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Sefidi-Heris Y, Jahangiri A, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shahbazi MA, Khalili S, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Baghbanzadeh A, Hejazi M, Hashemzaei M, Hamblin MR, Santos HA. Recent progress in the design of DNA vaccines against tuberculosis. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:S1359-6446(20)30345-7. [PMID: 32927065 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have some disadvantages and many efforts have been undertaken to produce effective TB vaccines. As a result of their advantages, DNA vaccines are promising future vaccine candidates. This review focuses on the design and delivery of novel DNA-based vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssof Sefidi-Heris
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, 7146713565, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 193955487, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, 1678815811, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 9516915169, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9196773117, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614731, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 9861615881, Zabol, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Zhang Y, Feng L, Li L, Wang D, Li C, Sun C, Li P, Zheng X, Liu Y, Yang W, Niu X, Zhong N, Chen L. Effects of the fusion design and immunization route on the immunogenicity of Ag85A-Mtb32 in adenoviral vectored tuberculosis vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1803-13. [PMID: 26076321 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines containing multiple antigens may induce broader immune responses and provide better protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection as compared to a single antigen. However, strategies for incorporating multiple antigens into a single vector and the immunization routes may affect their immunogenicity. In this study, we utilized recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) as a model vaccine vector, and Ag85A (Rv3804c) and Mtb32 (Rv0125) as model antigens, to comparatively evaluate the influence of codon usage optimization, signal sequence, fusion linkers, and immunization routes on the immunogenicity of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine containing multiple antigens in C57BL/6 mice. We showed that codon-optimized Ag85A and Mtb32 fused with a GSG linker induced the strongest systemic and pulmonary cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses. Strong CMI responses were characterized by the generation of a robust IFN-γ ELISPOT response as well as antigen-specific CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells, which secreted mono-, dual-, or multiple cytokines. We also found that subcutaneous (SC) and intranasal (IN)/oral immunization with this candidate vaccine exhibited the strongest boosting effects for Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-primed systemic and pulmonary CMI responses, respectively. Our results supported that codon optimized Ag85A and Mtb32 fused with a proper linker and immunized through SC and IN/oral routes can generate the strongest systemic and pulmonary CMI responses in BCG-primed mice, which may be particularly important for the design of TB vaccines containing multiple antigens.
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Key Words
- APC, Allophycocyanin
- BCG, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin
- BSA, bovine serum album
- CMI, cell-mediated immune responses
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISPOT, Enzyme-linked immune-sorbent spot
- FACS, Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HA tag, hemagglutinin tag
- HEK, human embryo kidney
- ICS, Intracellular cytokine staining
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL-2, Interleukin 2
- IM, intramuscular
- IN, intranasal
- Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NBT/BCIP, Nitro blue tetrazolium/ 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate
- PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- PerCP, Peridinin-ChlorophylL-Protein Complex
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- SC, subcutaneous
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SFC, spot-forming cells
- TB, tuberculosis
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- fusion strategies
- immunization routes
- immunogenicity
- multiple antigens
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- rAd5, recombinant adenovirus type 5
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
- vp, viral particles
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University ; Guangzhou , China
