1
|
Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment in Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1285-1296. [PMID: 35781631 PMCID: PMC9439991 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) at a standard dosage is the treatment of choice for Guillain–Barré syndrome. The pharmacokinetics, however, is highly variable between patients, and a rapid clearance of IVIg is associated with poor recovery. We aimed to develop a model to predict the pharmacokinetics of a standard 5-day IVIg course (0.4 g/kg/day) in patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome. Methods Non-linear mixed-effects modelling software (NONMEM®) was used to construct a pharmacokinetic model based on a model-building cohort of 177 patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome, with a total of 589 sequential serum samples tested for total immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, and evaluated on an independent validation cohort that consisted of 177 patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome with 689 sequential serum samples. Results The final two-compartment model accurately described the daily increment in serum IgG levels during a standard IVIg course; the initial rapid fall and then a gradual decline to steady-state levels thereafter. The covariates that increased IgG clearance were a more severe disease (as indicated by the Guillain–Barré syndrome disability score) and concomitant methylprednisolone treatment. When the current dosing regimen was simulated, the percentage of patients who reached a target ∆IgG > 7.3 g/L at 2 weeks decreased from 74% in mildly affected patients to only 33% in the most severely affected and mechanically ventilated patients (Guillain–Barré syndrome disability score of 5). Conclusions This is the first population-pharmacokinetic model for standard IVIg treatment in Guillain–Barré syndrome. The model provides a new tool to predict the pharmacokinetics of alternative regimens of IVIg in Guillain–Barré syndrome to design future trials and personalise treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40262-022-01136-z.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fung E, Kang L, Sapashnik D, Benard S, Sievers A, Liu Y, Yan G, Zhou J, Rodriguez L, Ma W, Stochaj WR, LaVallie E, Wroblewska L, Kelleher K, Tam A, Bezy O, Breen D, Chabot JR, He T, Lin L, Wu Z, Mosyak L. Fc-GDF15 glyco-engineering and receptor binding affinity optimization for body weight regulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8921. [PMID: 33903632 PMCID: PMC8076310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GDF15 is a distant TGF-β family member that induces anorexia and weight loss. Due to its function, GDF15 has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. However, the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of GDF15 present several challenges for its development as a therapeutic, including a short half-life, high aggregation propensity, and protease susceptibility in serum. Here, we report the design, characterization and optimization of GDF15 in an Fc-fusion protein format with improved therapeutic properties. Using a structure-based engineering approach, we combined knob-into-hole Fc technology and N-linked glycosylation site mutagenesis for half-life extension, improved solubility and protease resistance. In addition, we identified a set of mutations at the receptor binding site of GDF15 that show increased GFRAL binding affinity and led to significant half-life extension. We also identified a single point mutation that increases p-ERK signaling activity and results in improved weight loss efficacy in vivo. Taken together, our findings allowed us to develop GDF15 in a new therapeutic format that demonstrates better efficacy and potential for improved manufacturability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Fung
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liya Kang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Sapashnik
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Benard
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Annette Sievers
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guoying Yan
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Linette Rodriguez
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weijun Ma
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Sanofi Research and Development, Sanofi North America, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Wayne R Stochaj
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward LaVallie
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kerry Kelleher
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Bezy
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Cellarity, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danna Breen
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Chabot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tao He
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.,JOINN Biologics US Inc, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lidia Mosyak
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 610 N Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suryawanshi H, Morozov P, Straus A, Sahasrabudhe N, Max KEA, Garzia A, Kustagi M, Tuschl T, Williams Z. A single-cell survey of the human first-trimester placenta and decidua. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau4788. [PMID: 30402542 PMCID: PMC6209386 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The placenta and decidua interact dynamically to enable embryonic and fetal development. Here, we report single-cell RNA sequencing of 14,341 and 6754 cells from first-trimester human placental villous and decidual tissues, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis identified major cell types, many known and some subtypes previously unknown in placental villi and decidual context. Further detailed analysis revealed proliferating subpopulations, enrichment of cell type-specific transcription factors, and putative intercellular communication in the fetomaternal microenvironment. This study provides a blueprint to further the understanding of the roles of these cells in the placenta and decidua for maintenance of early gestation as well as pathogenesis in pregnancy-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Suryawanshi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pavel Morozov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Straus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicole Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Klaas E. A. Max
