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Xu M, Xu H, Wan W, Jian X, Jin R, Wang L, Wang J, Xiao G, Zhang L, Chen H, Wen Y. PDIA4 Is a Host Factor Important for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2343. [PMID: 38140584 PMCID: PMC10747894 DOI: 10.3390/v15122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian arenaviruses are rodent-borne zoonotic viruses, some of which can cause fatal hemorrhagic diseases in humans. The first discovered arenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), has a worldwide distribution and can be fatal for transplant recipients. However, no FDA-approved drugs or vaccines are currently available. In this study, using a quantitative proteomic analysis, we identified a variety of host factors that could be needed for LCMV infection, among which we found that protein disulfide isomerase A4 (PDIA4), a downstream factor of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), is important for LCMV infection. Biochemical analysis revealed that LCMV glycoprotein was the main viral component accounting for PDIA4 upregulation. The inhibition of ATF6-mediated ERS could prevent the upregulation of PDIA4 that was stimulated by LCMV infection. We further found that PDIA4 can affect the LCMV viral RNA synthesis processes and release. In summary, we conclude that PDIA4 could be a new target for antiviral drugs against LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (M.X.); (W.W.); (X.J.); (G.X.); (L.Z.)
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.X.); (R.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Weiwei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (M.X.); (W.W.); (X.J.); (G.X.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (M.X.); (W.W.); (X.J.); (G.X.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.X.); (R.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.X.); (R.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Jingshi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (M.X.); (W.W.); (X.J.); (G.X.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Leike Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; (M.X.); (W.W.); (X.J.); (G.X.); (L.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.X.); (R.J.); (L.W.)
| | - Yuxi Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (H.X.); (R.J.); (L.W.)
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Kudek MR, Xin G, Alson D(T, Holzhauer S, Shen J, Kasmani MY, Riese M, Cui W. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Clone 13 Infection Results in CD8 T Cell-Mediated Host Mortality in Diacylglycerol Kinase α-Deficient Mice. J Immunol 2023; 210:1281-1291. [PMID: 36920384 PMCID: PMC10121876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol is a potent element of intracellular secondary signaling cascades whose production is enhanced by cell-surface receptor agonism and function is regulated by enzymatic degradation by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). In T cells, stringent regulation of the activity of this second messenger maintains an appropriate balance between effector function and anergy. In this article, we demonstrate that DGKα is an indispensable regulator of TCR-mediated activation of CD8 T cells in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Clone 13 viral infection. In the absence of DGKα, Clone 13 infection in a murine model results in a pathologic, proinflammatory state and a multicellular immunopathologic host death that is predominantly driven by CD8 effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kudek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and BMT. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Current address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jian Shen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Matthew Riese
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
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3
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DeRogatis JM, Neubert EN, Viramontes KM, Henriquez ML, Nicholas DA, Tinoco R. Cell-Intrinsic CD38 Expression Sustains Exhausted CD8 + T Cells by Regulating Their Survival and Metabolism during Chronic Viral Infection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0022523. [PMID: 37039663 PMCID: PMC10134879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00225-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic viral infections result in the differentiation of effector and exhausted T cells with functional and phenotypic differences that dictate whether the infection is cleared or progresses to chronicity. High CD38 expression has been observed on CD8+ T cells across various viral infections and tumors in patients, suggesting an important regulatory function for CD38 on responding T cells. Here, we show that CD38 expression was increased and sustained on exhausted CD8+ T cells following chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, with lower levels observed on T cells from acute LCMV infection. We uncovered a cell-intrinsic role for CD38 expression in regulating the survival of effector and exhausted CD8+ T cells. We observed increased proliferation and function of Cd38-/- CD8+ progenitor exhausted T cells compared to those of wild-type (WT) cells. Furthermore, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic potential were observed in Cd38-/- CD8+ T cells during chronic but not acute LCMV infection. Our studies reveal that CD38 has a dual cell-intrinsic function in CD8+ T cells, where it decreases proliferation and function yet supports their survival and metabolism. These findings show that CD38 is not only a marker of T cell activation but also has regulatory functions on effector and exhausted CD8+ T cells. IMPORTANCE Our study shows how CD38 expression is regulated on CD8+ T cells responding during acute and chronic viral infection. We observed higher CD38 levels on CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection compared to levels during acute viral infection. Deleting CD38 had an important cell-intrinsic function in ensuring the survival of virus-specific CD8+ T cells throughout the course of viral infection. We found defective metabolism in Cd38-/- CD8+ T cells arising during chronic infection and changes in their progenitor T cell phenotype. Our studies revealed a dual cell-intrinsic role for CD38 in limiting proliferation and granzyme B production in virus-specific exhausted T cells while also promoting their survival. These data highlight new avenues for research into the mechanisms through which CD38 regulates the survival and metabolism of CD8+ T cell responses to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. DeRogatis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Emily N. Neubert
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Karla M. Viramontes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Monique L. Henriquez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dequina A. Nicholas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Roberto Tinoco
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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4
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Abstract
Reinvigorating the function of exhausted CD8+ T cells during chronic viral infection and cancer is a major goal of current immunotherapy regimens. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of exhausted CD8+ T cell heterogeneity as well as the potential differentiation trajectories that exhausted T cells follow during chronic infection and/or cancer. We highlight surmounting evidence suggesting that some T cell clones are divergent in nature and can develop into either terminally differentiated effector or exhausted CD8+ T cells. Lastly, we consider the potential therapeutic implications of such a bifurcation model of CD8+ T cell differentiation, including the intriguing hypothesis that redirecting progenitor CD8+ T cell differentiation along an effector pathway may serve as a novel approach to mitigate T cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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5
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Quezada LK, Jin W, Liu YC, Kim ES, He Z, Indralingam CS, Tysl T, Labarta-Bajo L, Wehrens EJ, Jo Y, Kazane KR, Hattori C, Zuniga EI, Yeo GW, Chang JT. Early transcriptional and epigenetic divergence of CD8+ T cells responding to acute versus chronic infection. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001983. [PMID: 36716323 PMCID: PMC9886247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During a microbial infection, responding CD8+ T cells give rise to effector cells that provide acute host defense and memory cells that provide sustained protection. An alternative outcome is exhaustion, a state of T cell dysfunction that occurs in the context of chronic infections and cancer. Although it is evident that exhausted CD8+ T (TEX) cells are phenotypically and molecularly distinct from effector and memory CD8+ T cells, the factors regulating the earliest events in the differentiation process of TEX cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing and single-cell ATAC-sequencing of CD8+ T cells responding to LCMV-Armstrong (LCMV-Arm) or LCMV-Clone 13 (LCMV-Cl13), which result in acute or chronic infections, respectively. Compared to CD8+ T cells that had undergone their first division in response to LCMV-Arm (Div1ARM) cells, CD8+ T cells that had undergone their first division in response to LCMV-Cl13 (Div1CL13) expressed higher levels of genes encoding transcription factors previously associated with exhaustion, along with higher levels of Ezh2, the catalytic component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) complex, which mediates epigenetic silencing. Modulation of Ezh2 resulted in altered expression of exhaustion-associated molecules by CD8+ T cells responding to LCMV-Cl13, though the specific cellular and infectious contexts, rather than simply the level of Ezh2 expression, likely determine the eventual outcome. Taken together, these findings suggest that the differentiation paths of CD8+ T cells responding to acute versus chronic infections may diverge earlier than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Quezada
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenhao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Chia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eleanor S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoren He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Indralingam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffani Tysl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen J. Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yeara Jo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katelynn R. Kazane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Hattori
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John T. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
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6
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Giles JR, Ngiow SF, Manne S, Baxter AE, Khan O, Wang P, Staupe R, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Huang H, Mathew D, Painter MM, Wu JE, Huang YJ, Goel RR, Yan PK, Karakousis GC, Xu X, Mitchell TC, Huang AC, Wherry EJ. Shared and distinct biological circuits in effector, memory and exhausted CD8 + T cells revealed by temporal single-cell transcriptomics and epigenetics. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1600-1613. [PMID: 36271148 PMCID: PMC10408358 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Naïve CD8+ T cells can differentiate into effector (Teff), memory (Tmem) or exhausted (Tex) T cells. These developmental pathways are associated with distinct transcriptional and epigenetic changes that endow cells with different functional capacities and therefore therapeutic potential. The molecular circuitry underlying these developmental trajectories and the extent of heterogeneity within Teff, Tmem and Tex populations remain poorly understood. Here, we used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model of acute-resolving and chronic infection to address these gaps by applying longitudinal single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) analyses. These analyses uncovered new subsets, including a subpopulation of Tex cells expressing natural killer cell-associated genes that is dependent on the transcription factor Zeb2, as well as multiple distinct TCF-1+ stem/progenitor-like subsets in acute and chronic infection. These data also revealed insights into the reshaping of Tex subsets following programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathway blockade and identified a key role for the cell stress regulator, Btg1, in establishing the Tex population. Finally, these results highlighted how the same biological circuits such as cytotoxicity or stem/progenitor pathways can be used by CD8+ T cell subsets with highly divergent underlying chromatin landscapes generated during different infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine R Giles
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Omar Khan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Staupe
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Infectious Disease & Vaccines, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark M Painter
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinghui Jane Huang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick K Yan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tara C Mitchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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7
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Isringhausen S, Mun Y, Kovtonyuk L, Kräutler NJ, Suessbier U, Gomariz A, Spaltro G, Helbling PM, Wong HC, Nagasawa T, Manz MG, Oxenius A, Nombela-Arrieta C. Chronic viral infections persistently alter marrow stroma and impair hematopoietic stem cell fitness. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20192070. [PMID: 34709350 PMCID: PMC8558839 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are associated with hematopoietic suppression, bone marrow (BM) failure, and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) exhaustion. However, how persistent viral challenge and inflammatory responses target BM tissues and perturb hematopoietic competence remains poorly understood. Here, we combine functional analyses with advanced 3D microscopy to demonstrate that chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus leads to (1) long-lasting decimation of the BM stromal network of mesenchymal CXCL12-abundant reticular cells, (2) proinflammatory transcriptional remodeling of remaining components of this key niche subset, and (3) durable functional defects and decreased competitive fitness in HSCs. Mechanistically, BM immunopathology is elicited by virus-specific, activated CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the BM via interferon-dependent mechanisms. Combined antibody-mediated inhibition of type I and II IFN pathways completely preempts degeneration of CARc and protects HSCs from chronic dysfunction. Hence, viral infections and ensuing immune reactions durably impact BM homeostasis by persistently decreasing the competitive fitness of HSCs and disrupting essential stromal-derived, hematopoietic-supporting cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Isringhausen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - YeVin Mun