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CD226 as a genetic adjuvant to enhance immune efficacy induced by Ag85A DNA vaccination. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:10-8. [PMID: 25582686 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-85A (Ag85A) is one of the major proteins secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many studies on animal models have shown that vaccination with the recombinant Ag85A-DNA or Ag85A protein induces powerful immune response. However, these vaccines cannot generate sufficient protective immunity in the systemic compartment. CD226, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed in the majority of NK cells, T cells, monocytes, and platelets, and can be served as a co-stimulator that contributes to multiple innate and adaptive responses. However, there has been no study where either CD226 protein or DNA has been used as an adjuvant for vaccine development. The aim of this study was to develop a novel Ag85A DNA vaccine with CD226 as the genetic adjuvant to increase the immune efficacy induced by Ag85A. Oral vaccination with pcDNA3.1-Ag85A-CD226 DNA induced potent immune responses in mice. CD226 was an effective genetic adjuvant that improved the immune efficacy induced by Ag85A and enhanced the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells in mice. Th1 dominant cytokines (i.e. IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α), cellular immunity (i.e. CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)T cells and CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)T cells in splenocytes) and MLNs were also significantly elevated by pcDNA3.1-Ag85A-CD226 DNA vaccination. Our results suggest that CD226 is an effective adjuvant to enhance the immune efficacy induced by Ag85A. Our findings provide a new strategy for the development of a DNA vaccine co-expressing Ag85A and CD226.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem and novel vaccination regimens are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED DNA vaccines against TB have been tested in various preclinical models and strategies have been developed to increase their immunogenicity in large animal species. DNA vaccines are able to induce a wide variety of immune responses, including CD8(+) T-cell-mediated cytolytic and IFN-γ responses. DNA vaccination may be valuable in heterologous prime-boost strategies with the currently used bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. This approach could broaden the antigenic repertoire of BCG and enhance its weak induction of MHC class I-restricted immune responses. EXPERT OPINION DNA vaccines offer a number of advantages over certain other types of vaccines, such as the induction of robust MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), their generic manufacturing platform and their relatively low manufacturing costs. Because of their strong potential for inducing memory responses, DNA vaccines are particularly suited for priming immune responses. Furthermore, DNA vaccine technology may help antigen discovery by facilitating screening of candidate vaccines. Co-administration of BCG with plasmid DNA coding for immunodominant, subdominant and phase-specific antigens, poorly expressed by BCG, may lead to the development of improved TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, O.D. CID-Immunology , Engelandstraat 642, Brussels, B1180 , Belgium
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Bruffaerts N, Romano M, Denis O, Jurion F, Huygen K. Increasing the Vaccine Potential of Live M. bovis BCG by Coadministration with Plasmid DNA Encoding a Tuberculosis Prototype Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:181-95. [PMID: 26344474 PMCID: PMC4494193 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The attenuated live M. bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is still the sole vaccine used against tuberculosis, but confers only variable efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Though no clear explanation for this limited efficacy has been given, different hypotheses have been advanced, such as the waning of memory T-cell responses, a reduced antigenic repertoire and the inability to induce effective CD8+ T-cell responses, which are known to be essential for latent tuberculosis control. In this study, a new BCG-based vaccination protocol was studied, in which BCG was formulated in combination with a plasmid DNA vaccine. As BCG is routinely administered to neonates, we have evaluated a more realistic approach of a simultaneous intradermal coadministration of BCG with pDNA encoding the prototype antigen, PPE44. Strongly increased T- and B-cell responses were observed with this protocol in C57BL/6 mice when compared to the administration of only BCG or in combination with an empty pDNA vector, as measured by Th1-type spleen cell cytokine secretion, specific IgG antibodies, as well as specific IFN-γ producing/cytolytic-CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, we observed a bystander activation induced by the coding plasmid, resulting in increased immune responses against other non-plasmid encoded, but BCG-expressed, antigens. In all, these results provide a proof of concept for a new TB vaccine, based on a BCG-plasmid DNA combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bruffaerts
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Marta Romano
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Denis
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
| | - Kris Huygen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Brussels 1180, Belgium.
