 501-1193 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saridomichelakis MN, Olivry T. An update on the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet J 2015; 207:29-37. [PMID: 26586215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease seen in veterinary clinical practice. Several factors appear to contribute to the cutaneous inflammation and pruritus. The therapeutic strategy should focus on control of those factors that can be identified and for which interventional measures are feasible; these include ectoparasites, bacterial/fungal infection and dietary hypersensitivity. Ectoparasites, particularly fleas, are not the cause of atopic dermatitis, but they are a confounding factor, which can exacerbate pruritus, and preventative measures are therefore indicated. Bacterial and yeast infections are frequently associated with atopic dermatitis and initial systemic and/or topical therapy should be considered, followed by regular topical treatment for preventing relapse. Concurrent dietary hypersensitivity should be investigated by undertaking an elimination/provocation trial, followed by feeding of a hypoallergenic diet where appropriate. Depending on the severity of the clinical signs of atopic dermatitis and the willingness and expectations of owners, symptomatic treatment and/or specific interventional therapy for environmental allergy (allergen avoidance, allergen-specific immunotherapy) may be implemented. Symptomatic treatment includes use of glucocorticoids (systemically or topically), ciclosporin and oclacitinib. Other treatment modalities of lower or less proven efficacy include antihistamines, dextromethorphan, fatty acids, feline interferon-omega, misoprostol, pentoxifylline, specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressant drugs. The therapeutic approach should be reviewed at regular intervals and tailored to the individual's needs. A successful long-term outcome can usually be achieved by combining the various treatment approaches in a way that maximises their benefits and minimises their drawbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, Karditsa GR-43100, Greece.
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pucheu-Haston CM, Bizikova P, Marsella R, Santoro D, Nuttall T, Eisenschenk MNC. Review: Lymphocytes, cytokines, chemokines and the T-helper 1-T-helper 2 balance in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:124-e32. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pucheu-Haston CM, Santoro D, Bizikova P, Eisenschenk MNC, Marsella R, Nuttall T. Review: Innate immunity, lipid metabolism and nutrition in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:104-e28. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | | | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bizikova P, Santoro D, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Eisenschenk MNC, Pucheu-Haston CM. Review: Clinical and histological manifestations of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:79-e24. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | | | - Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Itch is the most common clinical problem seen in dogs with skin diseases. Although an etiological classification of canine pruritus does not yet exist, most causes would likely fall into the IFSI class I (dermatological) itch. One of the most common causes of canine itch is that associated with atopic dermatitis, and there is randomized controlled trial grade evidence of the efficacy of several antipruritic interventions. At this time, the mainstay of treatment of canine atopic itch relies principally on the use of topical and/or oral glucocorticoids and oral cyclosporine. Type 1 receptor antihistamines are notorious in their inconsistency in reducing pruritus in atopic dogs. A new Janus kinase (JAK)-1 inhibitor has recently been approved for treatment of allergic itch in dogs, and its onset of efficacy is remarkably fast. Modeling itch in dogs can be achieved by allergen sensitization (fleas, house dust mites), and challenges that elicit pruritic manifestation can be used for mechanistic studies as well as for testing of novel anti-itch modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Marcia Murphy K, Olivry T. The influence of mometasone furoate ear solution on intradermal test immediate reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2014; 26:31-4, e9-10. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Marcia Murphy
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Woodward MC, Andrews FM, Kearney MT, Del Piero F, Hammerberg B, Pucheu-Haston CM. Characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in nonallergic horses. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:633-41. [PMID: 24959729 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.7.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the response of skin of nonallergic horses following ID injection of polyclonal rabbit anti-canine IgE (anti-IgE) and rabbit IgG. ANIMALS 6 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Skin in the cervical area was injected ID with anti-IgE and IgG. Wheal measurements and skin biopsy specimens were obtained before and 20 minutes and 6, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Tissue sections were evaluated for inflammatory cells at 4 dermal depths. Immunohistochemical analysis for CD3, CD4, and CD8 was performed, and cell counts were evaluated. RESULTS Anti-IgE wheals were significantly larger than IgG wheals at 20 minutes and 6 and 24 hours after injection. There were significantly more degranulated mast cells after anti-IgE injection than after IgG injection. There were significantly more eosinophils at 6, 24, and 48 hours and neutrophils at 6 hours after