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larisa Kovtonyuk
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ute Suessbier
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Gomariz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Spaltro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Helbling
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hui Chyn Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Snell LM, Xu W, Abd-Rabbo D, Boukhaled G, Guo M, Macleod BL, Elsaesser HJ, Hezaveh K, Alsahafi N, Lukhele S, Nejat S, Prabhakaran R, Epelman S, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. Dynamic CD4 + T cell heterogeneity defines subset-specific suppression and PD-L1-blockade-driven functional restoration in chronic infection. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1524-1537. [PMID: 34795443 PMCID: PMC10286806 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibiting PD-1:PD-L1 signaling has transformed therapeutic immune restoration. CD4+ T cells sustain immunity in chronic infections and cancer, yet little is known about how PD-1 signaling modulates CD4+ helper T (TH) cell responses or the ability to restore CD4+ TH-mediated immunity by checkpoint blockade. We demonstrate that PD-1:PD-L1 specifically suppressed CD4+ TH1 cell amplification, prevents CD4+ TH1 cytokine production and abolishes CD4+ cytotoxic killing capacity during chronic infection in mice. Inhibiting PD-L1 rapidly restored these functions, while simultaneously amplifying and activating TH1-like T regulatory cells, demonstrating a system-wide CD4-TH1 recalibration. This effect coincided with decreased T cell antigen receptor signaling, and re-directed type I interferon (IFN) signaling networks towards dominant IFN-γ-mediated responses. Mechanistically, PD-L1 blockade specifically targeted defined populations with pre-established, but actively suppressed proliferative potential, with limited impact on minimally cycling TCF-1+ follicular helper T cells, despite high PD-1 expression. Thus, CD4+ T cells require unique differentiation and functional states to be targets of PD-L1-directed suppression and therapeutic restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diala Abd-Rabbo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giselle Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bethany L Macleod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabelo Lukhele
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Nejat
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Rogers D, Sood A, Wang H, van Beek JJP, Rademaker TJ, Artusa P, Schneider C, Shen C, Wong DC, Bhagrath A, Lebel MÈ, Condotta SA, Richer MJ, Martins AJ, Tsang JS, Barreiro LB, François P, Langlais D, Melichar HJ, Textor J, Mandl JN. Pre-existing chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences among naive CD4 + T cells influence effector potential. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110064. [PMID: 34852223 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have a remarkable potential to differentiate into diverse effector lineages following activation. Here, we probe the heterogeneity present among naive CD4+ T cells before encountering their cognate antigen to ask whether their effector potential is modulated by pre-existing transcriptional and chromatin landscape differences. Single-cell RNA sequencing shows that key drivers of variability are genes involved in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Using CD5 expression as a readout of the strength of tonic TCR interactions with self-peptide MHC, and sorting on the ends of this self-reactivity spectrum, we find that pre-existing transcriptional differences among naive CD4+ T cells impact follicular helper T (TFH) cell versus non-TFH effector lineage choice. Moreover, our data implicate TCR signal strength during thymic development in establishing differences in naive CD4+ T cell chromatin landscapes that ultimately shape their effector potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota Rogers
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aditi Sood
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - HanChen Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jasper J P van Beek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Patricio Artusa
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caitlin Schneider
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie Shen
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dylan C Wong
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aanya Bhagrath
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew J Martins
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Department of Medicine, Genetic Section, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul François
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Textor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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10
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Volland A, Lohmüller M, Heilmann E, Kimpel J, Herzog S, von Laer D. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as alternative receptors for low affinity LCMV variants. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009996. [PMID: 34648606 PMCID: PMC8547738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Old World Arenaviruses primarily utilize α-dystroglycan (α-DAG1) as a cellular receptor for infection. Mutations within the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) reduce or abrogate the binding affinity to α-DAG1 and thus influence viral persistence, kinetics, and cell tropism. The observation that α-DAG1 deficient cells are still highly susceptible to low affinity variants, suggests the use of an alternative receptor(s). In this study, we used a genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 knockout screen in DAG1 deficient 293T cells to identify host factors involved in α-DAG1-independent LCMV infection. By challenging cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), pseudotyped with the GP of LCMV WE HPI (VSV-GP), we identified the heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis pathway as an important host factor for low affinity LCMV infection. These results were confirmed by a genetic approach targeting EXTL3, a key factor in the HS biosynthesis pathway, as well as by enzymatic and chemical methods. Interestingly, a single point mutation within GP1 (S153F or Y155H) of WE HPI is sufficient for the switch from DAG1 to HS binding. Furthermore, we established a simple and reliable virus-binding assay, using directly labelled VSV-GP by intramolecular fusion of VSV-P and mWasabi, demonstrating the importance of HS for virus attachment but not entry in Burkitt lymphoma cells after reconstitution of HS expression. Collectively, our study highlights the essential role of HS for low affinity LCMV infection in contrast to their high affinity counterparts. Residual LCMV infection in double knockouts indicate the use of (a) still unknown entry receptor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Volland
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Heilmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
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11
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Peng Z, Zhang Y, Ma X, Zhou M, Wu S, Song Z, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang G, Huang F, Qiao Y, Xia B, Liu W, Liu J, Zhang X, He X, Pan T, Xu H, Zhang H. Brd4 Regulates the Homeostasis of CD8 + T-Lymphocytes and Their Proliferation in Response to Antigen Stimulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728082. [PMID: 34512660 PMCID: PMC8427756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are major components of adaptive immunity and confer robust protective cellular immunity, which requires adequate T-cell numbers, targeted migration, and efficient T-cell proliferation. Altered CD8+ T-cell homeostasis and impaired proliferation result in dysfunctional immune response to infection or tumorigenesis. However, intrinsic factors controlling CD8+ T-cell homeostasis and immunity remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate the prominent role of Brd4 on CD8+ T cell homeostasis and immune response. By upregulating Myc and GLUT1 expression, Brd4 facilitates glucose uptake and energy production in mitochondria, subsequently supporting naïve CD8+ T-cell survival. Besides, Brd4 promotes the trafficking of naïve CD8+ T cells partially through maintaining the expression of homing receptors (CD62L and LFA-1). Furthermore, Brd4 is required for CD8+ T cell response to antigen stimulation, as Brd4 deficiency leads to a severe defect in clonal expansion and terminal differentiation by decreasing glycolysis. Importantly, as JQ1, a pan-BRD inhibitor, severely dampens CD8+ T-cell immune response, its usage as an anti-tumor agent or latency-reversing agent for human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) should be more cautious. Collectively, our study identifies a previously-unexpected role of Brd4 in the metabolic regulation of CD8+ T cell-mediated immune surveillance and also provides a potential immunomodulation target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanwen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yidan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baijing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanshi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Institute of Human Virology, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Hackler Y, Siebenhaar F, Löhning M, Maurer M, Muñoz M. Mast Cells Modulate Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cell Activation During LCMV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688347. [PMID: 34194439 PMCID: PMC8236703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), strategically localized at mucosal surfaces, provide first-line defense against pathogens and shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have shown that MCs are involved in pathogenic responses to several viruses including herpes simplex viruses, dengue virus, vaccinia virus and influenza virus. However, the underlying mechanisms of MCs in the activation of CD8+ T cells during viral infections are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigate the role of MCs in the development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses using the well-characterized murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model and the transgenic MasTRECK mice that contain the human diphtheria toxin receptor as an inducible MC-deficient model. Here, we report that MCs are essential for the activation and expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. After MC depletion and subsequent intradermal LCMV infection, the CD8 + T cell effector phenotype and antiviral cytokine production were impaired at the peak of infection (day 8 p.i.). Importantly, MC-deficient mice were unable to control the infection and exhibited significantly higher viral loads in the spleen and in the ear draining lymph nodes compared to that of wild type control mice. In the absence of MCs, dendritic cell (DC) activation was impaired upon LCMV infection. In addition, type-I interferon (IFN) levels in the serum and in the spleen of MC-deficient mice were reduced during the first days of infection. Interestingly, depletion of MCs after intradermal LCMV infection did not impair virus-specific CD8+ T cell expansion, activation or antiviral cytokine production. In summary, our results indicate that MCs play a pivotal role in the activation and antiviral functions of CD8+ T cells through proper DC activation. A better understanding of the impact of MCs on CD8+ T cell responses is mandatory to improve antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Hackler
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Siebenhaar
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology and Osteoarthritis Research, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Pitzer Laboratory of Osteoarthritis Research, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melba Muñoz
- Dermatological Allergology, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Gülich AF, Rica R, Tizian C, Viczenczova C, Khamina K, Faux T, Hainberger D, Penz T, Bosselut R, Bock C, Laiho A, Elo LL, Bergthaler A, Ellmeier W, Sakaguchi S. Complex Interplay Between MAZR and Runx3 Regulates the Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:535039. [PMID: 33815354 PMCID: PMC8010151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.535039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The BTB zinc finger transcription factor MAZR (also known as PATZ1) controls, partially in synergy with the transcription factor Runx3, the development of CD8 lineage T cells. Here we explored the role of MAZR as well as combined activities of MAZR/Runx3 during cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. In contrast to the essential role of Runx3 for CTL effector function, the deletion of MAZR had a mild effect on the generation of CTLs in vitro. However, a transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the combined deletion of MAZR and Runx3 resulted in much more widespread downregulation of CTL signature genes compared to single Runx3 deletion, indicating that MAZR partially compensates for loss of Runx3 in CTLs. Moreover, in line with the findings made in vitro, the analysis of CTL responses to LCMV infection revealed that MAZR and Runx3 cooperatively regulate the expression of CD8α, Granzyme B and perforin in vivo. Interestingly, while memory T cell differentiation is severely impaired in Runx3-deficient mice, the deletion of MAZR leads to an enlargement of the long-lived memory subset and also partially restored the differentiation defect caused by loss of Runx3. This indicates distinct functions of MAZR and Runx3 in the generation of memory T cell subsets, which is in contrast to their cooperative roles in CTLs. Together, our study demonstrates complex interplay between MAZR and Runx3 during CTL and memory T cell differentiation, and provides further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of CTL and memory T cell pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Franziska Gülich
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ramona Rica
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Viczenczova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Faux
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniela Hainberger
