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Ma J, Wang S, Zhao C, Yan X, Ren Q, Dong Z, Qiu J, Liu Y, Shan Q, Xu M, Yan B, Liu S. Computer-Aided Discovery of Potent Broad-Spectrum Vaccine Adjuvants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301059. [PMID: 36815280 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to vigorously respond to a vaccine. While current adjuvants such as aluminum salts and oil-in-water emulsions have been used for decades, they do not generate broad and long-lasting responses in many vaccines. Consequently, more potent adjuvants are needed. Here, using computer-aided molecule design and machine learning, we discovered 2 new, broad-spectrum adjuvants that can boost vaccine responses. Our library containing 46 toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeting agonist ligands were assembled on Au nanoparticles. Comprehensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies showed both leads promoted dendritic cell activation via multiple TLRs and enhanced antigen presentation to T cells. When used together with tumor-specific antigens to immunize mice against B16-OVA melanoma and 4T1-PD1 breast cancer, both adjuvants unleashed strong immune responses that suppressed tumor growth and lung metastases. Our results show computer-aided design and screening can rapidly uncover potent adjuvants for tackling waning immunity in current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shenqing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bays, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bays, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- Department of toxicology and sanitary chemistry, School of public health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 330106, P. R. China
| | - Qing'e Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P. R. China
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bays, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P. R. China
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2
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient antigen-presenting cells that serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. These cells are broadly involved in cellular and humoral immune responses by presenting antigens to initiate T cell reactions, cytokine and chemokine secretion, T cell differentiation and expansion, B cell activation and regulation, and the mediation of immune tolerance. The functions of DCs depend on their activation status, which is defined by the stages of maturation, phenotype differentiation, and migration ability, among other factors. IL-6 is a soluble mediator mainly produced by a variety of immune cells, including DCs, that exerts pleiotropic effects on immune and inflammatory responses through interaction with specific receptors expressed on the surface of target cells. Here, we review the role of IL-6, when generated in an inflammatory context or as derived from DCs, in modulating the biologic function and activation status of DCs and emphasize the importance of searching for novel strategies to target the IL-6/IL-6 signaling pathway as a means to diminish the inflammatory activity of DCs in immune response or to prime the immunogenic activity of DCs in immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Xu
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cheng
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pan-Pan Shang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Russo AJ, Vasudevan SO, Méndez-Huergo SP, Kumari P, Menoret A, Duduskar S, Wang C, Pérez Sáez JM, Fettis MM, Li C, Liu R, Wanchoo A, Chandiran K, Ruan J, Vanaja SK, Bauer M, Sponholz C, Hudalla GA, Vella AT, Zhou B, Deshmukh SD, Rabinovich GA, Rathinam VA. Intracellular immune sensing promotes inflammation via gasdermin D-driven release of a lectin alarmin. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:154-165. [PMID: 33398185 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspase sensing of cytosolic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers pyroptosis and the concurrent release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Collectively, DAMPs are key determinants that shape the aftermath of inflammatory cell death. However, the identity and function of the individual DAMPs released are poorly defined. Our proteomics study revealed that cytosolic LPS sensing triggered the release of galectin-1, a β-galactoside-binding lectin. Galectin-1 release is a common feature of inflammatory cell death, including necroptosis. In vivo studies using galectin-1-deficient mice, recombinant galectin-1 and galectin-1-neutralizing antibody showed that galectin-1 promotes inflammation and plays a detrimental role in LPS-induced lethality. Mechanistically, galectin-1 inhibition of CD45 (Ptprc) underlies its unfavorable role in endotoxin shock. Finally, we found increased galectin-1 in sera from human patients with sepsis. Overall, we uncovered galectin-1 as a bona fide DAMP released as a consequence of cytosolic LPS sensing, identifying a new outcome of inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Russo
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Swathy O Vasudevan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Santiago P Méndez-Huergo
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Antoine Menoret
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Shivalee Duduskar
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Juan M Pérez Sáez
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Renjie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Arun Wanchoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karthik Chandiran
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Michael Bauer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Sponholz
