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Xie J, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Chen S, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Luo Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. The role of SOCS proteins in the development of virus- induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2021; 18:74. [PMID: 33849568 PMCID: PMC8045357 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer has become one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality rate. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common liver cancers, and its occurrence and development process are associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Main body The serious consequences of chronic hepatitis virus infections are related to the viral invasion strategy. Furthermore, the viral escape mechanism has evolved during long-term struggles with the host. Studies have increasingly shown that suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins participate in the viral escape process. SOCS proteins play an important role in regulating cytokine signaling, particularly the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. Cytokines stimulate the expression of SOCS proteins, in turn, SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine signaling by blocking the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, thereby achieving homeostasis. By utilizing SOCS proteins, chronic hepatitis virus infection may destroy the host’s antiviral responses to achieve persistent infection. Conclusions This review provides recent knowledge regarding the role of SOCS proteins during chronic hepatitis virus infection and provides some new ideas for the future treatment of chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Xie
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China. .,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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2
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Saco TV, Strauss AT, Ledford DK. Hepatitis B vaccine nonresponders: Possible mechanisms and solutions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 121:320-327. [PMID: 29567355 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B (HBV) is a viral illness that chronically infects 240 million people worldwide, leads to liver disease, and increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBV vaccine has decreased HBV infection, and it and the human papilloma virus vaccine are the only vaccines that prevent cancer. Despite the effectiveness of the HBV vaccine, some populations do not develop protective responses. The risk groups for poor response include those with immunosuppression or dialysis-dependent, end-stage renal disease. Five percent of normal people do not have a response. These subjects are deemed HBV "nonresponders." Multiple strategies to improve the immunogenicity of the HBV vaccine are currently being pursued, including vaccine adjuvants, recombinant vaccines, and immune enhancement via up-regulation of dendritic cells. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for peer-reviewed publications published from January 1980 to September 2017. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies retrieved for inclusion summarized potential mechanisms behind HBV vaccine nonresponsiveness and potential solutions. RESULTS The mechanisms behind HBV vaccine nonresponsiveness vary between each subject population. Many current and future strategies may provide protective immunity against HBV in each of these populations. CONCLUSION This review provides a background on the immunology of HBV infection, the possible immunologic mechanisms to explain HBV vaccine nonresponsiveness, current research aimed at improving vaccine effectiveness, and possible future approaches for providing nonresponders protection from HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Vinyette Saco
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, and James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Alexandra T Strauss
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, and James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, Florida
| | - Dennis K Ledford
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, and James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, Florida
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Kaka AS, Filice GA, Kuskowski M, Musher DM. Does active hepatitis C virus infection increase the risk for infection due to Staphylococcus aureus? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1217-1223. [PMID: 28160146 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Staphylococcus aureus may be more frequent in subjects with active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this retrospective dual-cohort study, we sought to determine whether persons with active HCV infection (positive HCV antibody, detectable blood HCV RNA) were at greater risk of S. aureus infection than those with spontaneously resolved HCV infection (positive HCV antibody, negative blood HCV RNA). Based on prestudy power calculation, we included 231 subjects with active HCV and 116 subjects with resolved HCV infection. The two groups were well matched at baseline, except that subjects with active HCV had a higher mean Charlson's comorbidity index (2.2 vs. 1.3; p < 0.0001). Cohorts were followed for a mean of 3.67 years. Thirty-one of the 231 (13%) subjects with active HCV infection developed ≥1 S. aureus infection(s) as compared to 4/116 (3.4%) subjects with resolved HCV (p = 0.004), with a trend towards more recurrent S. aureus infections in subjects with active HCV infection. The S. aureus infections were mostly serious, necessitating hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. In the logistic regression, factors that independently predicted S. aureus infection were active HCV and Charlson's comorbidity index. Our regression models confirmed that the enhanced susceptibility to S. aureus infections was related to active HCV infection and not attributable solely to the increased number of comorbidities [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-9.8; p = 0.03]. This study shows that subjects with active HCV infection have a significantly higher incidence of serious S. aureus infections than those with spontaneously resolved HCV, even after adjustment for comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive (111F), Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - G A Filice