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Penz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Remy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shinya Sakaguchi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Shytikov D, Rohila D, Li D, Wang P, Jiang M, Zhang M, Xu Q, Lu L. Functional Characterization of Ly49 +CD8 T-Cells in Both Normal Condition and During Anti-Viral Response. Front Immunol 2021; 11:602783. [PMID: 33488602 PMCID: PMC7817614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Ly49+CD8 T-cells in the immune system is not clear. Previously, several papers suggested Ly49+CD8 T-cells as immunosuppressors, while multiple studies also suggested their role as potent participants of the immune response. The mechanism of Ly49 expression on CD8 T-cells is also not clear. We investigated phenotype, functions, and regulation of Ly49 expression on murine CD8 T-cells in both normal state and during LCMV infection. CD8 T-cells express different Ly49 receptors compared with NK-cells. In intact mice, Ly49+CD8 T-cells have a phenotype similar to resting central memory CD8 T-cells and do not show impaired proliferation and cytokine production. Conventional CD8 T-cells upregulate Ly49 receptors during TCR-induced stimulation, and IL-2, as well as IL-15, affect it. At the same time, Ly49+CD8 T-cells change the Ly49 expression profile dramatically upon re-stimulation downregulating inhibitory and upregulating activating Ly49 receptors. We observed the expression of Ly49 receptors on the virus-specific CD8 T-cells during LCMV infection, especially marked in the early stages, and participation of Ly49+CD8 T-cells in the anti-viral response. Thus, CD8 T-cells acquire Ly49 receptors during the T-cell activation and show dynamic regulation of Ly49 receptors during stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Shytikov
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deepak Rohila
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Estrada Brull A, Rost F, Oderbolz J, Kirchner FR, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Oxenius A, Joller N. CD85k Contributes to Regulatory T Cell Function in Chronic Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010031. [PMID: 33375121 PMCID: PMC7792974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent excessive immune responses and limit immune pathology upon infections. To fulfill this role in different immune environments elicited by different types of pathogens, Tregs undergo functional specialization into distinct subsets. During acute type 1 immune responses, type 1 Tregs are induced and recruited to the site of ongoing Th1 responses to efficiently control Th1 responses. However, whether a similar specialization process also takes place following chronic infections is still unknown. In this study, we investigated Treg specialization in persistent viral infections using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection as models for chronic and latent infections, respectively. We identify CD85k as a Th1-specific co-inhibitory receptor with sustained expression in persistent viral infections and show that recombinant CD85k inhibits LCMV-specific effector T cells. Furthermore, expression of the CD85k ligand ALCAM is induced on LCMV-specific and exhausted T cells during chronic LCMV infection. Finally, we demonstrate that type 1 Tregs arising during chronic LCMV infection suppress Th1 effector cells in an ALCAM-dependent manner. These results extend the current knowledge of Treg specialization from acute to persistent viral infections and reveal an important functional role of CD85k in Treg-mediated suppression of type 1 immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muromegalovirus/immunology
- Muromegalovirus/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Estrada Brull
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Felix Rost
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
| | - Josua Oderbolz
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Florian R. Kirchner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.B.); (F.R.); (F.R.K.); (S.L.-L.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kim C, Jadhav RR, Gustafson CE, Smithey MJ, Hirsch AJ, Uhrlaub JL, Hildebrand WH, Nikolich-Žugich J, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Defects in Antiviral T Cell Responses Inflicted by Aging-Associated miR-181a Deficiency. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2202-2216.e5. [PMID: 31747595 PMCID: PMC6957231 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of protective immunity to infections and vaccinations declines with age. Studies in healthy individuals have implicated reduced miR-181a expression in T cells as contributing to this defect. To understand the impact of miR-181a expression on antiviral responses, we examined LCMV infection in mice with miR-181ab1-deficient T cells. We found that miR-181a deficiency delays viral clearance, thereby biasing the immune response in favor of CD4 over CD8 T cells. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells in mice with miR-181a-deficient T cells expand more and have a broader TCR repertoire with preferential expansion of high-affinity T cells than in wild-type mice. Importantly, generation of antigen-specific miR-181a-deficient CD8 effector T cells is particularly impaired, resulting in lower frequencies of CD8 T cells in the liver even at time points when the infection has been cleared. Consistent with the mouse model, CD4 memory T cells in individuals infected with West Nile virus at older ages tend to be more frequent and of higher affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulwoo Kim
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Rohit R Jadhav
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Claire E Gustafson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Megan J Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - William H Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
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17
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Ziegler CM, Dang L, Eisenhauer P, Kelly JA, King BR, Klaus JP, Manuelyan I, Mattice EB, Shirley DJ, Weir ME, Bruce EA, Ballif BA, Botten J. NEDD4 family ubiquitin ligases associate with LCMV Z's PPXY domain and are required for virus budding, but not via direct ubiquitination of Z. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008100. [PMID: 31710650 PMCID: PMC6874086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral late domains are used by many viruses to recruit the cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) to mediate membrane scission during viral budding. Unlike the P(S/T)AP and YPX(1–3)L late domains, which interact directly with the ESCRT proteins Tsg101 and ALIX, the molecular linkage connecting the PPXY late domain to ESCRT proteins is unclear. The mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) matrix protein, Z, contains only one late domain, PPXY. We previously found that this domain in LCMV Z, as well as the ESCRT pathway, are required for the release of defective interfering (DI) particles but not infectious virus. To better understand the molecular mechanism of ESCRT recruitment by the PPXY late domain, affinity purification-mass spectrometry was used to identify host proteins that interact with the Z proteins of the Old World mammarenaviruses LCMV and Lassa virus. Several Nedd4 family E3 ubiquitin ligases interact with these matrix proteins and in the case of LCMV Z, the interaction was PPXY-dependent. We demonstrated that these ligases directly ubiquitinate LCMV Z and mapped the specific lysine residues modified. A recombinant LCMV containing a Z that cannot be ubiquitinated maintained its ability to produce both infectious virus and DI particles, suggesting that direct ubiquitination of LCMV Z alone is insufficient for recruiting ESCRT proteins to mediate virus release. However, Nedd4 ligases appear to be important for DI particle release suggesting that ubiquitination of targets other than the Z protein itself is required for efficient viral ESCRT recruitment. Enveloped viruses derive their lipid bilayer from either the cellular plasma membrane or an intracellular organelle during the process of viral budding in which a virus particle is formed at a membrane. Many enveloped viruses recruit the cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) in order to efficiently cut the membrane that connects a newly budded, but not released, virus particle from its parent membrane. Late domains, which are short protein motifs found in numerous enveloped viruses, specifically recruit ESCRT for this process. Two types of late domains accomplish this by binding directly to ESCRT proteins. A third late domain, PPXY, recruits ESCRT proteins through an unknown, indirect linkage. In this study, we sought to identify proteins that may bridge the PPXY late domain and ESCRT proteins. We found that Nedd4 family ubiquitin ligases interact with the PPXY domain in the mammarenavirus Z protein resulting in ubiquitination of Z at two lysine residues. However, Z ubiquitination was largely dispensable for the virus. Conversely, Nedd4 ubiquitin ligases were critical during infection suggesting that the most important contribution made to virus release by Nedd4 ligases is not direct ubiquitination of the viral matrix protein, but possibly the ubiquitination of cellular proteins or other viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Loan Dang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Philip Eisenhauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jamie A. Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R. King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Klaus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Inessa Manuelyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Ethan B. Mattice
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - David J. Shirley
- Ixis LLC, Data Science Division, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Marion E. Weir
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jason Botten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Gautam S, Fioravanti J, Zhu W, Le Gall JB, Brohawn P, Lacey NE, Hu J, Hocker JD, Hawk NV, Kapoor V, Telford WG, Gurusamy D, Yu Z, Bhandoola A, Xue HH, Roychoudhuri R, Higgs BW, Restifo NP, Bender TP, Ji Y, Gattinoni L. The transcription factor c-Myb regulates CD8 + T cell stemness and antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:337-349. [PMID: 30778251 PMCID: PMC6489499 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are maintained by transcriptional programs that promote self-renewal and repress differentiation. Here, we found that the transcription factor c-Myb was essential for generating and maintaining stem cells in the CD8+ T cell memory compartment. Following viral infection, CD8+ T cells lacking Myb underwent terminal differentiation and generated fewer stem cell-like central memory cells than did Myb-sufficient T cells. c-Myb acted both as a transcriptional activator of Tcf7 (which encodes the transcription factor Tcf1) to enhance memory development and as a repressor of Zeb2 (which encodes the transcription factor Zeb2) to hinder effector differentiation. Domain-mutagenesis experiments revealed that the transactivation domain of c-Myb was necessary for restraining differentiation, whereas its negative regulatory domain was critical for cell survival. Myb overexpression enhanced CD8+ T cell memory formation, polyfunctionality and recall responses that promoted curative antitumor immunity after adoptive transfer. These findings identify c-Myb as a pivotal regulator of CD8+ T cell stemness and highlight its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjivan Gautam
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - John B Le Gall
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Neal E Lacey
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James D Hocker
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nga Voong Hawk
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Devikala Gurusamy
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Timothy P Bender
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cellular Biomedicine Group, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Urata S, Kenyon E, Nayak D, Cubitt B, Kurosaki Y, Yasuda J, de la Torre JC, McGavern DB. BST-2 controls T cell proliferation and exhaustion by shaping the early distribution of a persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007172. [PMID: 30028868 PMCID: PMC6080785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon inducible protein, BST-2 (or, tetherin), plays an important role in the innate antiviral defense system by inhibiting the release of many enveloped viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the anti-viral activity of this protein. While the mechanisms by which BST-2 prevents viral dissemination have been defined, less is known about how this protein shapes the early viral distribution and immunological defense against pathogens during the establishment of persistence. Using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection, we sought insights into how the in vitro antiviral activity of this protein compared to the immunological defense mounted in vivo. We observed that BST-2 modestly reduced production of virion particles from cultured cells, which was associated with the ability of BST-2 to interfere with the virus budding process mediated by the LCMV Z protein. Moreover, LCMV does not encode a BST-2 antagonist, and viral propagation was not significantly restricted in cells that constitutively expressed BST-2. In contrast to this very modest effect in cultured cells, BST-2 played a crucial role in controlling LCMV in vivo. In BST-2 deficient mice, a persistent strain of LCMV was no longer confined to the splenic marginal zone at early times post-infection, which resulted in an altered distribution of LCMV-specific T cells, reduced T cell proliferation / function, delayed viral control in the serum, and persistence in the brain. These data demonstrate that BST-2 is important in shaping the anatomical distribution and adaptive immune response against a persistent viral infection in vivo. BST-2 (or, tetherin) is an antiviral protein that inhibits the release and spread of many enveloped viruses and is upregulated as part of the innate immune defense against infections. By studying the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model of infection, we sought insights into how BST-2 shapes the early viral distribution and immunological defense against a virus during the establishment of persistence. We also studied how the antiviral activity of BST-2 in cell culture compared to the immunological defense mounted by this protein in LCMV-infected mice (in vivo). We observed that BST-2 only modestly affected the production of LCMV in cultured cells by interfering with the viral budding process, but played a crucial role in controlling LCMV in vivo. In the absence of BST-2, a persistent strain of LCMV was ineffectively contained in the spleen at early time points post-infection, resulting in impaired antiviral T cell responses and viral control systemically. These data demonstrate that BST-2 is important in shaping the anatomical distribution and adaptive immune response against a persistent viral infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kenyon
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yohei Kurosaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCdlT); (DBM)
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology & Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCdlT); (DBM)
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20