- Department for Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vijay A Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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4
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Ahmad SF, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Bakheet SA, Al-Ayadhi LY, Alasmari AF, Alanazi MM, Al-Mazroua HA, Attia SM. Involvement of CD45 cells in the development of autism spectrum disorder through dysregulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, key inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106466. [PMID: 32259699 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autismspectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex and multifactorial heterogeneous disorder. Previous investigations have revealed the association between the immune system and ASD, which is characterized by impaired communication skills. Inflammatory response through CD45 cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders; however, the molecular mechanism of CD45 cells in ASD is not clearly defined.In this study, we investigated the role of CD45 signaling in children with ASD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible involvement of CD45 cells expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and inflammatory transcription factors in ASD. Flow cytometric analysis, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), revealed the numbers of GM-CSF-, IFN-γ-, IL-6-, IL-9-, IL-22-, T-bet-, pStat3-, Helios-, and Stat6-producing CD45+ cells in children with ASD and children in the control group. We further evaluated the mRNA and protein expression levels of GM-CSF in PBMC by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis. Our results revealed that the children with ASD exhibited significantly higher numbers of CD45+GM-CSF+, CD45+IFN-γ+, CD45+IL-6+, CD45+IL-9+, CD45+IL-22+, CD45+T-bet+, and CD45+pStat3+ cells compared with the control group. We also found that the children with ASD showed a lower number of CD45+Helios+ and CD45+Stat6+ cells compared with the control group. Furthermore, the children with ASD showed higher GM-CSF mRNA and protein expression levels compared with the control group. These results indicated that CD45 could play an essential role in the immune abnormalities of ASD. Further investigation of the role of CD45 in neurodevelopment in ASD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:22-32. [PMID: 29366662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is an evolutionary highly conserved receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase exclusively expressed on all nucleated cells of the hematopoietic system. It is characterized by the expression of several isoforms, specific to a certain cell type and the developmental or activation status of the cell. CD45 is one of the key players in the initiation of T cell receptor signaling by controlling the activation of the Src family protein-tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn. CD45 deficiency results in T- and B-lymphocyte dysfunction in the form of severe combined immune deficiency. It also plays a significant role in autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as in infectious diseases including fungal infections. The knowledge collected on CD45 biology is rather vast, but it remains unclear whether all findings in rodent immune cells also apply to human CD45. This review focuses on human CD45 expression and function and provides an overview on its ligands and role in human pathology.
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6
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Taher TE, Bystrom J, Ong VH, Isenberg DA, Renaudineau Y, Abraham DJ, Mageed RA. Intracellular B Lymphocyte Signalling and the Regulation of Humoral Immunity and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:237-264. [PMID: 28456914 PMCID: PMC5597704 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are critical for effective immunity; they produce antibodies and cytokines, present antigens to T lymphocytes and regulate immune responses. However, because of the inherent randomness in the process of generating their vast repertoire of antigen-specific receptors, B cells can also cause diseases through recognizing and reacting to self. Therefore, B lymphocyte selection and responses require tight regulation at multiple levels and at all stages of their development and activation to avoid diseases. Indeed, newly generated B lymphocytes undergo rigorous tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow and, subsequently, in the periphery after their migration. Furthermore, activation of mature B cells is regulated through controlled expression of co-stimulatory receptors and intracellular signalling thresholds. All these regulatory events determine whether and how B lymphocytes respond to antigens, by undergoing apoptosis or proliferation. However, defects that alter regulated co-stimulatory receptor expression or intracellular signalling thresholds can lead to diseases. For example, autoimmune diseases can result from altered regulation of B cell responses leading to the emergence of high-affinity autoreactive B cells, autoantibody production and tissue damage. The exact cause(s) of defective B cell responses in autoimmune diseases remains unknown. However, there is evidence that defects or mutations in genes that encode individual intracellular signalling proteins lead to autoimmune diseases, thus confirming that defects in intracellular pathways mediate autoimmune diseases. This review provides a synopsis of current knowledge of signalling proteins and pathways that regulate B lymphocyte responses and how defects in these could promote autoimmune diseases. Most of the evidence comes from studies of mouse models of disease and from genetically engineered mice. Some, however, also come from studying B lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide association studies. Defining proteins and signalling pathways that underpin atypical B cell response in diseases will help in understanding disease mechanisms and provide new therapeutic avenues for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Voon H Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Yves Renaudineau