anti-IgE injection, compared with cell numbers at those same times after IgG injection. There were significantly more eosinophils in the deeper dermis of anti-IgE samples, compared with results for IgG samples. No significant differences between treatments were detected for CD3(+), CD4(+), or CD8(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Injection of anti-IgE antibodies was associated with the development of gross and microscopic inflammation characterized by mast cell degranulation and accumulation of inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils. This pattern appeared to be similar to that of horses with naturally developing allergic skin disease, although lymphocytes were not increased; thus, ID injection of anti-IgE in horses may be of use for evaluating allergic skin diseases of horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Woodward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
A study for characterization of IgE-mediated cutaneous immediate and late-phase reactions in non-allergic domestic cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:41-9. [PMID: 24629765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-E (IgE) mediated reactions can be induced by intradermal injection of anti-IgE antibodies in both humans and dogs. These reactions grossly and histologically mimic changes seen in naturally occurring allergic dermatitis in these species. Similar studies have not been conducted in the cat. Purified polyclonal rabbit-origin IgG specific for canine IgE (anti-IgE) and rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were injected intradermally in 7 non-allergic laboratory colony cats. Wheal measurements were obtained and biopsies collected before injection and at injection sites after 20 min, 6, 24, and 48 h. Injection of anti-IgE induced an immediate wheal response which was significantly larger than that seen after injection of rabbit IgG. Anti-IgE injected skin was also significantly thicker than IgG-injected skin. This corresponded with a significant increase in number of visibly degranulated mast cells in anti-IgE samples when compared to IgG samples. Injection of anti-IgE was associated with the rapid recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injected dermis. The number of inflammatory cells and mononuclear cells were significantly elevated after the injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG-injected skin. Both eosinophils and neutrophils were significantly increased in anti-IgE samples relative to IgG, although neutrophils were only transiently increased. The high eosinophil and relatively low neutrophil cell counts in these samples were consistent with previously documented histologic features of naturally occurring feline allergic skin disease. Immunohistochemistry identified a significantly overall increased CD1a(+) cells after the intradermal injection of anti-IgE when compared to IgG and non-injected skin. CD3(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+) were also significantly increased overall in anti-IgE injected skin relative to IgG injected skin. These data document the gross and cellular response to injection of anti-IgE in the skin of healthy, non-allergic cats and support a possible role for IgE in the development of feline allergic dermatitis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pucheu-Haston CM, Kasparek KA, Stout RW, Kearney MT, Hammerberg B. Effects of pentoxifylline on immediate and late-phase cutaneous reactions in response to anti-immunoglobulin E antibodies in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:152-60. [PMID: 24471751 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effects of pentoxifylline on the gross and microscopic variables associated with immediate and late-phase inflammation following injection of IgE-specific antibodies in the skin of clinically normal dogs. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES Intradermal injections (0.1 mL each) of PBS solution, histamine phosphate, and cross-linking rabbit-origin anti-canine IgE antibodies (3 injections/dog) were administered at 0 hours on day 0; wheal sizes were evaluated at 20 minutes, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Biopsy specimens of injected and noninjected skin were collected 24 hours after injection. On day 2, treatment with pentoxifylline (20 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) was initiated and continued until day 30. For each dog, injection, measurement, and biopsy procedures were repeated on days 30 to 31 and on days 37 to 38 (ie, after discontinuation of pentoxifylline administration). RESULTS Pentoxifylline administration was associated with a significant decrease in wheal size at 6 and 24 hours (but not at 20 minutes) after injection of anti-canine IgE. Repeated injections performed 1 week after drug discontinuation revealed partial recovery of the 6-hour cutaneous reaction and complete recovery of the 24-hour cutaneous reaction. Pentoxifylline administration was also associated with inhibition of mast cell degranulation and significant decreases in the total numbers of cutaneous inflammatory cells and eosinophils, compared with pretreatment findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In clinically normal dogs, pentoxifylline effectively impaired late-phase reactions but not immediate reactions at sites of intradermal injection of IgE-specific antibodies by inhibiting mast cell degranulation and recruitment of cutaneous inflammatory cells, especially eosinophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherie M Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis is a complex multifactorial disease. Here, Tim Nuttall, Maarja Uri and Richard Halliwell, representing three generations of veterinary dermatologists, describe the research underpinning our understanding of the condition and highlight its relevance to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nuttall