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Hedhli D, Denis O, Barkan D, Daffé M, Glickman MS, Huygen K. M.tuberculosis mutants lacking oxygenated mycolates show increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy as compared to M. bovis BCG vaccine in an experimental mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76442. [PMID: 24146869 PMCID: PMC3798287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing vaccine against tuberculosis (M. bovis BCG) exerts some protection against the extrapulmonary forms of the disease, particularly in young children, but is not very effective against the pulmonary form of TB, which often results from the reactivation of a latent M. tuberculosis (M.tb)infection. Among the new approaches in TB vaccine development, live attenuated M.tb mutants are a promising new avenue. Here we report on the vaccine potential of two highly attenuated M.tb mutants, MGM1991 and M.tbhma::hyg (HMA), lacking all oxygenated mycolates in their cell wall. In C57BL/6 mice, stronger Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) and IL-17 responses could be induced following subcutaneous vaccination with either of the two mutants, than following vaccination with M. bovis BCG. Significantly more mycobacteria specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ and particularly CD8+ T cells could be detected by intracellular cytokine staining in mice vaccinated with the M.tb mutants. Finally, vaccination with either of the two mutants conferred stronger protection against intratracheal M.tb challenge than vaccination with BCG, as indicated by reduced bacterial replication in lungs at 4 to 12 weeks after challenge. Protection against M. tb dissemination, as indicated by reduced bacterial numbers in spleen, was comparable for both mutants to protection conferred by BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Hedhli
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Barkan
- Immunology Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- Département de Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale du CNRS et de l'Université Paul Sabatier (UMR 5089), Toulouse, France
| | - Michael S. Glickman
- Immunology Program and Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP, Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
- *E-mail:
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Todoroff J, Lemaire MM, Fillee C, Jurion F, Renauld JC, Huygen K, Vanbever R. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A following its co-delivery with CpG, MPLA or LTB to the lungs in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63344. [PMID: 23675482 PMCID: PMC3651129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vaccination is a promising route for immunization against tuberculosis because the lung is the natural site of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Yet, adjuvants with a suitable safety profile need to be found to enhance mucosal immunity to recombinant antigens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity, the safety and the protective efficacy of a subunit vaccine composed of the immunodominant mycolyl-transferase antigen 85A (Ag85A) and one of three powerful mucosal adjuvants: the oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motifs (CpG), the monophosphoryl lipid A of Salmonella minnesota (MPLA) or the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LTB). BALB/c mice were vaccinated in the deep lungs. Our results showed that lung administration of these adjuvants could specifically induce different types of T cell immunity. Both CpG and MPLA induced a Th-1 type immune response with significant antigen-specific IFN-γ production by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro and a tendency of increased IFN-γ in the lungs. Moreover, MPLA triggered a Th-17 response reflected by high IL-17A levels in the spleen and lungs. By contrast, LTB promoted a Th-2 biased immune response, with a production of IL-5 but not IFN-γ by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro. CpG did not induce inflammation in the lungs while LTB and MPLA showed a transient inflammation including a neutrophil influx one day after pulmonary administration. Pulmonary vaccination with Ag85A without or with MPLA or LTB tended to decrease bacterial counts in the spleen and lungs following a virulent challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In conclusion, CpG and MPLA were found to be potential adjuvants for pulmonary vaccination against tuberculosis, providing Th-1 and Th-17 immune responses and a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Todoroff
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel M. Lemaire
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Fillee
- Department of Clinical Biology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Zárate-Bladés CR, Rodrigues RF, Souza PRM, Rios WM, Soares LS, Rosada RS, Brandão IT, Masson AP, Floriano EM, Ramos SG, Silva CL. Evaluation of the overall IFN-γ and IL-17 pro-inflammatory responses after DNA therapy of tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1093-103. [PMID: 23324590 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the enormous efforts displayed globally in the fight against tuberculosis, the disease incidence has modified slightly, which has led to a renewed interest in immunotherapy. In general, successful immunotherapeutic candidates against tuberculosis are agents that can trigger strong, specific pro-inflammatory responses, especially of the T-helper (Th) 1 pattern. However, how these pro-inflammatory agents effectively kill the bacteria without eliciting immunopathology is not well understood. We reasoned that, in addition to the specific immune response elicited by immunotherapy, the evaluation of the overall pro-inflammatory responses should provide additional and valuable information that will be useful in avoiding immunopathology. We evaluated the overall IFN-γ and IL-17 pro-inflammatory responses among CD4(+), CD8(+) and γδ T