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Gangaplara A, Martens C, Dahlstrom E, Metidji A, Gokhale AS, Glass DD, Lopez-Ocasio M, Baur R, Kanakabandi K, Porcella SF, Shevach EM. Type I interferon signaling attenuates regulatory T cell function in viral infection and in the tumor microenvironment. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006985. [PMID: 29672594 PMCID: PMC5929570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a cardinal role in the immune system by suppressing detrimental autoimmune responses, but their role in acute, chronic infectious diseases and tumor microenvironment remains unclear. We recently demonstrated that IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) signaling promotes Treg function in autoimmunity. Here we dissected the functional role of IFNAR-signaling in Tregs using Treg-specific IFNAR deficient (IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre) mice in acute LCMV Armstrong, chronic Clone-13 viral infection, and in tumor models. In both viral infection and tumor models, IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice Tregs expressed enhanced Treg associated activation antigens. LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice produced less antiviral and antitumor IFN-γ and TNF-α. In chronic viral model, the numbers of antiviral effector and memory CD8+ T cells were decreased in IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice and the effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited a phenotype compatible with enhanced exhaustion. IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice cleared Armstrong infection normally, but had higher viral titers in sera, kidneys and lungs during chronic infection, and higher tumor burden than the WT controls. The enhanced activated phenotype was evident through transcriptome analysis of IFNARfl/flxFoxp3YFP-Cre mice Tregs during infection demonstrated differential expression of a unique gene signature characterized by elevated levels of genes involved in suppression and decreased levels of genes mediating apoptosis. Thus, IFN signaling in Tregs is beneficial to host resulting in a more effective antiviral response and augmented antitumor immunity. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a predominant role in the immune response to infectious pathogens. The cellular targets of IFNs have been difficult to dissect because of the ubiquitous expression of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). The immune response of mice to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is one of the major models for analyzing the action of IFNs. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in the control of LCMV and it has been proposed that IFN may influence their function. The major goal of this study was to define the contribution of IFN signaling on Treg function during different stages LCMV infection. Tregs from mice with selective deletion of IFNAR manifested enhanced suppressive activity during acute/chronic LCMV infection resulting in increased CD8 T cell anergy, defective generation of memory T cells and persistence of virus. Similar effects of IFNAR signaling in Tregs were seen in a tumor model. We identified a unique set of genes in Tregs modulated by IFN signaling that may contribute to the enhanced suppressive function of IFNAR deficient Tregs. IFNs play a beneficial role during acute/chronic viral infections not only by contributing to viral clearance but also by attenuating the function of Tregs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Arenaviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Arenaviridae Infections/immunology
- Arenaviridae Infections/metabolism
- Arenaviridae Infections/virology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/virology
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/drug therapy
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/drug effects
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunakumar Gangaplara
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Eric Dahlstrom
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Amina Metidji
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ameya S. Gokhale
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Deborah D. Glass
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Lopez-Ocasio
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baur
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kishore Kanakabandi
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Stephen F. Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. Shevach
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Iwasaki M, Minder P, Caì Y, Kuhn JH, Yates JR, Torbett BE, de la Torre JC. Interactome analysis of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein in infected cells reveals ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit Alpha 1 and prohibitin as host-cell factors involved in the life cycle of mammarenaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006892. [PMID: 29462184 PMCID: PMC5834214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammalian arenaviruses (mammarenaviruses) cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans and pose serious public health concerns in their endemic regions. Additionally, mounting evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed, prototypic mammarenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), is a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. Concerns about human-pathogenic mammarenaviruses are exacerbated by of the lack of licensed vaccines, and current anti-mammarenavirus therapy is limited to off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. Detailed understanding of virus/host-cell interactions may facilitate the development of novel anti-mammarenavirus strategies by targeting components of the host-cell machinery that are required for efficient virus multiplication. Here we document the generation of a recombinant LCMV encoding a nucleoprotein (NP) containing an affinity tag (rLCMV/Strep-NP) and its use to capture the NP-interactome in infected cells. Our proteomic approach combined with genetics and pharmacological validation assays identified ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 (ATP1A1) and prohibitin (PHB) as pro-viral factors. Cell-based assays revealed that ATP1A1 and PHB are involved in different steps of the virus life cycle. Accordingly, we observed a synergistic inhibitory effect on LCMV multiplication with a combination of ATP1A1 and PHB inhibitors. We show that ATP1A1 inhibitors suppress multiplication of Lassa virus and Candid#1, a live-attenuated vaccine strain of Junín virus, suggesting that the requirement of ATP1A1 in virus multiplication is conserved among genetically distantly related mammarenaviruses. Our findings suggest that clinically approved inhibitors of ATP1A1, like digoxin, could be repurposed to treat infections by mammarenaviruses pathogenic for humans. Viral hemorrhagic fever-causing mammalian viruses of the family Arenaviridae pose serious threats to humans in Africa and South America as the associated infections are highly lethal. The worldwide-distributed lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a relative of these dangerous viruses that can be worked with more safely in the laboratory. Although LCMV does not cause viral hemorrhagic fever, it can cause disease in humans. Currently, anti-arenavirus therapy options are very limited, not very effective, and associated with side effects. Development of new therapies has been hampered because knowledge on how arenaviruses interact with proteins of the host cells they infect is limited. Using a modified LCMV, we identified two host-cell proteins called ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 (ATP1A1) and prohibitin (PHB) as factors that promote arenavirus infection. Inhibitors of ATP1A1 (cardiac glycosides already used clinically for treatment of other diseases) suppressed multiplication in cell culture of Lassa virus and Junín virus, the two most significant viral hemorrhagic fever-causing mammarenaviruses. Therefore, our data suggest that these inhibitors could be used clinically to treat people infected with arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Petra Minder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Khamina K, Lercher A, Caldera M, Schliehe C, Vilagos B, Sahin M, Kosack L, Bhattacharya A, Májek P, Stukalov A, Sacco R, James LC, Pinschewer DD, Bennett KL, Menche J, Bergthaler A. Characterization of host proteins interacting with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus L protein. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006758. [PMID: 29261807 PMCID: PMC5738113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) play a key role in the life cycle of RNA viruses and impact their immunobiology. The arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Clone 13 provides a benchmark model for studying chronic infection. A major genetic determinant for its ability to persist maps to a single amino acid exchange in the viral L protein, which exhibits RdRp activity, yet its functional consequences remain elusive. To unravel the L protein interactions with the host proteome, we engineered infectious L protein-tagged LCMV virions by reverse genetics. A subsequent mass-spectrometric analysis of L protein pulldowns from infected human cells revealed a comprehensive network of interacting host proteins. The obtained LCMV L protein interactome was bioinformatically integrated with known host protein interactors of RdRps from other RNA viruses, emphasizing interconnected modules of human proteins. Functional characterization of selected interactors highlighted proviral (DDX3X) as well as antiviral (NKRF, TRIM21) host factors. To corroborate these findings, we infected Trim21-/- mice with LCMV and found impaired virus control in chronic infection. These results provide insights into the complex interactions of the arenavirus LCMV and other viral RdRps with the host proteome and contribute to a better molecular understanding of how chronic viruses interact with their host. RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases (RdRps) play a key role in the life cycle of RNA viruses. They interact with cellular proteins during replication and transcription processes and impact the immunobiology of viral infections. This study characterized the host protein interactome of the RdRp-containing L protein of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Several L protein interactors with proviral and antiviral effects were identified in vitro, and mice lacking the identified L protein interactor TRIM21 exhibited impaired control of chronic LCMV infection. Integration of the L protein interactomes with known RdRp interactomes from other RNA viruses highlighted common and virus-specific strategies to interact with the host proteome, which may indicate novel avenues for antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Caldera
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schliehe
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Vilagos
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine–Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Kosack
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anannya Bhattacharya
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Májek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey Stukalov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Sacco
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo C. James
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine–Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Menche
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kadmon CS, Landers CT, Li HS, Watowich SS, Rodriguez A, King KY. MicroRNA-22 controls interferon alpha production and erythroid maturation in response to infectious stress in mice. Exp Hematol 2017; 56:7-15. [PMID: 28911907 PMCID: PMC5696003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-22 (miR-22) is a highly conserved microRNA that can regulate cell proliferation, oncogenesis, and cell maturation, especially during stress. In hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), miR-22 has been reported to be involved in the regulation of key self-renewal factors, including Tet2. Recent work demonstrates that miR-22 also participates in regulation of the interferon (IFN) response, and expression profiling studies suggest that it is variably expressed at different stages in erythroid differentiation. We thus hypothesized that miR-22 regulates maturation of erythroid progenitors during stress hematopoiesis through its interaction with IFN. We compared the blood and bone marrow of wild-type (WT) and miR-22-deficient mice at baseline and upon infectious challenge with systemic lymphochoriomeningitis (LCMV) virus. miR-22-deficient mice maintained platelet counts better than WT mice during infection, but they showed significantly reduced red blood cells and hemoglobin. Analysis of bone marrow progenitors demonstrated better overall survival and improved HSC homeostasis in infected miR-22-null mice compared with WT, which was attributable to a blunted IFN response to LCMV challenge in the miR-22-null mice. We found that miR-22 was expressed exclusively in stage II erythroid precursors and downregulated upon infection in WT mice. Our results indicate that miR-22 promotes the IFN response to viral infection and that it functions at baseline as a brake to slow erythroid differentiation and maintain adequate erythroid potential. Impaired regulation of erythrogenesis in the absence of miR-22 can lead to anemia during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine S Kadmon
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cameron T Landers
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Antony Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine Y King
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Centers for Biology of Inflammation, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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24
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Honke N, Shaabani N, Hardt C, Krings C, Häussinger D, Lang PA, Lang KS, Keitel V. Farnesoid X Receptor in Mice Prevents Severe Liver Immunopathology During Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:323-338. [PMID: 28214859 DOI: 10.1159/000456168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile acids (BAs) are steroid molecules that are synthesized in the liver. In addition to their important role as a surfactant in solubilizing lipids and promoting the absorption of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract, they act as inflammagens. The role of BAs and their receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) during viral infection has not been studied in detail. METHODS By using FXR-deficient mice, we investigated the role of bile acid receptor FXR during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The importance of FXR in inducing IFN-I and monocytes proliferation were investigated and viral titers and T cell exhaustion were analyzed at different time points. RESULTS This study shows that controlled levels of BAs activate FXR in hepatocytes and FXR in response upregulates the production of type I interferon. In turn, FXR maintains BAs within a balanced range to inhibit their toxic effects. The absence of FXR results in high levels of BAs, which inhibit the proliferation of monocytes and result in a defect in viral elimination, consequently leading to T cell exhaustion. CONCLUSION We found that FXR contributes to IFN-I production in hepatocytes and balances BA levels to inhibit their toxic effects on monocytes.