- Immunology Laboratory, University of Brest Medical School, Brest, France
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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7
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Thiel N, Keyser KA, Lemmermann NAW, Oduro JD, Wagner K, Elsner C, Halenius A, Lenac Roviš T, Brinkmann MM, Jonjić S, Cicin-Sain L, Messerle M. The Mouse Cytomegalovirus Gene m42 Targets Surface Expression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase CD45 in Infected Macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006057. [PMID: 27926943 PMCID: PMC5142792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of cells of hematopoietic origin and has a pivotal role for the function of these cells in the immune response. Here we report that following infection of macrophages with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) the cell surface expression of CD45 is drastically diminished. Screening of a set of MCMV deletion mutants allowed us to identify the viral gene m42 of being responsible for CD45 down-modulation. Moreover, expression of m42 independent of viral infection upon retroviral transduction of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line led to comparable regulation of CD45 expression. In immunocompetent mice infected with an m42 deletion mutant lower viral titers were observed in all tissues examined when compared to wildtype MCMV, indicating an important role of m42 for viral replication in vivo. The m42 gene product was identified as an 18 kDa protein expressed with early kinetics and is predicted to be a tail-anchored membrane protein. Tracking of surface-resident CD45 molecules revealed that m42 induces internalization and degradation of CD45. The observation that the amounts of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Itch and Nedd4 were diminished in cells expressing m42 and that disruption of a PY motif in the N-terminal part of m42 resulted in loss of function, suggest that m42 acts as an activator or adaptor for these Nedd4-like ubiquitin ligases, which mark CD45 for lysosomal degradation. In conclusion, the down-modulation of CD45 expression in MCMV-infected myeloid cells represents a novel pathway of virus-host interaction. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a tenacious pathogen, which can be life-threatening for immunocompromised patients and immunologically immature newborns. The pathogenicity of HCMV is owed to a plethora of immunomodulatory functions that interfere with host defense mechanisms. Such viral functions can teach us about viral pathogenesis mechanisms, and also about the functioning of immune cells. In this study we report that the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–a close relative of HCMV–influences surface expression of the cellular protein CD45 on macrophages and we identified the viral gene m42 mediating this effect. CD45 has long been known to be essential for the functioning of lymphocytes, however, its role in macrophages is less well understood. Growth analysis of a viral mutant indicated that the m42 gene confers a replication advantage to MCMV in vivo. We found that the m42 protein induces internalization of CD45 from the plasma membrane and degradation in lysosomes—most likely triggered by interaction of m42 with a ubiquitin ligase. In our study we detected a new element in the complex interaction of cytomegaloviruses with host cells, and further investigation into this mechanism may provide us with new insights into the functions of CD45 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Thiel
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten A Keyser
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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8
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CD45 regulates GM-CSF, retinoic acid and T-cell homing in intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1514-1527. [PMID: 27007678 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte-specific tyrosine phosphatase important for T-cell development, and as a result, CD45-/- mice have substantially reduced numbers of T cells. Here we show that, upon dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, CD45-/- mice have equivalent intestinal pathology and T-cell numbers in their colon as C57BL/6 mice and show enhanced weight loss. CD45-/- mice have a greater percentage of α4β7+ T cells prior to and after colitis and an increased percentage of T cells producing inflammatory cytokines in the inflamed colon, suggesting that CD45-/- effector T cells preferentially home to the intestine. In DSS-induced colitis in CD45RAG-/- mice lacking an adaptive immune system, CD45 was required for optimal granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and retinoic acid (RA) production by innate immune cells. Addition of CD45+/+ T cells led to greater weight loss in the RAG-/- mice compared with CD45RAG-/- mice that correlated with reduced α4β7+ T cells and lower recruitment to the colon of CD45RAG-/- mice in DSS-induced colitis. Addition of exogenous GM-CSF to CD45RAG-/- mice rescued RA production, increased colonic T-cell numbers, and increased weight loss. This demonstrates opposing effects of CD45 in innate and adaptive immune cells in proinflammatory responses and the expression of the gut-homing molecule, α4β7.