cells in the lungs of mice that were infected with M. tuberculosis and treated with a DNA vaccine in an immunotherapeutic regimen. Our results demonstrate that mice that effectively combat the pathogen develop a strong, specific Th1 immune response against the therapeutic antigen and have reduced lung inflammation, present in parallel a fine-tuning in the total IFN-γ- and IL-17-mediated immunity in the lungs. This modulation of the total immune response involves reducing the Th17 cell population, augmenting CD8(+) T cells that produce IFN-γ and increasing the total γδ T cell frequency. These results stress the importance of a broad evaluation of not only the specific immune response at the time to evaluate new immune interventional strategies against tuberculosis but also non-conventional T cells, such as γδ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology; Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Bruffaerts N, Liang Y, Jurion F, Sander P, Kündig TM, Huygen K, Johansen P. Lymph node targeting of BCG vaccines amplifies CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2012; 31:1057-64. [PMID: 23273509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG provides limited protection against pulmonary tuberculosis and a risk of dissemination in immune-compromised vaccinees. For the development of new TB vaccines that stimulate strong T-cell responses a variety of strategies is being followed, especially recombinant BCG and attenuated M. tuberculosis. The objective of the current study was to test potential benefits of vaccination through direct lymph-node targeting of wildtype BCG; the recommended route of vaccination with BCG is intradermal. C57BL/6 mice were immunised with BCG by intradermal, subcutaneous or intralymphatic injections. Cellular immune responses and protection against M. tuberculosis were determined. Intralymphatic vaccination was 100-1000 times more effective in stimulating BCG-specific immune responses than intradermal or subcutaneous immunisation. Intralymphatic administration stimulated high frequencies of mycobacterium-specific lymphocytes with strong proliferating capacity and production of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-17 and, especially, IFN-γ secretion by. CD4 and CD8 T cells. Most importantly, intralymphatic vaccination with 2×10(3)CFU BCG induced sustained protection against M. tuberculosis in intratracheally challenged C57BL/6 mice, whereas subcutaneous vaccination with 2×10(5)CFU BCG conferred only a transient protection. Hence, direct administration of M. bovis BCG to lymph nodes demonstrates that efficient targeting to lymph nodes may help to overcome the efficacy problems of vaccination with BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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BAO HONG, YU TING, JIN YUFEN, TENG CHUNYAN, LIU XIMING, LI YANLEI. Construction of a DNA vaccine based on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A/MPT64 fusion gene and evaluation of its immunogenicity. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1375-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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LIMAYE BHAKTI, BANERJEE RUMA, DATTA AVIK, INAMDAR HARSHAL, VATS PANKAJ, DAHALE SONAL, BHANDARI ALOK, RAMAKRISHNAN EP, TUPAKULA RAJNIKANTH, MALVIYA SANDEEP, BAYASKAR AVINASH, GADHARI RENU, JAIN SANKALP, GAVANE VIVEK, MAHAJAN RASHMI, SUNITHA K, JOSHI RAJENDRA. ANVAYA: A WORKFLOWS ENVIRONMENT FOR AUTOMATED GENOME ANALYSIS. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2012; 10:1250006. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720012500060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anvaya is a workflow environment for automated genome analysis that provides an interface for several bioinformatics tools and databases, loosely coupled together in a coordinated system, enabling the execution of a set of analyses tools in series or in parallel. It is a client-server workflow environment that has an advantage over existing software as it enables extensive pre & post processing of biological data in an efficient manner. "Anvaya" offers the user, novel functionalities to carry out exhaustive comparative analysis via "custom tools," which are tools with new functionality not available in standard tools, and "built-in PERL parsers," which automate data-flow between tools that hitherto, required manual intervention. It also provides a set of 11 pre-defined workflows for frequently used pipelines in genome annotation and comparative genomics ranging from EST assembly and annotation to phylogenetic reconstruction and microarray analysis. It provides a platform that serves as a single-stop solution for biologists to carry out hassle-free and comprehensive analysis, without being bothered about the nuances involved in tool installation, command line parameters, format conversions required to connect tools and manage/process multiple data sets at a single instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- BHAKTI LIMAYE
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - RUMA BANERJEE
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - AVIK DATTA
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - HARSHAL INAMDAR
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - PANKAJ VATS
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - SONAL DAHALE
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - ALOK BHANDARI
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - E. P. RAMAKRISHNAN
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - RAJNIKANTH TUPAKULA
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - SANDEEP MALVIYA
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - AVINASH BAYASKAR
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - RENU GADHARI
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - SANKALP JAIN
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - VIVEK GAVANE
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - RASHMI MAHAJAN