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25
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo. Virology 2016; 498:69-81. [PMID: 27564543 PMCID: PMC5045820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) memory T cells produce IFNγ within hours of secondary infection, but this is quickly terminated in vivo despite the presence of stimulatory viral antigen, suggesting that active suppression occurs. Herein, we investigated the in vivo effector function of CD8(+) memory T cells during successive encounters with viral antigen. CD8(+) T cells in immune mice receiving prior viral or peptide challenge failed to reproduce IFNγ during LCMV rechallenge. Surprisingly, this refractory state was induced even in memory cells that had not encountered their cognate antigen, indicating that the silencing of CD8(+) T cell responses is TCR-independent. Direct injection of IFNγ also suppressed the ability of virus-specific memory cells to respond to subsequent viral challenge. We propose the existence of a negative feedback loop whereby IFNγ, produced by memory CD8(+) T cells to combat viral challenge, acts - directly or indirectly - to limit its further production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbial Science, SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Parish IA, Marshall HD, Staron MM, Lang PA, Brüstle A, Chen JH, Cui W, Tsui YC, Perry C, Laidlaw BJ, Ohashi PS, Weaver CT, Kaech SM. Chronic viral infection promotes sustained Th1-derived immunoregulatory IL-10 via BLIMP-1. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3455-68. [PMID: 25003188 DOI: 10.1172/jci66108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of many chronic viral infections, the antiviral T cell response becomes attenuated through a process that is regulated in part by the host. While elevated expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is involved in the suppression of viral-specific T cell responses, the relevant cellular sources of IL-10, as well as the pathways responsible for IL-10 induction, remain unclear. In this study, we traced IL-10 production over the course of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in an IL-10 reporter mouse line. Using this model, we demonstrated that virus-specific T cells with reduced inflammatory function, particularly Th1 cells, display elevated and sustained IL-10 expression during chronic LCMV infection. Furthermore, ablation of IL-10 from the T cell compartment partially restored T cell function and reduced viral loads in LCMV-infected animals. We found that viral persistence is needed for sustained IL-10 production by Th1 cells and that the transcription factor BLIMP-1 is required for IL-10 expression by Th1 cells. Restimulation of Th1 cells from LCMV-infected mice promoted BLIMP-1 and subsequent IL-10 expression, suggesting that constant antigen exposure likely induces the BLIMP-1/IL-10 pathway during chronic viral infection. Together, these data indicate that effector T cells self-limit their responsiveness during persistent viral infection via an IL-10-dependent negative feedback loop.
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27
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Chiang EY, Johnston RJ, Grogan JL. EBI2 is a negative regulator of type I interferons in plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83457. [PMID: 24386204 PMCID: PMC3873289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus induced receptor 2 (EBI2), a Gαi-coupled G protein-coupled receptor, is a chemotactic receptor for B, T and dendritic cells (DC). Genetic studies have also implicated EBI2 as a regulator of an interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-driven inflammatory network (IDIN) associated with autoimmune diseases, although the corollary in primary type I IFN-producing cells has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that EBI2 negatively regulates type I IFN responses in plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) and CD11b+ myeloid cells. Activation of EBI2−/− pDCs and CD11b+ cells with various TLR ligands induced elevated type I IFN production compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, in vivo challenge with endosomal TLR agonists or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus elicited more type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines in EBI2−/− mice compared to normal mice. Elevated systemic cytokines occurred despite impaired ability of EBI2-deficient pDCs and CD11b+ cells to migrate from the blood to the spleen and peritoneal cavity under homeostatic conditions. As reported for other immune cells, pDC migration was dependent on the ligand for EBI2, 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Consistent with a cell intrinsic role for EBI2, type I IFN-producing cells from EBI2-deficient mice expressed higher levels of IRF7 and IDIN genes. Together these data suggest a negative regulatory role for EBI2 in balancing TLR-mediated responses to foreign and to self nucleic acids that may precipitate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y. Chiang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Johnston
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Kreutzfeldt M, Bergthaler A, Fernandez M, Brück W, Steinbach K, Vorm M, Coras R, Blümcke I, Bonilla WV, Fleige A, Forman R, Müller W, Becher B, Misgeld T, Kerschensteiner M, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Neuroprotective intervention by interferon-γ blockade prevents CD8+ T cell-mediated dendrite and synapse loss. J Exp Med 2013; 210:2087-103. [PMID: 23999498 PMCID: PMC3782053 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are postmitotic and thus irreplaceable cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Accordingly, CNS inflammation with resulting neuronal damage can have devastating consequences. We investigated molecular mediators and structural consequences of CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) attack on neurons in vivo. In a viral encephalitis model in mice, disease depended on CTL-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and neuronal IFN-γ signaling. Downstream STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in neurons were associated with dendrite and synapse loss (deafferentation). Analogous molecular and structural alterations were also found in human Rasmussen encephalitis, a CTL-mediated human autoimmune disorder of the CNS. Importantly, therapeutic intervention by IFN-γ blocking antibody prevented neuronal deafferentation and clinical disease without reducing CTL responses or CNS infiltration. These findings identify neuronal IFN-γ signaling as a novel target for neuroprotective interventions in CTL-mediated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and 2 World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Lee MS, Park CH, Jeong YH, Kim YJ, Ha SJ. Negative regulation of type I IFN expression by OASL1 permits chronic viral infection and CD8⁺ T-cell exhaustion. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003478. [PMID: 23874199 PMCID: PMC3715418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferons (IFN-Is) are critical not only in early viral control but also in prolonged T-cell immune responses. However, chronic viral infections such as those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice overcome this early IFN-I barrier and induce viral persistence and exhaustion of T-cell function. Although various T-cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors are known to contribute to induction of chronic conditions, the roles of IFN-I negative regulators in chronic viral infections have been largely unexplored. Herein, we explored whether 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like 1 (OASL1), a recently defined IFN-I negative regulator, plays a key role in the virus-specific T-cell response and viral defense against chronic LCMV. To this end, we infected Oasl1 knockout and wild-type mice with LCMV CL-13 (a chronic virus) and monitored T-cell responses, serum cytokine levels, and viral titers. LCMV CL-13-infected Oasl1 KO mice displayed a sustained level of serum IFN-I, which was primarily produced by splenic plasmacytoid dendritic cells, during the very early phase of infection (2-3 days post-infection). Oasl1 deficiency also led to the accelerated elimination of viremia and induction of a functional antiviral CD8 T-cell response, which critically depended on IFN-I receptor signaling. Together, these results demonstrate that OASL1-mediated negative regulation of IFN-I production at an early phase of infection permits viral persistence and suppresses T-cell function, suggesting that IFN-I negative regulators, including OASL1, could be exciting new targets for preventing chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Genome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- System Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jeong
- System Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJK); (SJH)
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- System Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJK); (SJH)
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30
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Schmitz I, Schneider C, Fröhlich A, Frebel H, Christ D, Leonard WJ, Sparwasser T, Oxenius A, Freigang S, Kopf M. IL-21 restricts virus-driven Treg cell expansion in chronic LCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003362. [PMID: 23696736 PMCID: PMC3656089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance. During viral infections, Treg cells can limit the immunopathology resulting from excessive inflammation, yet potentially inhibit effective antiviral T cell responses and promote virus persistence. We report here that the fast-replicating LCMV strain Docile triggers a massive expansion of the Treg population that directly correlates with the size of the virus inoculum and its tendency to establish a chronic, persistent infection. This Treg cell proliferation was greatly enhanced in IL-21R−/− mice and depletion of Treg cells partially rescued defective CD8+ T cell cytokine responses and improved viral clearance in some but not all organs. Notably, IL-21 inhibited Treg cell expansion in a cell intrinsic manner. Moreover, experimental augmentation of Treg cells driven by injection of IL-2/anti-IL-2 immune complexes drastically impaired the functionality of the antiviral T cell response and impeded virus clearance. As a consequence, mice became highly susceptible to chronic infection following exposure to low virus doses. These findings reveal virus-driven Treg cell proliferation as potential evasion strategy that facilitates T cell exhaustion and virus persistence. Furthermore, they suggest that besides its primary function as a direct survival signal for antiviral CD8+ T cells during chronic infections, IL-21 may also indirectly promote CD8+ T cell poly-functionality by restricting the suppressive activity of infection-induced Treg cells. T cell exhaustion represents a state of T cell dysfunction associated with clinically relevant diseases, such as persistent viral infections or cancer. Although the molecular signature of exhausted T cells has been characterized in detail at the functional and transcriptional level, the immunological mechanisms that lead to T cell exhaustion during chronic infections remain poorly understood. Our present study reports two major findings that illustrate a pathway that contributes to T cell exhaustion during viral infection, and indicate its modulation by both, the pathogen and the host. First, we show that a persistence-inducing virus triggers the massive proliferation of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and demonstrate the potential of Treg cells to promote T cell exhaustion and chronic infection. Second, we identify IL-21 as a crucial host factor that antagonizes this virus-driven expansion of the Treg population in a cell intrinsic manner independent of IL-2. Thus, in addition to its known pre-dominant direct positive effects on antiviral T cells, IL-21 can also alleviate the suppressive activity of Treg cells. Together, these results suggest enhanced Treg cell responses as a mechanism of immune evasion that could be therapeutically targeted with IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwana Schmitz
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Fröhlich
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Frebel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE/Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (SF) ; (MK)