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aitor Garzia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manjunath Kustagi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory for RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 186, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zev Williams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.T.); (Z.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fokkink WJR, Haarman AEG, Tio-Gillen AP, van Rijs W, Huizinga R, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC. Neonatal Fc receptor promoter gene polymorphism does not predict pharmacokinetics of IVIg or the clinical course of GBS. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:547-51. [PMID: 27386503 PMCID: PMC4931719 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Guillain‐Barré syndrome with a standard course of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) results in a variable clinical recovery which is associated with changes in serum IgG levels after treatment. The neonatal Fc‐receptor protects IgG from degradation, and a genetic polymorphism in its promoter region that influences the expression of Fc‐receptor, may in part explain the variation in IgG levels and outcome. This polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of 257 patients with Guillain‐Barré syndrome treated with IVIg. We could not demonstrate a relation between this polymorphism, the pharmacokinetics of IVIg, or the clinical course and outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan R Fokkink
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E G Haarman
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anne P Tio-Gillen
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Rijs
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Huizinga
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A van Doorn
- Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands; Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Verhasselt V. Neonatal tolerance under breastfeeding influence. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:623-30. [PMID: 20851590 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases due to defect in tolerance induction such as allergy, celiac disease, or Type 1 Diabetes develop mostly in childhood indicating the necessity of early intervention for primary prevention. Epidemiological studies report that breastfeeding could protect from these diseases. However, data are controversial and the mechanisms unclear. Experimental data suggest that breastfeeding-induced protection might rely on tolerance induction as long as some criteria are fulfilled. Thus, the tolerogenic potential of breast milk would depend on maternal exposure to common environmental and dietary antigens and the efficiency of antigen transfer across mammary epithelium. Induction of tolerance upon breast milk-mediated antigen transfer will also depend on the presence of immunomodulatory factors in breast milk and of its impact on neonatal gut and immune system maturation. The better understanding of maternal influence on tolerance induction through breastfeeding should allow the development of new strategies to prevent immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mosconi E, Rekima A, Seitz-Polski B, Kanda A, Fleury S, Tissandie E, Monteiro R, Dombrowicz DD, Julia V, Glaichenhaus N, Verhasselt V. Breast milk immune complexes are potent inducers of oral tolerance in neonates and prevent asthma development. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:461-74. [PMID: 20485331 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic lung disease resulting from an inappropriate T helper (Th)-2 response to environmental antigens. Early tolerance induction is an attractive approach for primary prevention of asthma. Here, we found that breastfeeding by antigen-sensitized mothers exposed to antigen aerosols during lactation induced a robust and long-lasting antigen-specific protection from asthma. Protection was more profound and persistent than the one induced by antigen-exposed non-sensitized mothers. Milk from antigen-exposed sensitized mothers contained antigen-immunoglobulin (Ig) G immune complexes that were transferred to the newborn through the neonatal Fc receptor resulting in the induction of antigen-specific FoxP3(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells. The induction of oral tolerance by milk immune complexes did not require the presence of transforming growth factor-beta in milk in contrast to tolerance induced by milk-borne free antigen. Furthermore, neither the presence of IgA in milk nor the expression of the inhibitory FcgammaRIIb in the newborn was required for tolerance induction. This study provides new insights on the mechanisms of tolerance induction in neonates and highlights that IgG immune complexes found in breast milk are potent inducers of oral tolerance. These observations may pave the way for the identification of key factors for primary prevention of immune-mediated diseases such as asthma.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fang Y, Larsson L, Mattsson J, Lycke N, Xiang Z. Mast cells contribute to the mucosal adjuvant effect of CTA1-DD after IgG-complex formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2935-41. [PMID: 20675596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell activation is one of the most dramatic immune-mediated responses the body can encounter. In the worst scenario (i.e., anaphylaxis), this response is fatal. However, the importance of mast cells as initiators and effectors of both innate and adaptive immunity in healthy individuals has recently been appreciated. It was reported that mast cell activation can be used as an adjuvant to promote Ag-specific humoral immune responses upon vaccination. In this study, we have used a clinically relevant mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin A1 subunit (CTA1)-DD, which is a fusion protein composed of CTA1, the ADP-ribosylating part of cholera toxin, and DD, two Ig-binding domains derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A. CTA1-DD in combination with polyclonal IgG induced degranulation and production of TNF-alpha from mouse mast cells. Furthermore, CTA1-DD and polyclonal IgG complex induced mast cell degranulation in mouse skin tissue and nasal mucosa. We also found that intranasal immunization with hapten (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP) coupled to chicken gammaglobulin admixed with CTA1-DD complexed with polyclonal IgG greatly enhanced serum IgG anti-NP Ab responses and stimulated higher numbers of NP-specific plasma cells in the bone marrow as compared with that observed in mice immunized with NP-chicken gammaglobulin with CTA1-DD alone. This CTA1-DD/IgG complex-mediated enhancement was mast cell dependent because it was absent in mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that a clinically relevant adjuvant, CTA1-DD, exerts additional augmenting effects through activation of mucosal mast cells, clearly demonstrating that mast cells could be further exploited for improving the efficacy of mucosal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Verhasselt V. Oral tolerance in neonates: from basics to potential prevention of allergic disease. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:326-33. [PMID: 20485330 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral tolerance refers to the observation that prior feeding of an antigen induces local and systemic immune tolerance to that antigen. Physiologically, this process is probably of central importance for preventing inflammatory responses to the numerous dietary and microbial antigens present in the gut. Defective oral tolerance can lead to gut inflammatory disease, food allergies, and celiac disease. In the last two cases, the diseases develop early in life, stressing the necessity of understanding how oral tolerance is set up in neonates. This article reviews the parameters that have been outlined in adult animal models as necessary for tolerance induction and assesses whether these factors operate in neonates. In addition, we highlight the factors that are specific for this period of life and discuss how they could have an impact on oral tolerance. We pay particular attention to maternal influence on early oral tolerance induction through breast-feeding and outline the major parameters that could be modified to optimize tolerance induction in early life and possibly prevent allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Baker K, Qiao SW, Kuo T, Kobayashi K, Yoshida M, Lencer WI, Blumberg RS. Immune and non-immune functions of the (not so) neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:223-36. [PMID: 19495758 PMCID: PMC3898171 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Careful regulation of the body's immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and albumin concentrations is necessitated by the importance of their respective functions. As such, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) which, as a single receptor, is capable of regulating both of these molecules, has become an important focus of investigation. In addition to these essential protection functions, FcRn possesses a host of other functions that are equally as critical. During the very first stages of life, FcRn mediates the passive transfer of IgG from mother to offspring both before and after birth. In the adult, FcRn regulates the persistence of both IgG and albumin in the serum as well as the movement of IgG, and any bound cargo, between different compartments of the body. This shuttling allows for the movement not only of monomeric ligand but also of antigen/antibody complexes from one cell type to another in such a way as to facilitate the efficient initiation of immune responses towards opsonized pathogens. As such, FcRn continues to play the role of an immunological sensor throughout adult life, particularly in regions such as the gut which are exposed to a large number of infectious antigens. Increasing appreciation for the contributions of FcRn to both homeostatic and pathological states is generating an intense interest in the potential for therapeutic modulation of FcRn binding. A greater understanding of FcRn's pleiotropic roles is thus imperative for a variety of therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo-Wang Qiao
- Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway, University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kanna Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology & The Integrated Center for Mass Spectrometry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medecine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Wayne I. Lencer
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA, GI Cell Biology, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosa GT, Gillet L, Smith CM, de Lima BD, Stevenson PG. IgG fc receptors provide an alternative infection route for murine gamma-herpesvirus-68. PLoS One 2007; 2:e560. [PMID: 17593961 PMCID: PMC1891442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviruses can be neutralized in vitro but remain infectious in immune hosts. One difference between these settings is the availability of immunoglobulin Fc receptors. The question therefore arises whether a herpesvirus exposed to apparently neutralizing antibody can still infect Fc receptor+ cells. Principal Findings Immune sera blocked murine gamma-herpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) infection of fibroblasts, but failed to block and even enhanced its infection of macrophages and dendritic cells. Viral glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies also enhanced infection. MHV-68 appeared to be predominantly latent in macrophages regardless of whether Fc receptors were engaged, but the infection was not abortive and new virus production soon overwhelmed infected cultures. Lytically infected macrophages down-regulated MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation, endocytosis and their response to LPS. Conclusions IgG Fc receptors limit the neutralization of gamma-herpesviruses such as MHV-68.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Fibroblasts/immunology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/immunology
- Herpesviridae Infections/metabolism
- Herpesviridae Infections/pathology
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Rhadinovirus/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/metabolism
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Virion/immunology
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo T. Rosa
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Smith
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte D. de Lima
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|