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - K SUNITHA
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - RAJENDRA JOSHI
- Bioinformatics Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganesh Khind, Pune – 411007, Maharashtra, India
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Beamer GL, Cyktor J, Flaherty DK, Stromberg PC, Carruthers B, Turner J. CBA/J mice generate protective immunity to soluble Ag85 but fail to respond efficiently to Ag85 during natural Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:870-9. [PMID: 22531914 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In CBA/J mice, susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is associated with low interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses to antigens (Antigen 85 (Ag85) and early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6)) that have been defined as immunodominant. Here, we asked whether the failure of CBA/J mice to recognize Ag85 is a consequence of M.tb infection or whether CBA/J mice have a general defect in generating specific T-cell responses to this protein antigen. We compared CBA/J mice during primary M.tb infection, Ag85 vaccination followed by M.tb challenge, or M.tb memory immune mice for their capacity to generate Ag85-specific IFN-γ responses and to control M.tb infection. CBA/J mice did not respond efficiently to Ag85 in the context of natural infection or re-infection. In contrast, CBA/J mice could generate Ag85-specific IFN-γ responses and protective immunity when this antigen was delivered as a soluble protein. Our data indicate that although M.tb infection of CBA/J mice does not drive an Ag85 response, these mice can fully and protectively respond to Ag85 if it is delivered as a vaccine. The data from this experimental model suggest that the Ag85-containing vaccines in clinical trials should protect M.tb susceptible humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Beamer
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis lacking all mycolic acid cyclopropanation is viable but highly attenuated and hyperinflammatory in mice. Infect Immun 2012; 80:1958-68. [PMID: 22431648 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00021-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids, the major lipid of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall, are modified by cyclopropane rings, methyl branches, and oxygenation through the action of eight S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent mycolic acid methyltransferases (MAMTs), encoded at four genetic loci. Mycolic acid modification has been shown to be important for M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, in part through effects on the inflammatory activity of trehalose dimycolate (cord factor). Studies using the MAMT inhibitor dioctylamine have suggested that the MAMT enzyme class is essential for M. tuberculosis viability. However, it is unknown whether a cyclopropane-deficient strain of M. tuberculosis would be viable and what the effect of cyclopropane deficiency on virulence would be. We addressed these questions by creating and characterizing M. tuberculosis strains lacking all functional MAMTs. Our results show that M. tuberculosis is viable either without cyclopropanation or without cyclopropanation and any oxygenated mycolates. Characterization of these strains revealed that MAMTs are required for acid fastness and resistance to detergent stress. Complete lack of cyclopropanation confers severe attenuation during the first week after aerosol infection of the mouse, whereas complete loss of MAMTs confers attenuation in the second week of infection. Characterization of immune responses to the cyclopropane- and MAMT-deficient strains indicated that the net effect of mycolate cyclopropanation is to dampen host immunity. Taken together, our findings establish the immunomodulatory function of the mycolic acid modification pathway in pathogenesis and buttress this enzyme class as an attractive target for antimycobacterial drug development.
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West NP, Thomson SA, Triccas JA, Medveczky CJ, Ramshaw IA, Britton WJ. Delivery of a multivalent scrambled antigen vaccine induces broad spectrum immunity and protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2011; 29:7759-65. [PMID: 21846485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective anti-Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is an important step towards improved control of TB in high burden countries. Subunit vaccines are advantageous in terms of safety, particularly in the context of high rates of HIV co-infection, but they must contain sufficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to stimulate immunity in genetically diverse human populations. We have used a novel approach to develop a synthetic scrambled antigen vaccine (TB-SAVINE), comprised of overlapping, recombined peptides from four M. tuberculosis proteins, Ag85B, ESAT-6, PstS3 and Mpt83, each of which is immunogenic and protective against experimental TB. This polyvalent TB-SAVINE construct stimulated CD4 and CD8T cell responses against the individual proteins and M. tuberculosis in C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice, when delivered as DNA, Fowl Pox Virus or Vaccinia Virus vaccines. In addition, the DNA-TBS vaccine induced protective immunity against pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Co-immunization of Balb/c mice with virally expressed TBS and HIV1-SAVINE vaccine stimulated strong T cell responses to both the M. tuberculosis and HIV proteins, indicating no effects of antigenic competition. Further development of this TB-SAVINE vaccine expressing components from multiple M. tuberculosis proteins may prove an effective vaccine candidate against TB, which could potentially form part of a safe, combined preventative strategy together with HIV immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P West
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, NSW, 2042, Australia.