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (SF) ; (MK)
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31
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Pythoud C, Rodrigo WWSI, Pasqual G, Rothenberger S, Martínez-Sobrido L, de la Torre JC, Kunz S. Arenavirus nucleoprotein targets interferon regulatory factor-activating kinase IKKε. J Virol 2012; 86:7728-38. [PMID: 22532683 PMCID: PMC3421673 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00187-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses perturb innate antiviral defense by blocking induction of type I interferon (IFN) production. Accordingly, the arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) was shown to block activation and nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in response to virus infection. Here, we sought to identify cellular factors involved in innate antiviral signaling targeted by arenavirus NP. Consistent with previous studies, infection with the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) prevented phosphorylation of IRF3 in response to infection with Sendai virus, a strong inducer of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway of innate antiviral signaling. Using a combination of coimmunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy, we found that LCMV NP associates with the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinase IKKε but that, rather unexpectedly, LCMV NP did not bind to the closely related TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK-1). The NP-IKKε interaction was highly conserved among arenaviruses from different clades. In LCMV-infected cells, IKKε colocalized with NP but not with MAVS located on the outer membrane of mitochondria. LCMV NP bound the kinase domain (KD) of IKKε (IKBKE) and blocked its autocatalytic activity and its ability to phosphorylate IRF3, without undergoing phosphorylation. Together, our data identify IKKε as a novel target of arenavirus NP. Engagement of NP seems to sequester IKKε in an inactive complex. Considering the important functions of IKKε in innate antiviral immunity and other cellular processes, the NP-IKKε interaction likely plays a crucial role in arenavirus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Pythoud
- Institute of Microbiology University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Giulia Pasqual
- Institute of Microbiology University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Matter MS, Hilmenyuk T, Claus C, Marone R, Schürch C, Tinguely M, Terracciano L, Luther SA, Ochsenbein AF. Destruction of lymphoid organ architecture and hepatitis caused by CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24772. [PMID: 21966366 PMCID: PMC3179489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses have the important function of host defense and protection against pathogens. However, the immune response also causes inflammation and host tissue injury, termed immunopathology. For example, hepatitis B and C virus infection in humans cause immunopathological sequel with destruction of liver cells by the host's own immune response. Similarly, after infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice, the adaptive immune response causes liver cell damage, choriomeningitis and destruction of lymphoid organ architecture. The immunopathological sequel during LCMV infection has been attributed to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. However, we now show that during LCMV infection CD4(+) T cells selectively induced the destruction of splenic marginal zone and caused liver cell damage with elevated serum alanin-transferase (ALT) levels. The destruction of the splenic marginal zone by CD4(+) T cells included the reduction of marginal zone B cells, marginal zone macrophages and marginal zone metallophilic macrophages. Functionally, this resulted in an impaired production of neutralizing antibodies against LCMV. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells reduced B cells with an IgM(high)IgD(low) phenotype (transitional stage 1 and 2, marginal zone B cells), whereas other B cell subtypes such as follicular type 1 and 2 and germinal center/memory B cells were not affected. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells lacking different important effector cytokines and cytolytic pathways such as IFNγ, TNFα, perforin and Fas-FasL interaction did reveal that these cytolytic pathways are redundant in the induction of immunopathological sequel in spleen. In conclusion, our results define an important role of CD4(+) T cells in the induction of immunopathology in liver and spleen. This includes the CD4(+) T cell mediated destruction of the splenic marginal zone with consecutively impaired protective neutralizing antibody responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Fas Ligand Protein/deficiency
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Perforin/deficiency
- Perforin/genetics
- Perforin/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Matter
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Waggoner SN, Taniguchi RT, Mathew PA, Kumar V, Welsh RM. Absence of mouse 2B4 promotes NK cell-mediated killing of activated CD8+ T cells, leading to prolonged viral persistence and altered pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1925-38. [PMID: 20440077 PMCID: PMC2877945 DOI: 10.1172/jci41264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are often associated with inefficient T cell responses and sustained high-level expression of inhibitory receptors, such as the NK cell receptor 2B4 (also known as CD244), on virus-specific T cells. However, the role of 2B4 in T cell dysfunction is undefined, and it is unknown whether NK cells contribute to regulation of these processes. We show here that persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice lacking 2B4 resulted in diminished LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, prolonged viral persistence, and spleen and thymic pathologies that differed from those observed in infected wild-type mice. Surprisingly, these altered phenotypes were not caused by 2B4 deficiency in T cells. Rather, the entire and long-lasting pathology and viral persistence were regulated by 2B4-deficient NK cells acting early in infection. In the absence of 2B4, NK cells lysed activated (defined as CD44hi) but not naive (defined as CD44lo) CD8+ T cells in a perforin-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. These results illustrate the importance of NK cell self-tolerance to activated CD8+ T cells and demonstrate how an apparent T cell-associated persistent infection can actually be regulated by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N. Waggoner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth T. Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Porunelloor A. Mathew
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Miyagi T, Gil MP, Wang X, Louten J, Chu WM, Biron CA. High basal STAT4 balanced by STAT1 induction to control type 1 interferon effects in natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2383-96. [PMID: 17846149 PMCID: PMC2118450 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The best-characterized type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling pathway depends on signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2. The cytokines can, however, conditionally activate all STATs. Regulation of their access to particular signaling pathways is poorly understood. STAT4 is important for IFN-γ induction, and NK cells are major producers of this cytokine. We report that NK cells have high basal STAT4 levels and sensitivity to type 1 IFN–mediated STAT4 activation for IFN-γ production. Increases in STAT1, driven during viral infection by either type 1 IFN or IFN-γ, are associated with decreased STAT4 access. Both STAT1 and STAT2 are important for antiviral defense, but STAT1 has a unique role in protecting against sustained NK cell IFN-γ production and resulting disease. The regulation occurs with an NK cell type 1 IFN receptor switch from a STAT4 to a STAT1 association. Thus, a fundamental characteristic of NK cells is high STAT4 bound to the type 1 IFN receptor. The conditions of infection result in STAT1 induction with displacement of STAT4. These studies elucidate the critical role of STAT4 levels in predisposing selection of specific signaling pathways, define the biological importance of regulation within particular cell lineages, and provide mechanistic insights for how this is accomplished in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyagi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Hand TW, Morre M, Kaech SM. Expression of IL-7 receptor alpha is necessary but not sufficient for the formation of memory CD8 T cells during viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11730-5. [PMID: 17609371 PMCID: PMC1913873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705007104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During many acute viral and bacterial infections, IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (IL-7Ralpha) is expressed on a subset of effector CD8 T cells that preferentially develop into long-lived memory CD8 T cells. These cells functionally require IL-7Ralpha, but it is unclear whether IL-7Ralpha acts mainly to induce their differentiation into memory cells or to sustain their long-term survival. To examine this question, IL-7Ralpha was constitutively overexpressed on all antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells during viral infection. Constitutive IL-7Ralpha expression had minimal effects on the numbers or function of effector and memory CD8 T cells formed. This indicated that IL-7Ralpha expression is not sufficient to drive memory cell development. In particular, the forced IL-7Ralpha expression did not rescue the killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1)(hi) short-lived effector CD8 T cells from death, showing that the majority of effector CD8 T cells die in an IL-7Ralpha-independent manner. Moreover, we found that, regardless of the ectopic expression of IL-7Ralpha, the KLRG1(hi), but not the KLRG1(lo) effector CD8 T cells, were unable to proliferate well to IL-7, which may be due to increased amounts of p27(kip) in KLRG1(hi) cells. Because IL-7 can destabilize p27(kip), this result suggested that KLRG1(hi) and KLRG1(lo) effector CD8 T cells naturally differ in their ability to transmit IL-7 signals. Altogether, these results reveal that IL-7Ralpha expression is permissive, but not instructive, to the creation of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W. Hand
- *Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Michel Morre
- Cytheris, Inc., 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- *Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Efficient maintenance of memory CD8 T cells is central to long-term protective immunity. IL-7– and IL-15–driven homeostatic proliferation is essential for long-term memory CD8 T cell persistence after acute infections. During chronic infections, however, virus-specific CD8 T cells respond poorly to these cytokines. Yet, virus-specific CD8 T cells often persist for long periods of time during chronic infections. We have addressed this apparent paradox by examining the mechanism for maintaining virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. We find that homeostatic cytokines (e.g., IL-7/15), inflammatory signals, and priming of recent thymic emigrants are not sufficient to maintain virus-specific CD8 T cells over time during chronic infection. Rather, our results demonstrate that viral peptide is required for virus-specific CD8 T cell persistence during chronic infection. Moreover, this viral antigen-dependent maintenance results in a dramatically different type of T cell division than is normally observed during memory T cell homeostasis. Rather than undergoing slow, steady homeostatic turnover during chronic viral infection, CD8 T cells undergo extensive peptide-dependent division, yet cell numbers remain relatively stable. These results indicate that antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses during persisting infection are maintained by a mechanism distinct from that after acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abdullah Z, Saric T, Kashkar H, Baschuk N, Yazdanpanah B, Fleischmann BK, Hescheler J, Krönke M, Utermöhlen O. Serpin-6 Expression Protects Embryonic Stem Cells from Lysis by Antigen-Specific CTL. J Immunol 2007; 178:3390-9. [PMID: 17339433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to embryonic stem (ES) cells is still poorly understood. In this study, we addressed the adaptive cellular immune response to undifferentiated and differentiated ES cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a vertically transmitted pathogen in mice and humans. In contrast to the prevailing view, we found that undifferentiated and differentiated murine ES cells express MHC class I molecules, although at low levels. When cocultured with LCMV-infected ES cells, syngeneic but not allogeneic LCMV-specific CTL secrete IFN-gamma. Strikingly, LCMV-specific CTL do not efficiently kill LCMV-infected ES cells. ES cells showed high-level expression of the serine protease inhibitor 6, an endogenous inhibitor of the CTL-derived cytotoxic effector molecule granzyme B. Down-regulation of serpin-6 by RNA interference sensitized ES cells for CTL-induced cell death. The results of this study suggest that LCMV-infected murine ES cells present viral Ags and are recognized by LCMV-specific CTL in a MHC class I-restricted manner, yet resist CTL-mediated lysis through high-level expression of serine protease inhibitor 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany