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9
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Overexpression of CD45RA isoforms in carriers of the C77G mutation leads to hyporeactivity of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells. Genes Immun 2015; 16:519-27. [PMID: 26355564 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders in regulatory T-cell (T(reg)) function can result in the breakdown of immunological self-tolerance. Thus, the identification of mechanisms controlling the activity of T(reg) is of great relevance. We used T(reg) from individuals carrying the C77G polymorphism as models to study the role of CD45 molecules in humans. C77G prevents splicing of CD45 exon A thereby leading to an aberrant expression pattern of CD45 isoforms in affected individuals. Resting and in vitro expanded/activated CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T(reg) from carriers of C77G strongly expressed CD45RA isoforms whereas these isoforms were almost absent in cells from individuals with wild-type CD45. C77G T(reg) showed diminished upregulation of activation markers, lower phosphorylation of p56(lck)(Y505) and a reduced proliferative potential when stimulated with anti-TcR or anti-TcR plus CD28 mAb suggesting decreased responsiveness to activating stimuli. In addition, the capacity to suppress proliferation of conventional CD4(+) T cells was impaired in C77G T(reg). Furthermore, microarray studies revealed distinct gene expression patterns in T(reg) from C77G carriers. These data suggest that the changes in CD45 isoform combination resulting from the C77G mutation alter the responsiveness of T(reg) to TcR-mediated signaling. Targeting CD45 isoform expression might be a useful approach to modulate T(reg) function.
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10
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Viral interference with functions of the cellular receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Viruses 2015; 7:1540-57. [PMID: 25807057 PMCID: PMC4379584 DOI: 10.3390/v7031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is expressed on the surface of almost all cells of hematopoietic origin. CD45 functions are central to the development of T cells and determine the threshold at which T and B lymphocytes can become activated. Given this pivotal role of CD45 in the immune system, it is probably not surprising that viruses interfere with the activity of CD45 in lymphocytes to dampen the immune response and that they also utilize this molecule to accomplish their replication cycle. Here we report what is known about the interaction of viral proteins with CD45. Moreover, we debate putative interactions of viruses with CD45 in myeloid cells and the resulting consequences-subjects that remain to be investigated. Finally, we summarize the evidence that pathogens were the driving force for the evolution of CD45.
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11
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Brinkmann MM, Dağ F, Hengel H, Messerle M, Kalinke U, Čičin-Šain L. Cytomegalovirus immune evasion of myeloid lineage cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:367-82. [PMID: 25776081 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) evades the immune system in many different ways, allowing the virus to grow and its progeny to spread in the face of an adverse environment. Mounting evidence about the antiviral role of myeloid immune cells has prompted the research of CMV immune evasion mechanisms targeting these cells. Several cells of the myeloid lineage, such as monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages, play a role in viral control, but are also permissive for CMV and are naturally infected by it. Therefore, CMV evasion of myeloid cells involves mechanisms that qualitatively differ from the evasion of non-CMV-permissive immune cells of the lymphoid lineage. The evasion of myeloid cells includes effects in cis, where the virus modulates the immune signaling pathways within the infected myeloid cell, and those in trans, where the virus affects somatic cells targeted by cytokines released from myeloid cells. This review presents an overview of CMV strategies to modulate and evade the antiviral activity of myeloid cells in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany
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12