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16
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Chadwick S, Kriegel C, Amiji M. Nanotechnology solutions for mucosal immunization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:394-407. [PMID: 19931581 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current prevalence of infectious diseases in many developing regions of the world is a serious burden, impacting both the general health as well as economic growth of these communities. Additionally, treatment with conventional medication becomes increasingly challenging due to emergence of new and drug resistant strains jeopardizing the progress made in recent years towards control and elimination of certain types of infectious diseases. Thus, from a public health perspective, prevention such as through immunization by vaccination, which has proven to be most effective, might be the best alternative to prevent and combat infectious diseases in these regions. To achieve this, development of wide-scale immunization programs become necessary including vaccines that can easily and widely be distributed, stored and administered. Mucosal vaccines offer great potential since they can be administered via oral or intranasal delivery route which does not require trained personnel, avoids the use of needles and improves overall patient compliance and acceptance. However, it necessitates the implementation of specific immunization strategies to improve their efficacy. Application of nanotechnology to design and create particle mediated delivery systems that can efficiently encapsulate vaccine components for protection of the sensitive payload, target the mucosal immune system and incorporate mucosal adjuvants maximizing immune response is key strategy to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines.
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A novel DNA vaccine containing multiple TB-specific epitopes casted in a natural structure (ECANS) confers protective immunity against pulmonary mycobacterial challenge. Vaccine 2009; 27:5313-9. [PMID: 19615961 PMCID: PMC7115364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epitope-based DNA vaccines designed to induce T cell responses specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) are being developed as a means of addressing vaccine potency. In this study, we predicted 4 T cell epitopes from ESAT-6, Ag85A/B and CFP-10 antigens and constructed an ECANS (epitopes casted in a natural structure) DNA vaccine by inserting the epitope DNA segments separately into the gene backbone of M. tb-derived HSP65 (heat shock protein 65) carrier. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of pECANS DNA vaccine were assessed in BALB/c mice after intramuscular immunization with 4 doses of 50 microg ECANS DNA and followed by mycobaterial challenge 4 weeks after the last immunization. Compared to plasmid encoding HSP65, pECANS DNA immunization elicited remarkably higher levels of IFN-gamma production by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which were coupled with higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells and higher CTL activity. Significantly enhanced levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-12) and increased serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratio were also noted, indicating a predominant Th1 immune response achieved by pECANS DNA immunization. In the consequence, a better protection against Mycobacterium bovis BCG challenge was achieved which was evidenced by reduced bacterial loads in lungs and spleens and profound attenuation of lung inflammation and injury. Our results suggested that multi-T cell-epitope based ECANS gene vaccine induced T cell response to multiple T cell epitopes and led to enhanced protection against mycobacterial challenge. This strategy might be a useful platform to design multi-T cell epitope-based vaccine against M. tb infection.
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Immunization with a bivalent adenovirus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine provides markedly improved protection over its monovalent counterpart against pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1093-100. [PMID: 19319120 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant virus-vectored vaccines hold great promise for tuberculosis (TB) vaccination strategies. However, there is a lack of side-by-side comparative investigations to dissect the functional differences and support the advantage of multivalent virus-vectored vaccine over its monovalent counterpart. We previously successfully developed a monovalent adenovirus (Ad)-vectored vaccine expressing Ag85a (AdAg85a) and demonstrated its superior protective efficacy in models of pulmonary TB. In this study, we have developed a bivalent Ad TB vaccine expressing Ag85a and TB10.4 antigens as a fusion protein (AdAg85a:TB10.4) and compared its T-cell-activating and immune protective efficacy with that by monovalent AdAg85a. A single intranasal (i.n.) administration of AdAg85a:TB10.4 induced robust T-cell responses toward the respective antigens within the airway lumen and spleen, although the level of Ag85a-specific T-cell responses in the airway lumen triggered by bivalent AdAg85a:TB10.4 was lower than that by its monovalent counterpart at earlier time points. Thus, a single i.n. delivery of AdAg85a:TB10.4 conferred a markedly improved and sustained level of protection in the lung against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) challenge over that by AdAg85a or by conventional BCG immunization with similarly induced levels of protection in the spleen. Our results indicate a unique advantage of multivalent viral-vectored TB vaccines for immunization against pulmonary TB.