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive (111F), Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - M Kuskowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D M Musher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Kong FY, Feng B, Zhang HH, Rao HY, Wang JH, Cong X, Wei L. CD4+CXCR5+ T cells activate CD27+IgG+ B cells via IL-21 in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:55-64. [PMID: 26818544 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes the skewing and activation of B cell subsets, but the characteristics of IgG+ B cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection have not been thoroughly elucidated. CD4+CXCR5+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, via interleukin (IL)-21 secretion, activate B cells. However, the role of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in the activation of IgG+ B cells in CHC patients is not clear. METHODS The frequency of IgG+ B cells, including CD27-IgG+ B and CD27+IgG+ B cells, the expression of the activation markers (CD86 and CD95) in IgG+ B cells, and the percentage of circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry in CHC patients (n=70) and healthy controls (n=25). The concentrations of serum IL-21 were analyzed using ELISA. The role of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells in the activation of IgG+ B cells was investigated using a co-culture system. RESULTS A significantly lower proportion of CD27+IgG+ B cells with increased expression of CD86 and CD95 was observed in CHC patients. The expression of CD95 was negatively correlated with the percentage of CD27+IgG+ B cells, and it contributed to CD27+IgG+ B cell apoptosis. Circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and serum IL-21 were significantly increased in CHC patients. Moreover, circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells from CHC patients induced higher expressions of CD86 and CD95 in CD27+IgG+ B cells in a co-culture system; the blockade of the IL-21 decreased the expression levels of CD86 and CD95 in CD27+IgG+ B cells. CONCLUSIONS HCV infection increased the frequency of CD4+CXCR5+ T cells and decreased the frequency of CD27+IgG+ B cells. CD4+CXCR5+ T cells activated CD27+IgG+ B cells via the secretion of IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Yun Kong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044, China.
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Autoimmune reactions in the course of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 1:39-43. [PMID: 28856254 PMCID: PMC5497407 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2015.51804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to the presence of the virus, both specific and non-specific, plays a decisive role in the natural history of the infection, and influences the intensity of lesions in the liver. Despite the great progress which we were able to observe over the last several years, many issues still require clarification. The problem of autoimmune reactions during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection includes at least two issues. First, the risk of exacerbating reactions against the organism’s own tissues that existed before the treatment. There is also an increased risk of the development of de novo autoimmune reactions, triggered mostly by interferon α. Hepatitis C virus infection predisposes to the development of diseases characterised as being certainly or probably immune-mediated. Currently the situation has changed due to introducing non-interferon therapies for HCV treatment, which eliminate the risk associated with immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune diseases, yet the therapies are not widely available.
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6
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B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in chronic hepatitis C virus patients: An interesting relationship. Indian J Gastroenterol 2015; 34:127-34. [PMID: 25917521 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-015-0549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association exists between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), but a causal relationship is not fully established. HCV is a lymphotropic virus that represents a major etiologic agent of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) type II which is characterized by a low-grade B cell clonal lymphoproliferative disorder that usually progresses to a more aggressive malignant lymphoma. This study assessed the role of cryoglobulin and B lymphocyte stimulator (BLys) in the pathogenesis of NHL in chronic HCV patients. METHODS Sixty HCV patients, 30 free of B cell NHL (group I) and 30 with B cell NHL (group II), and 30 healthy controls (group III) were studied. Qualitative cryoglobulin assessment and a quantitative assay for BLys were done. RESULTS In group II, BLyS positivity rate was 1.5-fold higher than of group I (p ≤ 0.01). A positive association was found between positivity rate of MC and the level of BLyS (p ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION High BLyS levels were associated with HCV-associated lymphoproliferative disorder coupled with positive MC.