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Rahim A, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. Aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in lupus: inherent or induced and potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:866-80. [PMID: 23701475 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus is a prototype autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is complex; manifest diverse clinical symptoms and disease mechanisms. This complexity has provided many leads to explore: from disease mechanisms to approaches for therapy. B-lymphocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the cause of aberrant B-lymphocyte responses in patients and, indeed, its causal relationship with the disease remain unclear. DESIGN This article provides a synopsis of current knowledge of immunological abnormalities in lupus with an emphasis on abnormalities in the B-lymphocyte compartment. RESULTS There is evidence for abnormalities in most compartments of the immune system in animal models and patients with lupus including an ever expanding list of abnormalities within the B-lymphocyte compartment. In addition, recent genome-wide linkage analyses in large cohorts of patients have identified new sets of genetic association factors some with potential links with defective B-lymphocyte responses although their full pathophysiological effects remain to be determined. The accumulating knowledge may help in the identification and application of new targeted therapies for treating lupus disease. CONCLUSIONS Cellular, molecular and genetic studies have provided significant insights into potential causes of immunological defects associated with lupus. Most of this insight relate to defects in B- and T-lymphocyte tolerance, signalling and responses. For B-lymphocytes, there is evidence for altered regulation of inter and intracellular signalling pathways at multiple levels. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of potential implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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13
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Taher TE, Muhammad HA, Bariller E, Flores-Borja F, Renaudineau Y, Isenberg DA, Mageed RA. B-lymphocyte signalling abnormalities and lupus immunopathology. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:428-44. [PMID: 23768155 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.788648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lupus is a complex autoimmune rheumatic disease of unknown aetiology. The disease is associated with diverse features of immunological abnormality in which B-lymphocytes play a central role. However, the cause of atypical B-lymphocyte responses remains unclear. In this article, we provide a synopsis of current knowledge on intracellular signalling abnormalities in B-lymphocytes in lupus and their potential effects on the response of these cells in mouse models and in patients. There are numerous reported defects in the regulation of intracellular signalling proteins and pathways in B-lymphocytes in lupus that, potentially, affect critical biological responses. Most of the evidence for these defects comes from studies of disease models and genetically engineered mice. However, there is also increasing evidence from studying B-lymphocytes from patients and from genome-wide linkage analyses for parallel defects to those observed in mice. These studies provide molecular and genetic explanations for the key immunological abnormalities associated with lupus. Most of the new information appears to relate to defects in intracellular signalling that impact B-lymphocyte tolerance, cytokine production and responses to infections. Some of these abnormalities will be discussed within the context of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher E Taher
- Bone & Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts
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14
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Adenosine deaminase enhances the immunogenicity of human dendritic cells from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51287. [PMID: 23240012 PMCID: PMC3519778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADA is an enzyme implicated in purine metabolism, and is critical to ensure normal immune function. Its congenital deficit leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). ADA binding to adenosine receptors on dendritic cell surface enables T-cell costimulation through CD26 crosslinking, which enhances T-cell activation and proliferation. Despite a large body of work on the actions of the ecto-enzyme ADA on T-cell activation, questions arise on whether ADA can also modulate dendritic cell maturation. To this end we investigated the effects of ADA on human monocyte derived dendritic cell biology. Our results show that both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of ADA are implicated in the enhancement of CD80, CD83, CD86, CD40 and CCR7 expression on immature dendritic cells from healthy and HIV-infected individuals. These ADA-mediated increases in CD83 and costimulatory molecule expression is concomitant to an enhanced IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL8(IL-8), CCL3(MIP1-α), CCL4(MIP-1β) and CCL5(RANTES) cytokine/chemokine secretion both in healthy and HIV-infected individuals and to an altered apoptotic death in cells from HIV-infected individuals. Consistently, ADA-mediated actions on iDCs are able to enhance allogeneic CD4 and CD8-T-cell proliferation, globally yielding increased iDC immunogenicity. Taken together, these findings suggest that ADA would promote enhanced and correctly polarized T-cell responses in strategies targeting asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.