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Rampini SK, Selchow P, Keller C, Ehlers S, Böttger EC, Sander P. LspA inactivation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in attenuation without affecting phagosome maturation arrest. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2008; 154:2991-3001. [PMID: 18832305 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/018895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on its ability to survive within host macrophages. Here, M. tuberculosis avoids the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome by arresting phagosome maturation. Having shown previously that a M. tuberculosis mutant deficient in lipoprotein signal peptidase (LspA) is strongly attenuated in vivo in a mouse model of infection, we now studied putative mechanisms involved in attenuation of the lspA : : aph mutant at a cellular level. In this work we investigated the ability of the mutant to interfere with two host defence mechanisms, i.e. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-dependent immune response and phagosome maturation. While mycobacterial lipoproteins have been reported to trigger a TLR2 signalling pathway critical for innate immune responses, we found that growth control of the lspA : : aph mutant was independent of TLR2. In addition, the lspA : : aph mutant arrested phagosome maturation to an extent similar to that of the wild-type, as measured by lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) co-localization and intraphagosomal pH. These observations demonstrate severe attenuation even in the presence of arrested phagosome maturation, and point to a role for the early phagosome in growth restriction of the M. tuberculosis lspA mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana K Rampini
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Gloriastrasse 32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Selchow
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Gloriastrasse 32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Keller
- Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehlers
- Molecular Infection Biology, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Gloriastrasse 30, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Gloriastrasse 32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Gloriastrasse 30, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Gloriastrasse 32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding MAP0586c and MAP4308c of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis secretome. Vaccine 2008; 26:4783-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zvi A, Ariel N, Fulkerson J, Sadoff JC, Shafferman A. Whole genome identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidates by comprehensive data mining and bioinformatic analyses. BMC Med Genomics 2008; 1:18. [PMID: 18505592 PMCID: PMC2442614 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), infects ~8 million annually culminating in ~2 million deaths. Moreover, about one third of the population is latently infected, 10% of which develop disease during lifetime. Current approved prophylactic TB vaccines (BCG and derivatives thereof) are of variable efficiency in adult protection against pulmonary TB (0%–80%), and directed essentially against early phase infection. Methods A genome-scale dataset was constructed by analyzing published data of: (1) global gene expression studies under conditions which simulate intra-macrophage stress, dormancy, persistence and/or reactivation; (2) cellular and humoral immunity, and vaccine potential. This information was compiled along with revised annotation/bioinformatic characterization of selected gene products and in silico mapping of T-cell epitopes. Protocols for scoring, ranking and prioritization of the antigens were developed and applied. Results Cross-matching of literature and in silico-derived data, in conjunction with the prioritization scheme and biological rationale, allowed for selection of 189 putative vaccine candidates from the entire genome. Within the 189 set, the relative distribution of antigens in 3 functional categories differs significantly from their distribution in the whole genome, with reduction in the Conserved hypothetical category (due to improved annotation) and enrichment in Lipid and in Virulence categories. Other prominent representatives in the 189 set are the PE/PPE proteins; iron sequestration, nitroreductases and proteases, all within the Intermediary metabolism and respiration category; ESX secretion systems, resuscitation promoting factors and lipoproteins, all within the Cell wall category. Application of a ranking scheme based on qualitative and quantitative scores, resulted in a list of 45 best-scoring antigens, of which: 74% belong to the dormancy/reactivation/resuscitation classes; 30% belong to the Cell wall category; 13% are classical vaccine candidates; 9% are categorized Conserved hypotheticals, all potentially very potent T-cell antigens. Conclusion The comprehensive literature and in silico-based analyses allowed for the selection of a repertoire of 189 vaccine candidates, out of the whole-genome 3989 ORF products. This repertoire, which was ranked to generate a list of 45 top-hits antigens, is a platform for selection of genes covering all stages of M. tuberculosis infection, to be incorporated in rBCG or subunit-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Zvi