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He Y, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Fan C, Ji G, Wang Y, Ma Z, Lian J, Hao C, Yao ZQ, Jia Z. CD100 up-regulation induced by interferon-α on B cells is related to hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113338. [PMID: 25436996 PMCID: PMC4249883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives CD100, also known as Sema4D, is a member of the semaphorin family and has important regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. The role of CD100 expression on B cells in immune regulation during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. Materials and Methods We longitudinally investigated the altered expression of CD100, its receptor CD72, and other activation markers CD69 and CD86 on B cells in 20 chronic HCV-infected patients before and after treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha (Peg-IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV) by flow cytometry. Results The frequency of CD5+ B cells as well as the expression levels of CD100, CD69 and CD86 was significantly increased in chronic HCV patients and returned to normal in patients with sustained virological response after discontinuation of IFN-α/RBV therapy. Upon IFN-α treatment, CD100 expression on B cells and the two subsets was further up-regulated in patients who achieved early virological response, and this was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Moreover, the increased CD100 expression via IFN-α was inversely correlated with the decline of the HCV-RNA titer during early-phase treatment. Conclusions Peripheral B cells show an activated phenotype during chronic HCV infection. Moreover, IFN-α therapy facilitates the reversion of disrupted B cell homeostasis, and up-regulated expression of CD100 may be indirectly related to HCV clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxi Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqiu Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of liver Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi′an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Xu G, Yang F, Ding CL, Wang J, Zhao P, Wang W, Ren H. MiR-221 accentuates IFN׳s anti-HCV effect by downregulating SOCS1 and SOCS3. Virology 2014; 462-463:343-50. [PMID: 25019494 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MiR-221 was reported to be upregulated and play roles in tumorigenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of miR-221 in HCV infection remains unknown. In this study, it was found that miR-221 was upregulated in serum of HCV chronic hepatitis patients and Huh7.5.1 cells infected with HCVcc. Further studies indicated that miR-221 mimic could accentuate anti-HCV effect of IFN-α in HCVcc model, miR-221 mimic could further repressed 10% HCV RNA expression and 35-42% HCV core or NS5A protein expression in HCVcc infected Huh7.5.1 cells treated with 100IU/mL IFN-α, and miR-221 inhibitor resulted in the reverse effects. Furthermore, two members of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family, SOCS1 and SOCS3, which are well established inhibitory factors on IFN/JAK/STAT pathway, were identified as the targets of miR-221 and were involved in the effect of miR-221. In conclusion, miR-221 could accentuate IFN׳s anti-HCV effect by targeting SOCS1 and SOCS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Cui-Ling Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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9
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Jabłońska J, Ząbek J, Pawełczyk A, Kubisa N, Fic M, Laskus T, Radkowski M. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with type II cryoglobulinemia. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1559-62. [PMID: 23993984 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type II cryoglobulinemia is a common extrahepatic manifestation of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The mechanisms behind its development are unclear, but could be related to direct infection of the immune cells. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 18 patients with type II cryoglobulinemia were separated into CD3+ (T cells), CD19+ (B cells) and CD14+ (monocytes) and analyzed for the presence of negative strand HCV RNA, which is a viral replicative intermediate, and for the presence of HCV non-structural protein 3 (NS3). Control group consisted of 182 consecutive chronic hepatitis C patients prior to initiation of antiviral therapy. RESULTS Negative strand HCV RNA was detected in PBMC from six (33.3%), patients and in 15 (8.2%) controls (p < 0.01). Negative strand was most frequently detected in B cells (3 patients), followed by T cells (2 patients), and monocytes (2 patients). One patient was positive both in CD3+ and CD14+ cells. NS3 protein was detected in six (33.3%) patients; five were positive in T cells, three in B cells, and another three were positive in monocytes. Two patients were positive in all analyzed cell subpopulation and one patient was positive in CD14+ and CD19+ cells, but not in CD3+ cells. Altogether, 11 patients (61.1%) were positive either for the negative strand HCV RNA or NS3 protein in at least one of the analyzed cell compartments. CONCLUSION Our findings of common presence of viral replication in cells of the immune system suggest that direct HCV infection could play a role in the etiology of cryoglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jabłońska