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Conditioning of the injection site with CpG enhances the migration of adoptively transferred dendritic cells and endogenous CD8+ T-cell responses. J Immunother 2010; 33:115-25. [PMID: 20145551 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b8ef5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of immunotherapy using tumor-antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) is severely limited by the impaired migration of injected cells from the application site to the draining lymph nodes. As described earlier, pretreatment of the injection site with inflammatory cytokines enhances DC migration. We wanted to test whether toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands can improve migration of murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and the subsequent T-cell responses. For this purpose, we established an experimental setup closely resembling human vaccination protocols that served to investigate DC migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes. We observed that BMDC, matured with a cytokine cocktail (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2), strongly expressed CCR7. The migration efficiency of adoptively transferred mature BMDCs was determined by the number of cells injected and the application site. We decided to inject DC intradermally into the ear skin and investigated the effects of pretreatment of the injection site with various TLR ligands. Conditioning of the skin site with the TLR ligands CpG and Peptidoglycan increased the number of DCs arriving in the lymph node. Mechanical stress applied to the skin, such as tape stripping of the skin was equally effective. Importantly, only pretreatment with CpG enhanced responses of endogenous CD8 T cells. Thus, conditioning of the injection site with the TLR ligand CpG could be a new promising way to improve the outcome of DC immunotherapy.
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16
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Saunders AE, Johnson P. Modulation of immune cell signalling by the leukocyte common tyrosine phosphatase, CD45. Cell Signal 2010; 22:339-48. [PMID: 19861160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte specific transmembrane glycoprotein and a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). CD45 can be expressed as several alternatively spliced isoforms that differ in the extracellular domain. The isoforms are regulated in a cell type and activation state-dependent manner, yet their function has remained elusive. The Src family kinase members Lck and Lyn are key substrates for CD45 in T and B lymphocytes, respectively. CD45 lowers the threshold of antigen receptor signalling, which impacts T and B cell activation and development. CD45 also regulates antigen triggered Fc receptor signalling in mast cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in dendritic cells, thus broadening the role of CD45 to other recognition receptors involved in adaptive and innate immunity. In addition, CD45 can affect immune cell adhesion and migration and can modulate cytokine production and signalling. Here we review what is known about the substrate specificity and regulation of CD45 and summarise its effect on immune cell signalling pathways, from its established role in T and B antigen receptor signalling to its emerging role regulating innate immune cell recognition and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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17
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Kim YJ, Choi SE, Lee MW, Lee CS. Taxifolin glycoside inhibits dendritic cell responses stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.11.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antigen-presenting dendritic cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Taxifolin is demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was designed to assess the effect of taxifolin glycoside against stimulated responses of dendritic cells isolated from mouse bone marrow and spleen. Dendritic cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid or interleukin (IL)-1β exhibited increased production of IL-12 p70 and tumour necrosis factor alpha, increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), and elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. Treatment with taxifolin glycoside inhibited responses stimulated by the microbial products or IL-1β in dendritic cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taxifolin glycoside had a significant inhibitory effect on the production of cytokines, formation of ROS and NO, and change in intracellular Ca2+ levels in dendritic cells of bone marrow and spleen. The results show that taxifolin glycoside seems to inhibit the dendritic cell responses stimulated by microbial products and IL-1β, suggesting that taxifolin glycoside may exert an inhibitory effect against dendritic-cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Sun Eun Choi
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Min Won Lee
- Pharmacognosy Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Chung Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
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18