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38
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Kunz S, Rojek JM, Roberts AJ, McGavern DB, Oldstone MBA, de la Torre JC. Altered central nervous system gene expression caused by congenitally acquired persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2006; 80:9082-92. [PMID: 16940520 PMCID: PMC1563940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00795-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal infection of most mouse strains with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) leads to a life-long persistent infection characterized by high virus loads in the central nervous system (CNS) in the absence of inflammation and tissue destruction. These mice, however, exhibit impaired learning and memory. The occurrence of cognitive defects in the absence of overt CNS pathology led us to the hypothesis that chronic virus infection may contribute to neuronal dysfunction by altering the host's gene expression profile. To test this hypothesis, we examined the impact of LCMV persistence on host gene expression in the CNS. To model the natural route of human congenital CNS infection observed with a variety of viruses, we established a persistently infected mouse colony where the virus was maintained via vertical transmission from infected mothers to offspring (LCMV-cgPi). LCMV-cgPi mice exhibited a lifelong persistent infection involving the CNS; the infection was associated with impaired spatial-temporal learning. Despite high viral loads in neurons of the brains of adult LCMV-cgPi mice, we detected changes in the host's CNS gene expression for only 75 genes, 56 and 19 being significantly induced and reduced, respectively. The majority of the genes induced in the brain of LCMV-cgPi mice were interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and included the transcription factors STAT1 and IRF9, the ISG15 protease UBP43, and the glucocorticoid attenuated-response genes GARG16 and GARG49. Based on their crucial role in antiviral defense, these ISGs may play an important role in limiting viral spread and replication. However, since IFNs have also been implicated in adverse effects on neuronal function, the chronic induction of some ISGs may also contribute to the observed cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kunz
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department (MIND) IMM6, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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39
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Ejrnaes M, Filippi CM, Martinic MM, Ling EM, Togher LM, Crotty S, von Herrath MG. Resolution of a chronic viral infection after interleukin-10 receptor blockade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2461-72. [PMID: 17030951 PMCID: PMC2118120 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of persistent viral infections is the loss and functional inactivation of antiviral effector T cells, which prevents viral clearance. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) suppresses cellular immune responses by modulating the function of T cells and antigen-presenting cells. In this paper, we report that IL-10 production is drastically increased in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. In vivo blockade of the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) with a neutralizing antibody resulted in rapid resolution of the persistent infection. IL-10 secretion was diminished and interferon γ production by antiviral CD8+ T cells was enhanced. In persistently infected mice, CD8α+ dendritic cell (DC) numbers declined early after infection, whereas CD8α− DC numbers were not affected. CD8α− DCs supported IL-10 production and subsequent dampening of antiviral T cell responses. Therapeutic IL-10R blockade broke the cycle of IL-10–mediated immune suppression, preventing IL-10 priming by CD8α− DCs and enhancing antiviral responses and thereby resolving infection without causing immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Ejrnaes
- Immune Regulation Lab - DI3, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Louten J, van Rooijen N, Biron CA. Type 1 IFN deficiency in the absence of normal splenic architecture during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Immunol 2006; 177:3266-72. [PMID: 16920967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system uses different mechanisms to respond to infectious pathogens. Experiments evaluating the requirements for a type 1 IFN (IFN-alphabeta) response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) resulted in the surprising discovery that mice deficient in B and T cell development, i.e., RAG-deficient and SCID, had profoundly reduced levels of IFN-alphabeta in serum and spleen, despite high viral replication. In addition to lacking an adaptive immune system, these strains exhibit aberrant splenic architecture, and the defect in type 1 IFN production was also observed in mice lacking normal splenic marginal zone (MZ) organization due to genetic deficiencies in B cell development or in cytokine functions required for development of the MZ, i.e., muMT, lymphotoxin-alpha, and TNFR1. Interestingly, the IFN-alphabeta reduction was not observed after murine CMV infection. Depletion of phagocytic cells from normally developed spleens by treatment with clodronate-containing liposomes demonstrated that these populations were required for the type 1 IFN response to LCMV, but not to murine CMV, and for control of viral replication. Complete repopulation of the MZ was necessary to restore normal IFN-alphabeta production. In contrast, control of LCMV replication correlated with the return of CD11c+ cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complexity and sophistication of the splenic MZ in sensing and responding to particular pathogens and reveal the importance of organ architecture in the production of type 1 IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Le Bon A, Montoya M, Edwards MJ, Thompson C, Burke SA, Ashton M, Lo D, Tough DF, Borrow P. A role for the transcription factor RelB in IFN-alpha production and in IFN-alpha-stimulated cross-priming. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2085-93. [PMID: 16810633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric mice generated with bone marrow from RelB-deficient (-/-), RelB-heterozygous (+/-) and wild-type (+/+) mice were used to determine how total or partial absence of the transcription factor RelB in haematopoietic cells affects the immune response generated after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In RelB(-/-) chimeras, early virus replication was enhanced and LCMV clearance was impaired. Although plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers were similar, serum interferon (IFN)-alpha levels in RelB(-/-) and RelB(+/-) chimeras were markedly lower than in RelB(+/+) chimeras during early LCMV infection. Further, both RelB(-/-) and RelB(+/-) chimeras mounted a lower-magnitude LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cell response than their RelB(+/+) counterparts, although the LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells present were differentiated into functional cytotoxic cells. In LCMV-infected RelB(-/-) mice, induction of cross-priming to an independently injected soluble protein, which depends on the IFN-alpha/beta made during the viral infection, was also impaired. Notably, provision of exogenous IFN-alpha did not restore the ability of RelB(-/-) mice to cross-prime. In summary, these results show that the RelB/NF-kappaB pathway is required for optimal IFN-alpha production after LCMV infection and suggest a crucial role for RelB in IFN-alpha-stimulated cross-priming of CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Le Bon
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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42
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Montoya M, Dawes R, Reid D, Lee LN, Piercy J, Borrow P, Tchilian EZ, Beverley PCL. CD45 is required for type I IFN production by dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2150-8. [PMID: 16856204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte tyrosine phosphatase, essential for normal immune responses. We have studied the function of splenic dendritic cells of CD45(+/+), CD45(-/-), CD45RABC and CD45RO transgenic mice. We show that there are increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CD45(-/-) mice. DC of all mice are capable of responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection by up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules. DC of CD45(-/-) mice have an impaired capacity to produce type I interferons in response to LCMV infection in vivo. These data indicate that lack of CD45 expression in DC has a profound effect on their function. This is largely restored by CD45RABC or CD45RO transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montoya
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, UK
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43
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Yao S, Chen L. Reviving exhausted T lymphocytes during chronic virus infection by B7-H1 blockade. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:244-6. [PMID: 16650803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are killer cells that are crucial in the control of viral pathogens and cancers. They can become exhausted during chronic viral infection, a phenomenon that consists of a reduction in both number and functionality of CTLs. Recently, Barber and colleagues demonstrated that B7-H1 (also called PD-L1), a cell-surface molecule that is widely distributed in tissues, was necessary for the maintenance of T-cell exhaustion in a chronic-infection mouse model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). PD-1, the receptor of B7-H1, was greatly upregulated on CTLs in response to LCMV, and its expression was maintained during chronic infection. Blockade of the B7-H1-PD-1 pathway by a monoclonal antibody restored CTL function and reduced viral burden. These results suggest a new strategy for the treatment of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Department of Dermatology, and Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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44
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Christensen JE, de Lemos C, Moos T, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. CXCL10 is the key ligand for CXCR3 on CD8+ effector T cells involved in immune surveillance of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected central nervous system. J Immunol 2006; 176:4235-43. [PMID: 16547260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 is a chemokine associated with type 1 T cell responses, regulating the migration of activated T cells through binding to the CXCR3 receptor. Expression of both CXCL10 and CXCR3 are observed during immunopathological diseases of the CNS, and this receptor/ligand pair is thought to play a central role in regulating T cell-mediated inflammation in this organ site. In this report, we investigated the role of CXCL10 in regulating CD8(+) T cell-mediated inflammation in the virus-infected brain. This was done through analysis of CXCL10-deficient mice infected intracerebrally with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which in normal immunocompetent mice induces a fatal CD8(+) T cell-mediated meningoencephalitis. We found that a normal antiviral CD8(+) T cell response was generated in CXCL10-deficient mice, and that lack of CXCL10 had no influence on the accumulation of mononuclear cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, analysis of the susceptibility of CXCL10-deficient mice to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced meningitis revealed that these mice just like CXCR3-deficient mice were partially resistant to this disease, whereas wild-type mice invariably died. Furthermore, despite marked up-regulation of the two remaining CXCR3 ligands: CXCL9 and 11, we found a reduced accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in the brain parenchyma around the time point when wild-type mice succumb as a result of CD8(+) T cell-mediated inflammation. Thus, taken together these results indicate a central role for CXCL10 in regulating the accumulation of effector T cells at sites of CNS inflammation, with no apparent compensatory effect of other CXCR3 ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL11