- Department of Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Warsaw Medical University, 37 Wolska, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Immune exhaustion and immune senescence: two distinct pathways for HBV vaccine failure during HCV and/or HIV infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:193-201. [PMID: 23400275 PMCID: PMC3792483 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is quite common, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. As such, HBV vaccine is recommended as the primary means to prevent HBV super-infection in HCV- and/or HIV-infected individuals. However, vaccine response (sero-conversion with a hepatitis B surface antibody titer >10 IU/L) in this setting is often blunted, with poor response rates to standard HBV vaccinations in virally infected individuals when compared with the healthy subjects. This phenomenon also occurs to other vaccines in adults, such as pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, in other immunocompromised hosts who are really at risk for opportunistic infections, such as individuals with hemodialysis, transplant, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms involving vaccine failure in these conditions, focusing on immune exhaustion and immune senescence--two distinct signaling pathways regulating cell function and fate. We raise the possibility that blocking these negative signaling pathways might improve success rates of immunizations in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Q Yao
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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11
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Wang JM, Ma CJ, Li GY, Wu XY, Thayer P, Greer P, Smith AM, High KP, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 alters the balance of IL-12/IL-23 and drives TH17 cells: role in hepatitis B vaccine failure during hepatitis C infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:2238-45. [PMID: 23499521 PMCID: PMC3667544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection given their shared risk factors and increased liver-related morbidity and mortality upon super-infection. Vaccine responses in this setting are often blunted, with poor response rates to HBV vaccinations in chronically HCV-infected individuals compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)-mediated immune regulation in HBV vaccine responses during HCV infection. We found that Tim-3, a marker for T cell exhaustion, was over-expressed on monocytes, leading to a differential regulation of IL-12/IL-23 production which in turn TH17 cell accumulation, in HCV-infected HBV vaccine non-responders compared to HCV-infected HBV vaccine responders or healthy subjects (HS). Importantly, ex vivo blockade of Tim-3 signaling corrected the imbalance of IL-12/IL-23 as well as the IL-17 bias observed in HBV vaccine non-responders during HCV infection. These results suggest that Tim-3-mediated dysregulation of innate to adaptive immune responses is involved in HBV vaccine failure in individuals with chronic HCV infection, raising the possibility that blocking this negative signaling pathway might improve the success rate of HBV immunization in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of
Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Penny Thayer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Pamela Greer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Ashley M. Smith
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Kevin P. High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest
University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
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12
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Shao RX, Zhang L, Hong Z, Goto K, Cheng D, Chen WC, Jilg N, Kumthip K, Fusco DN, Peng LF, Chung RT. SOCS1 abrogates IFN's antiviral effect on hepatitis C virus replication. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:101-7. [PMID: 23237992 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) have been thought to block type I interferon (IFN) signaling. We have previously reported that SOCS3 suppresses HCV replication in an mTOR-dependent manner. However, the relationship between SOCS1 and HCV replication remains unclear. Here, we found that overexpression of SOCS1 alone did not have an effect on HCV RNA replication. However, suppression of HCV replication by IFN-α was rescued by SOCS1 overexpression. The upregulation of HCV replication by SOCS1 overexpression in the presence of IFN is likely a result of the impairment of IFN signaling by SOCS1 and subsequent induction of ISGs. Knockdown of SOCS1 alone with specific shRNA enhanced the antiviral effect of IFN compared with negative control. Thus, SOCS1 acts as a suppressor of type I IFN function against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Xuan Shao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Molecular signature in HCV-positive lymphomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:623465. [PMID: 22952554 PMCID: PMC3431075 DOI: 10.1155/2012/623465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive, single-stranded RNA virus, which has been associated to different subtypes of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). Cumulative evidence suggests an HCV-related antigen driven process in the B-NHL development. The underlying molecular signature associated to HCV-related B-NHL has to date remained obscure. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in this field with a special mention to different sets of genes whose expression is associated with BCR coupled to Blys signaling which in turn was found to be linked to B-cell maturation stages and NF-κb transcription factor. Even if recent progress on HCV-B-NHL signature has been made, the precise relationship between HCV and lymphoma development and phenotype signature remain to be clarified.