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Anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody induces immunologic toleration by suppressing dendritic cells. Transpl Immunol 2009; 21:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Panchal RG, Ulrich RL, Bradfute SB, Lane D, Ruthel G, Kenny TA, Iversen PL, Anderson AO, Gussio R, Raschke WC, Bavari S. Reduced expression of CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase provides protection against anthrax pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12874-85. [PMID: 19269962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809633200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of cellular processes by small molecule inhibitors, gene inactivation, or targeted knockdown strategies combined with phenotypic screens are powerful approaches to delineate complex cellular pathways and to identify key players involved in disease pathogenesis. Using chemical genetic screening, we tested a library of known phosphatase inhibitors and identified several compounds that protected Bacillus anthracis infected macrophages from cell death. The most potent compound was assayed against a panel of sixteen different phosphatases of which CD45 was found to be most sensitive to inhibition. Testing of a known CD45 inhibitor and antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers targeting CD45 also protected B. anthracis-infected macrophages from cell death. However, reduced CD45 expression did not protect anthrax lethal toxin (LT) treated macrophages, suggesting that the pathogen and independently added LT may signal through distinct pathways. Subsequent, in vivo studies with both gene-targeted knockdown of CD45 and genetically engineered mice expressing reduced levels of CD45 resulted in protection of mice after infection with the virulent Ames B. anthracis. Intermediate levels of CD45 expression were critical for the protection, as mice expressing normal levels of CD45 or disrupted CD45 phosphatase activity or no CD45 all succumbed to this pathogen. Mechanism-based studies suggest that the protection provided by reduced CD45 levels results from regulated immune cell homeostasis that may diminish the impact of apoptosis during the infection. To date, this is the first report demonstrating that reduced levels of host phosphatase CD45 modulate anthrax pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha G Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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Cross JL, Kott K, Miletic T, Johnson P. CD45 regulates TLR-induced proinflammatory cytokine and IFN-beta secretion in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8020-9. [PMID: 18523265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase and an important regulator of AgR signaling in lymphocytes. However, its function in other leukocytes is not well-understood. In this study, we examine the function of CD45 in dendritic cells (DCs). Analysis of DCs from CD45-positive and CD45-null mice revealed that CD45 is not required for the development of DCs but does influence DC maturation induced by TLR agonists. CD45 affected the phosphorylation state of Lyn, Hck, and Fyn in bone marrow-derived DCs and dysregulated LPS-induced Lyn activation. CD45 affected TLR4-induced proinflammatory cytokine and IFN-beta secretion and TLR4-activated CD45-null DCs had a reduced ability to activate NK and Th1 cells to produce IFN-gamma. Interestingly, the effect of CD45 on TLR-induced cytokine secretion depended on the TLR activated. Analysis of CD45-negative DCs indicated a negative effect of CD45 on TLR2 and 9, MyD88-dependent cytokine production, and a positive effect on TLR3 and 4, MyD88-independent IFN-beta secretion. This indicates a new role for CD45 in regulating TLR-induced responses in DCs and implicates CD45 in a wider regulatory role in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Dearman RJ, Cumberbatch M, Maxwell G, Basketter DA, Kimber I. Toll-like receptor ligand activation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Immunology 2008; 126:475-84. [PMID: 18778283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for the initiation of primary immune responses. The pattern of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression on various subsets of these cells has been shown to differ, suggestive of distinct roles in influencing immune responses. We have examined here the responses of immature DCs derived from murine bone marrow (BMDCs) to a range of TLR ligands. BMDCs cultured for 6 days in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were stimulated for 24 hr with ligands to TLR1-2 [Pam(3)Cys-Ser-(Lys)(4) (PAM)], TLR2-6 (macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2); zymosan or peptidoglycan (PG)], TLR3 (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid), TLR4 [lipopolysaccharide R515 (LPS)], TLR5 (flagellin), TLR7 (polyuridylic acid) and TLR9 [CpG ODN2395 (CpG)]. DC activation was monitored using membrane marker expression and analysis of culture supernatants for cytokine/chemokine release. Ligands to TLR3 and TLR7 failed to activate BMDCs. All other TLR ligands caused elevated expression of membrane markers. PAM, MALP-2 and LPS induced high-level expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment with CpG was associated with a preferential type 1 cytokine and chemokine profile. Zymosan and PG were proinflammatory but also skewed towards a type 2 pattern of cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, flagellin did not cause marked secretion by BMDCs of cytokines or chemokines. These data for BMDCs are largely consistent with the reported TLR repertoire of freshly isolated murine Langerhans cells. In addition, murine BMDCs show selective responses to TLR ligands with respect to general activation, with differentiated cytokine patterns suggestive of potential priming for divergent immune responses.