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Olivry T, Saridomichelakis M. Evidence-based guidelines for anti-allergic drug withdrawal times before allergen-specific intradermal and IgE serological tests in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:225-e49. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manolis Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessaly; Trikalon 224; GR-43100; Karditsa; Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cerrato S, Brazis P, della Valle MF, Miolo A, Puigdemont A. Inhibitory effect of topical adelmidrol on antigen-induced skin wheal and mast cell behavior in a canine model of allergic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:230. [PMID: 23181761 PMCID: PMC3540011 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adelmidrol is a semisynthetic derivative of azelaic acid and analogue of the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Based upon its physicochemical properties, adelmidrol is suitable for topical application. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a topical adelmidrol emulsion on early and late inflammatory responses in hypersensitive dogs. Repeated intradermal injections of Ascaris suum extract were performed in both lateral thoracic areas of six conscious hypersensitive Beagle dogs, topically treated during 8 consecutive days. Adelmidrol (2%) was applied to one side and vehicle to the other. 24 hours after the last antigen challenge, two biopsies (adelmidrol- and vehicle-treated side) were obtained for each dog at the antigen injection site. RESULTS A significant reduction in the antigen-induced wheal areas was observed on the 4th and 7th day of adelmidrol treatment. Moreover, cutaneous mast cell numbers were significantly decreased in biopsies obtained after 8 consecutive days of topical adelmidrol treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study show that topical treatment with adelmidrol might represent a new therapeutic tool in controlling the early and late allergic inflammatory skin responses in companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrato
- UNIVET, Edificio Astrolabio, Avinguda Cerdanyola 92, 08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Farmacología, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Brazis
- UNIVET, Edificio Astrolabio, Avinguda Cerdanyola 92, 08172 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alda Miolo
- Cedis, INNOVET Italia, Via Egadi 7, 20144, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Departament de Farmacología, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Olivry T, Wofford J, Paps JS, Dunston SM. Stratum corneum removal facilitates experimental sensitization to mite allergens in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2010; 22:188-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
24
|
Pucheu-Haston CM, Copeland LB, Vallanat B, Boykin E, Ward MD. Biomarkers of acute respiratory allergen exposure: Screening for sensitization potential. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Bizikova P, Linder KE, Paps J, Olivry T. Effect of a novel topical diester glucocorticoid spray on immediate- and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in Maltese-beagle atopic dogs: a placebo-controlled study. Vet Dermatol 2010; 21:70-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Breathnach RM, Fanning S, Mulcahy G, Bassett HF, Strobl E, Jones BR. Cutaneous infiltrates and peripheral blood immune responses in dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2009; 21:383-92. [PMID: 20015110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes T- and B-lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood and lesional skin of dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR-LPP), a term previously proposed to denote a subpopulation of dogs with idiopathic pododermatitis. T-cell (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ ) and B-cell (CD21+) counts were significantly increased in both the epidermis and dermis of lesional ImR-LPP skin compared with that in pedal skin from healthy controls. CD3+ , CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+ cells were commonly observed in perivascular sites in the superficial dermis, periadnexally, beneath the dermal-epidermal (DE) junction and in the epidermis of lesional ImR-LPP skin. The CD8+ /CD3+ T-cell ratio in peripheral blood was significantly increased in the ImR-LPP group (0.42 versus 0.35 in controls). Serum IgA, IgG and IgM concentrations were all significantly elevated in affected dogs. Lymphocyte stimulation indices in ImR-LPP dogs were comparable with control levels except for a lower response to ionomycin (6.0 versus 11.1). Dogs with ImR-LPP had a higher incidence and mean (semi-quantitative) score for IgA, IgG and IgM deposits in the epidermis, and a significantly increased incidence of dermal IgA+, IgG+ and IgM+ mononuclear inflammatory cells. The results indicate that upregulated T- and B-lymphocyte responses may contribute to the pathogenesis of the skin lesions observed in dogs with ImR-LPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Breathnach
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bizikova P, Papich MG, Olivry T. Hydroxyzine and cetirizine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral and intravenous administration of hydroxyzine to healthy dogs. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:348-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Tivers MS, Catchpole B, Gregory SP, House AK. Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma mRNA expression in canine anal furunculosis lesions and the effect of ciclosporin therapy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