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14
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Wang JM, Ji XJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 negatively regulates IL-12 expression by monocytes in HCV infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19664. [PMID: 21637332 PMCID: PMC3102652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is a newly identified negative immunomodulator that is up-regulated on dysfunctional T cells during viral infections. The expression and function of Tim-3 on human innate immune responses during HCV infection, however, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we report that Tim-3 is constitutively expressed on human resting CD14+ monocyte/macrophages (M/MØ) and functions as a cap to block IL-12, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Tim-3 expression is significantly reduced and IL-12 expression increased upon stimulation with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TLR7/8 ligand - R848. Notably, Tim-3 is over-expressed on un-stimulated as well as TLR-stimulated M/MØ, which is inversely associated with the diminished IL-12 expression in chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared to healthy subjects. Up-regulation of Tim-3 and inhibition of IL-12 are also observed in M/MØ incubated with HCV-expressing hepatocytes, as well as in primary M/MØ or monocytic THP-1 cells incubated with HCV core protein, an effect that mimics the function of complement C1q and is reversible by blocking the HCV core/gC1qR interaction. Importantly, blockade of Tim-3 signaling significantly rescues HCV-mediated inhibition of IL-12, which is primarily expressed by Tim-3 negative M/MØ. Tim-3 blockade reduces HCV core-mediated expression of the negative immunoregulators PD-1 and SOCS-1 and increases STAT-1 phosphorylation. Conversely, blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 gene expression also decreases Tim-3 expression and enhances IL-12 secretion and STAT-1 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Tim-3 plays a crucial role in negative regulation of innate immune responses, through crosstalk with PD-1 and SOCS-1 and limiting STAT-1 phosphorylation, and may be a novel target for immunotherapy to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Miyachi H, Kobayashi Y, Relja B, Fujita N, Iwasa M, Gabazza EC, Takei Y. Effect of suppressor of cytokine signaling on hepcidin production in hepatitis C virus replicon cells. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:364-74. [PMID: 21348906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepcidin is a key regulator of systemic iron metabolism and its expression is modulated by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 act as negative regulators of the Jak/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated how HCV infection modulates SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 production and how these SOCS proteins affect hepcidin production. METHODS The effects of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 on hepcidin production were investigated using a complete genome, HCV replicon system. RESULTS Unexpectedly, basal expression levels of hepcidin (HAMP) mRNA and the bioactive form of hepcidin protein, hepcidin-25, were significantly higher in replicon cells. Regardless of HCV infection, STAT3 was activated in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6), but this activation was greater in replicon cells than in cured cells. Basal expression of the SOCS-3 protein was enhanced, but basal expression of SOCS-1 protein was reduced, in replicon cells. Expression of SOCS-3 increased dramatically in response to IL-6 stimulation but expression of SOCS-1 was not induced by IL-6. Interestingly, silencing of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 gene expression enhanced STAT3 activation and HAMP gene expression. In addition, overexpression of SOCS-1 protein strongly suppressed STAT3 activation and HAMP gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study shows that SOCS-3 expression was enhanced but SOCS-1 expression was reduced by HCV infection. The upregulation of hepcidin induced by IL-6 was found to be negatively regulated by SOCS-1 and SOCS-3. The modulation of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in HCV-infected hepatocytes may explain, at least in part, the relative shortage of hepcidin production in CH-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Miyachi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mie University Graduate school of Medicine Center for Physical and Mental Health, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, J.W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Moorman JP, Zhang CL, Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Wu XY, Thayer P, Islam TM, Borthwick T, Yao ZQ. Impaired hepatitis B vaccine responses during chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of the PD-1 pathway in regulating CD4(+) T cell responses. Vaccine 2011; 29:3169-76. [PMID: 21376795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination for hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the setting of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is recommended, but responses to vaccination are blunted when compared to uninfected populations. The mechanism for this failure of immune response in HCV-infected subjects remains unknown but is thought to be a result of lymphocyte dysfunction during chronic viral infection. We have recently demonstrated that PD-1, a novel negative immunomodulator for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, is involved in T and B lymphocyte dysregulation during chronic HCV infection. In this report, we further investigated the role of the PD-1 pathway in regulation of CD4(+) T cell responses to HBV vaccination in HCV-infected individuals. In