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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Immune response induced by three Mycobacterium bovis BCG substrains with diverse regions of deletion in a C57BL/6 mouse model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:750-6. [PMID: 18353924 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00018-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the adaptive immune response generated by three Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) substrains to determine if the number of genomic regions of deletion played a significant role in determining the magnitude of the immune response or affected their ability to reduce the bacterial burden following low-dose aerosol challenge with a virulent M. tuberculosis strain. BCG Connaught, Pasteur, and Sweden were chosen as representative substrains, as they possessed many, intermediate, and few regions of deletion, respectively, as a result of changes in the genome in various regions. Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously and were then examined at 14, 21, and 42 days postvaccination. BCG was observed in the spleen, lung, and lymph nodes. BCG Connaught induced a greater pulmonary T-cell response than the other two substrains at day 14 postvaccination, although by 42 days postvaccination activated T-cell levels dropped to the levels observed in control mice for all three substrains. Among the three substrains, BCG Connaught induced significantly greater levels of interleukin-12 in bone marrow-derived macrophage cultures. Mice challenged at days 14, 21, and 42 postvaccination displayed an equal capacity to reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs and spleen. The data provide evidence that although the BCG substrains generated qualitatively and quantitatively different immune responses, they induced similar reductions in the bacterial burden against challenge with a virulent M. tuberculosis strain in the mouse model of tuberculosis. The data raise questions about the assessment of vaccine immune responses and the relationship to a vaccine's ability to reduce the bacterial burden.
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Kalra M, Grover A, Mehta N, Singh J, Kaur J, Sable SB, Behera D, Sharma P, Verma I, Khuller GK. Supplementation with RD antigens enhances the protective efficacy of BCG in tuberculous mice. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:173-83. [PMID: 17766185 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different combinations of ESAT-6, CFP-10, CFP-21, MPT-64, encoded by RD1 and RD2 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were evaluated on the basis of antigenicity in PPD positive TB contacts and immunogenicity in C57BL/6J mice immunized with the combination of all four RD antigens. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of TB contacts showed maximum recognition in response to the combination of ESAT-6+MPT-64 in terms of predominant lymphoproliferation, IFN-gamma levels and the number of responders. On the contrary, the combination of ESAT-6+CFP-21+MPT-64 was found to be most immunogenic based on both T-cell and antibody responses in immunized mice. Prophylactic potential of the selected combinations was assessed as supplementation vaccines to BCG against intravenous challenge with M. tuberculosis in mice. BCG supplementation with the selected combinations resulted in significantly greater protection as compared to BCG alone against experimental tuberculosis and thus appears to be a promising approach to enhance the protective efficacy of the existing vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Kalra
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
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Fan X, Gao Q, Fu R. DNA vaccine encoding ESAT-6 enhances the protective efficacy of BCG against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:523-8. [PMID: 17916110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ESAT-6 is a protein produced by virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis but absent in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and is considered as a promising vaccine subunit against tuberculosis. The protective efficacy of a new strategy based on the combination of DNA vaccine encoding ESAT-6 (DNA-E6) and BCG immunization was investigated in the present study. BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA-E6, BCG, DNA-E6 plus BCG, vector plus BCG or vector alone. Three weeks after the last immunization, antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma secreted upon stimulation with BCG-PPD or ESAT-6 protein by splenocytes of the different groups was determined by an ELISA. The immunized mice were challenged intravenously with low-dose virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv and bacterial load of the infected mice was measured in the spleen and lung 6 weeks later. Pathological changes in the lung were observed by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) or acid-fast staining. Our study demonstrated that ESAT-6-specific IFN-gamma was improved in mice vaccinated with DNA-E6 plus BCG, compared with those mice immunized with BCG alone. The combination of DNA-E6 and BCG resulted in the maximum reduction in bacterial load in both the lung and spleen, and only slight pathological changes were detected in the lung. These results suggested that the combination of DNA-E6 and BCG vaccination could be a better strategy against M. tuberculosis infections in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fan
- Laboratory of Biosafety, Department of Pathogen Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
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