- Chemokine CXCL9
- Chemokines, CXC/deficiency
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/pathology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Meningitis, Viral/immunology
- Meningitis, Viral/metabolism
- Meningitis, Viral/pathology
- Meningitis, Viral/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
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Chappell C, Beard C, Altman J, Jaenisch R, Jacob J. DNA Methylation by DNA Methyltransferase 1 Is Critical for Effector CD8 T Cell Expansion. J Immunol 2006; 176:4562-72. [PMID: 16585546 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing mediated by DNA methylation is a critical component of epigenetic regulation during early embryonic development in animals. However, the requirement for DNA methylation during activation and differentiation of mature CD8+ T cells into effector and memory cells is not clear. Using cre-mediated deletion of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) at the time of CD8+ T cell activation, we investigated the obligation for maintaining patterns of DNA methylation during the generation of Ag-specific effector and memory CD8+ T cells in response to acute viral infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Dnmt1-/- CD8+ T cells failed to undergo the massive CD8+ T cell expansion characteristic of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, leading to >80% reductions in Ag-specific effector CD8+ T cells at the height of the response. Despite this, Dnmt1-/- CD8+ T cells efficiently controlled the viral infection. Interestingly, the number of Ag-specific Dnmt1-/- memory CD8+ T cells was moderately reduced compared with the reductions seen at day 8 postinfection. Our data suggest that ablation of Dnmt1 and subsequent DNA methylation affect the finite proliferative potential of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells with moderate effects on their differentiation to effector and memory CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Chappell
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Matter M, Mumprecht S, Pinschewer DD, Pavelic V, Yagita H, Krautwald S, Borst J, Ochsenbein AF. Virus-induced polyclonal B cell activation improves protective CTL memoryvia retained CD27 expression on memory CTL. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3229-39. [PMID: 16231287 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different viruses elicit distinct phenotypes of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). This is reflected in differential expression of homing receptors and costimulatory molecules like CD27. Memory CTL retained CD27 following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, but not after immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus or tumor cells expressing LCMV glycoprotein. Stable CD27 expression on memory CTL required ligation by CD70 expressed on polyclonally activated B cells during the contraction phase. The functional consequence of CD27 expressed on virus-specific CTL was analyzed in CD27-deficient mice. LCMV infection of CD27(-/-) mice revealed that primary CTL activation and expansion as well as elimination of the virus were independent of CD27 expression. In contrast, ligation of CD27 on memory CTL upon secondary antigen encounter increased clonal expansion and improved protection against re-infection. This points to novel B cell-CTL interactions during viral infection and to a beneficial role of polyclonal B cell activation that represents a characteristic of murine LCMV, human immunodeficiency virus and human hepatitis B and C virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- CD27 Ligand
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/metabolism
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Matter
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
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Osiak A, Utermöhlen O, Niendorf S, Horak I, Knobeloch KP. ISG15, an interferon-stimulated ubiquitin-like protein, is not essential for STAT1 signaling and responses against vesicular stomatitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6338-45. [PMID: 16024773 PMCID: PMC1190360 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.15.6338-6345.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15 is an interferon-induced ubiquitin-like modifier which can be conjugated to distinct, but largely unknown, proteins. ISG15 has been implicated in a variety of biological activities, which encompass antiviral defense, immune responses, and pregnancy. Mice lacking UBP43 (USP18), the ISG15-deconjugating enzyme, develop a severe phenotype with brain injuries and lethal hypersensitivity to poly(I:C). It has been reported that an augmented conjugation of ISG15 in the absence of UBP43 induces prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation and that the ISG15 conjugation plays an important role in the regulation of JAK/STAT and interferon signaling (O. A. Malakhova, M. Yan, M. P. Malakhov, Y. Yuan, K. J. Ritchie, K. I. Kim, L. F. Peterson, K. Shuai, and D. E. Zhang, Genes Dev. 17:455-460, 2003). Here, we report that ISG15(-/-) mice are viable and fertile and display no obvious abnormalities. Lack of ISG15 did not affect the development and composition of the main cellular compartments of the immune system. The interferon-induced antiviral state and immune responses directed against vesicular stomatitis virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were not significantly altered in the absence of ISG15. Furthermore, interferon- or endotoxin-induced STAT1 tyrosine-phosphorylation, as well as expression of typical STAT1 target genes, remained unaffected by the lack of ISG15. Thus, ISG15 is dispensable for STAT1 and interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Osiak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Genetics, Krahmerstr. 6, 12207 Berlin, Germany
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Djavani M, Topisirovic I, Zapata JC, Sadowska M, Yang Y, Rodas J, Lukashevich IS, Bogue CW, Pauza CD, Borden KLB, Salvato MS. The proline-rich homeodomain (PRH/HEX) protein is down-regulated in liver during infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 2005; 79:2461-73. [PMID: 15681447 PMCID: PMC546565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.4.2461-2473.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The proline-rich homeodomain protein, PRH/HEX, participates in the early development of the brain, thyroid, and liver and in the later regenerative processes of damaged liver, vascular endothelial, and hematopoietic cells. A virulent strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV-WE) that destroys hematopoietic, vascular, and liver functions also alters the transcription and subcellular localization of PRH. A related virus (LCMV-ARM) that does not cause disease in primates can infect cells without affecting PRH. Biochemical experiments demonstrated the occurrence of binding between the viral RING protein (Z) and PRH, and genetic experiments mapped the PRH-suppressing phenotype to the large (L) segment of the viral genome, which encodes the Z and polymerase genes. The Z protein is clearly involved with PRH, but other viral determinants are needed to relocate PRH and to promote disease. By down-regulating PRH, the arenavirus is able to eliminate the antiproliferative effects of PRH and to promote liver cell division. The interaction of an arenavirus with a homeodomain protein suggests a mechanism for viral teratogenic effects and for the tissue-specific manifestations of arenavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Djavani
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Borrow P, Hou S, Gloster S, Ashton M, Hyland L. Virus infection-associated bone marrow B cell depletion and impairment of humoral immunity to heterologous infection mediated by TNF-alpha/LTalpha. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:524-32. [PMID: 15657949 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that influenza virus infection of mice induces a depletion of bone marrow B lineage cells due to apoptosis of early B cells mediated by a mechanism involving TNF-alpha/LTalpha. Here we demonstrate that this effect is also observed with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and resulted in a deficiency of both splenic transitional B cells and mature follicular B cells. To determine whether there was an associated impairment of humoral immunity, we infected mice with LCMV and 10 days later at the peak of the B cell depletion, inoculated them with influenza virus. We found that influenza virus-specific antibody titers were dramatically reduced in mice recovering from LCMV infection compared to those in mice infected with influenza virus alone. Further, we showed that there was no reduction of the influenza virus-specific antibody response in LCMV-infected TNF-alpha/LTalpha-deficient mice, suggesting that TNF-alpha/LTalpha-mediated effects on bone marrow and/or peripheral lymphocytes were responsible for the observed impairment in humoral immunity. These results show that the TNF-alpha/LTalpha production induced following infection with diverse viruses has detrimental effects on early B cells in the bone marrow, and may be among the factors that lead to the severely compromised humoral immunity observed to subsequent heterologous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, UK
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Rode M, Balkow S, Sobek V, Brehm R, Martin P, Kersten A, Dumrese T, Stehle T, Müllbacher A, Wallich R, Simon MM. Perforin and Fas act together in the induction of apoptosis, and both are critical in the clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:12395-405. [PMID: 15507626 PMCID: PMC525048 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12395-12405.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we questioned the current view that the two principal cytotoxic pathways, the exocytosis and the Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas-mediated pathway, have largely nonoverlapping biological roles. For this purpose we have analyzed the response of mice that lack Fas as well as granzyme A (gzmA) and gzmB (FasxgzmAxB(-/-)) to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We show that FasxgzmAxB(-/-) mice, in contrast to B6, Fas(-/-), and gzmAxB(-/-) mice, do not recover from a primary infection with LCMV, in spite of the expression of comparable numbers of LCMV-immune and gamma interferon-producing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in all mouse strains tested. Ex vivo-derived FasxgzmAxB(-/-) CTL lacked nucleolytic activity and expressed reduced cytolytic activity compared to B6 and Fas(-/-) CTL. Furthermore, virus-immune CTL with functional FasL and perforin (gzmAxB(-/-)) are more potent in causing target cell apoptosis in vitro than those expressing FasL alone (perfxgzmAxB(-/-)). This synergistic effect of perforin on Fas-mediated nucleolysis of target cells is indicated by the fact that, compared to perfxgzmAxB(-/-) CTL, gzmAxB(-/-) CTL induced (i) an accelerated decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, (ii) increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and (iii) accelerated phosphatidylserine exposure on plasma membranes. We conclude that perforin does not mediate recovery from LCMV by itself but plays a vital role in both gzmA/B and FasL/Fas-mediated CTL activities, including apoptosis and control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rode
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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