29
|
Breathnach RM, Fanning S, Mulcahy G, Bassett HF, Jones BR. A study of dendritic cell and MHC class II expression in dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis. Vet J 2007; 177:352-9. [PMID: 17804263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The term immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR-LPP) has previously been proposed to denote a sub-population of dogs with idiopathic pododermatitis. The objective of this study was to investigate dendritic cell (DC) and MHC class II antigen expression in lesional skin of dogs with ImR-LPP (n=47). Median epidermal CD1c(+) cell counts were 37.8 and 12.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls (n=27), respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 180.9 and 45.0 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Intra-epidermal clusters of DCs were observed in 18/47 dogs with ImR-LPP. Median epidermal MHC class II(+) cell counts were 32.5 and 10.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls, respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 216.9 and 46.9 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Dermal MHC class II(+) staining was primarily associated with DCs (47/47 dogs), mononuclear inflammatory cells (45/47), fibroblast-like cells (19/47) and vascular endothelium (14/47). The DC hyperplasia and increased MHC class II expression in lesional ImR-LPP skin are consistent with enhanced antigen presentation, and suggest that both parameters may contribute to the pathogenesis of ImR-LPP through the priming and activation of CD4(+) T cells. Equally, it is possible that the enhanced DC numbers observed in this study may contribute to the immunoregulation of steady-state pathology in lesional ImR-LPP skin through additional expanded, although as yet unresolved, mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Breathnach
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wöhrl S, Gamper S, Hemmer W, Heinze G, Stingl G, Kinaciyan T. Premedication with Montelukast Reduces Local Reactions of Allergen Immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 144:137-42. [PMID: 17536222 DOI: 10.1159/000103225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local reactions (LRs) are a very frequent side effect of specific immunotherapy with allergens and can impair patients' adherence. Antihistamine pretreatment--originally introduced as a safety measure to reduce anaphylactic side effects--has been the only treatment option for LRs so far, although these swellings usually do not appear immediately but after hours. We were interested whether pretreatment with the leukotriene antagonist montelukast would be better suited for preventing those reactions than pretreatment with the antihistamine desloratadine. METHODS Fifteen patients with a history of severe anaphylactic reactions to hymenoptera stings were enrolled into a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. We selected a rush immunotherapy protocol consisting of 19 injections of hymenoptera venom administered over 5 consecutive days, where the majority is developing LRs, and counted the number of injections until an LR of >3 cm occurred. The patients were randomized to 3 treatment groups: premedication with placebo, 10 mg montelukast and 5 mg of the antihistamine desloratadine. RESULTS Compared with placebo, the occurrence of LRs (>3 cm) was significantly delayed by montelukast (p < 0.01, analysis of variance) but not by desloratadine (p = 0.19). The difference between montelukast and desloratadine was close to significant (p = 0.054). Itching, recorded on a scale from 0 to 5, did not differ between the 3 groups. CONCLUSION Montelukast can be useful in the prevention of LRs after specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wöhrl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bäumer W, Kietzmann M. Effects of cyclosporin A and cilomilast on activated canine, murine and human keratinocytes. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:107-14. [PMID: 17355425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A and the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor cilomilast exhibit potent immunomodulatory properties which make them interesting therapeutics for the treatment of skin disorders like canine and human atopic dermatitis. Cyclosporin A and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors have already demonstrated clinical efficacy in the therapy of canine and human atopic dermatitis. Their direct impact on keratinocytes, especially canine keratinocytes, is less obvious. Thus, an investigation was carried out to ascertain whether cyclosporin A and cilomilast modulate keratinocyte proliferation and secretion of proinflammatory mediators. Cyclosporin A inhibited canine and murine keratinocyte proliferation, whereas cilomilast had no affect. Cyclosporin A and cilomilast reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 synthesis in canine and murine keratinocytes. Both immunomodulators also inhibited the production of the CXC chemokine KC and CCL2 in the murine keratinocyte cell line MSC-P5. The two immunomodulators also significantly reduced the interferon-gamma-induced production of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). Thus, cyclosporin A and cilomilast directly modulate keratinocyte functions which might contribute to the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action of these compounds in the treatment of allergic skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bäumer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|