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Inhibition of activated responses in dendritic cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid by diarylheptanoid oregonin. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:748-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Beamer CA, Holian A. Silica suppresses Toll-like receptor ligand-induced dendritic cell activation. FASEB J 2008; 22:2053-63. [PMID: 18180331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-095299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of silica, without evidence of silicosis, is believed to predispose individuals to bacterial infections and impair respiratory immune functions. Silica may alter the sensitivity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), to other types of infection; however, the exact nature of these exchanges remains uncertain. The purpose of the present study is to characterize the effect of silica exposure on innate pulmonary defense mechanisms following Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand-induced activation using DCs as a model APC and determine whether these signals act in synergy or opposition to one another. Using C57Bl/6 mice, pattern recognition receptor expression on DCs was examined in vitro and in vivo using flow cytometry, and the activation state of pulmonary and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-derived DCs was assessed in response to silica in combination with TLR ligands (lipopolysaccharide, cytosine-phosphate-guanine, or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) using flow cytometry and measurement of cytokine production. In this study, silica attenuated TLR ligand-dependent DC activation with regards to accessory molecule expression as well as nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, silica's ability to modulate TLR ligand-dependent DC activation did not appear to be dependent on the class A scavenger receptors. Taken together, silica's ability to alter susceptibility to infection may be due to impaired inflammatory responses and reduced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine A Beamer
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1552, USA.
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Windhagen A, Sönmez D, Hornig-Do HT, Kalinowsky A, Schwinzer R. Altered CD45 isoform expression in C77G carriers influences cytokine responsiveness and adhesion properties of T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:509-17. [PMID: 17903220 PMCID: PMC2219380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The C77G polymorphism in exon A of the human CD45 gene occurs with low frequency in healthy individuals. An enhanced frequency of C77G individuals has been reported in cohorts of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. C77G individuals overexpress CD45RA isoforms on activated/memory T cells. We have shown previously that aberrant expression of CD45RA isoforms enhances the intensity of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. Here we report that the C77G polymorphism also influences the responsiveness of T cells to cytokines and alters their adhesion properties. When stimulated by interleukin (IL)-2, C77G T cells proliferated more strongly than wild-type controls and showed accelerated phosphorylation of Janus kinase (Jak1). Furthermore, C77G T cells exhibited a higher tendency to form homotypic aggregates in culture which could be enhanced significantly by antibody-mediated triggering of the variant CD45RA molecules. These data indicate that the changes in CD45 isoform combination resulting from C77G may not only affect TCR signalling but also cytokine-driven T cell responses and cellular adhesion. Altered immune responsiveness may enhance susceptibility of C77G carriers for certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Windhagen
- Abteilung Neurologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Tchilian EZ, Gil J, Navarro ML, Fernandez-Cruz E, Chapel H, Misbah S, Ferry B, Renz H, Schwinzer R, Beverley PCL. Unusual case presentations associated with the CD45 C77G polymorphism. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 146:448-54. [PMID: 17100764 PMCID: PMC1810399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45, the leucocyte common antigen, is a haematopoietic cell specific tyrosine phosphatase. Human polymorphic CD45 variants are associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases and alter the phenotype and function of lymphocytes, establishing CD45 as an important regulator of immune function. Here we report four patients with diverse diseases with unusual clinical features. All four have the C77G polymorphism of CD45 exon 4, which alters the splicing and CD45RA/CD45R0 phenotype of lymphocytes. We suggest that C77G may be a contributing factor in these unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Z Tchilian
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, UK
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Montoya M, Dawes R, Reid D, Lee LN, Piercy J, Borrow P, Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. CD45 is required for type I IFN production by dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2150-8. [PMID: 16856204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte tyrosine phosphatase, essential for normal immune responses. We have studied the function of splenic dendritic cells of CD45(+/+), CD45(-/-), CD45RABC and CD45RO transgenic mice. We show that there are increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CD45(-/-) mice. DC of all mice are capable of responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection by up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules. DC of CD45(-/-) mice have an impaired capacity to produce type I interferons in response to LCMV infection in vivo. These data indicate that lack of CD45 expression in DC has a profound effect on their function. This is largely restored by CD45RABC or CD45RO transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montoya
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, UK
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