a prospective HCV infected cohort, a poor response rate to HBV vaccination as assayed by seroconversion was observed in HCV-infected subjects (53%), while a high response rate was observed in healthy or spontaneously HCV-resolved individuals (94%). CD4(+) T cell responses to ex vivo stimulations of anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were found to be lower in HBV vaccine non-responders compared to those responders in HCV-infected individuals who had received a series of HBV immunizations. PD-1 expression on CD4(+) T cells was detected at relatively higher levels in these HBV vaccine non-responders than those who responded, and this was inversely associated with the cell activation status. Importantly, blocking the PD-1 pathway improved T cell activation and proliferation in response to ex vivo HBsAg or anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation in HBV vaccine non-responders. These results suggest that PD-1 signaling may be involved in impairing CD4(+) T cell responses to HBV vaccination in subjects with HCV infection, and raise the possibility that blocking this negative signaling pathway might improve success rates of immunization in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Moorman
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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17
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Yao ZQ, Ni L, Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Zhang CL, Dong ZP, Frazier AD, Wu XY, Thayer P, Borthwick T, Chen XY, Moorman JP. Differential Regulation of T and B lymphocytes by PD-1 and SOCS-1 signaling in Hepatitis C Virus-associated non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:243-64. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2010.534218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Ni L, Zhang CL, Wu XY, Kumaraguru U, Li CF, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Cross-talk between programmed death-1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in inhibition of IL-12 production by monocytes/macrophages in hepatitis C virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3093-103. [PMID: 21263070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) dysregulates innate immune responses and induces persistent viral infection. We previously demonstrated that HCV core protein impairs IL-12 expression by monocytes/macrophages (M/M(Φ)s) through interaction with a complement receptor gC1qR. Because HCV core-mediated lymphocyte dysregulation occurs through the negative immunomodulators programmed death-1 (PD-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), the aim of this study was to examine their role in HCV core-mediated IL-12 suppression in M/M(Φ)s. We analyzed TLR-stimulated, primary CD14(+) M/M(Φ)s from chronically HCV-infected and healthy subjects or the THP-1 cell line for PD-1, SOCS-1, and IL-12 expression following HCV core treatment. M/M(Φ)s from HCV-infected subjects at baseline exhibited comparatively increased PD-1 expression that significantly correlated with the degree of IL-12 inhibition. M/M(Φ)s isolated from healthy and HCV-infected individuals and treated with HCV core protein displayed increased PD-1 and SOCS-1 expression and decreased IL-12 expression, an effect that was also observed in cells treated with gC1qR's ligand, C1q. Blocking gC1qR rescued HCV core-induced PD-1 upregulation and IL-12 suppression, whereas blocking PD-1 signaling enhanced IL-12 production and decreased the expression of SOCS-1 induced by HCV core. Conversely, silencing SOCS-1 expression using small interfering RNAs increased IL-12 expression and inhibited PD-1 upregulation. PD-1 and SOCS-1 were found to associate by coimmunoprecipitation studies, and blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 in M/M(Φ) led to activation of STAT-1 during TLR-stimulated IL-12 production. These data suggested that HCV core/gC1qR engagement on M/M(Φ)s triggers the expression of PD-1 and SOCS-1, which can associate to deliver negative signaling to TLR-mediated pathways controlling expression of IL-12, a key cytokine linking innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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19
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Frazier AD, Zhang CL, Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Wu XY, Atia AN, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Programmed death-1 affects suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 expression in T cells during hepatitis C infection. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:487-95. [PMID: 20883163 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with T-cell exhaustion that is mediated through upregulation of the PD-1 negative regulatory pathway. PD-1 expression is induced by HCV core protein, which also induces upregulation of SOCS-1, a key modulator that controls the Jak/STAT pathway regulating cytokine expression. To determine whether these two negative regulatory pathways are linked during T-cell signaling, SOCS-1 expression was examined by blocking the PD-1 pathway in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 in the presence of HCV core protein. T cells isolated from healthy subjects or HCV-infected individuals were treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL-1 antibodies in the presence or absence of HCV core protein, and SOCS-1 gene expression was detected by RT-PCR or immunoblotting, while T-cell functions were assayed by flow cytometric analyses. Both PD-1 and SOCS-1 gene expression were upregulated in healthy T cells exposed to HCV core protein, and blocking the PD-1 pathway downregulated SOCS-1 gene expression in these cells. Additionally, T cells isolated from chronically HCV-infected subjects exhibited increased PD-1 and SOCS-1 expression compared to healthy subjects, and SOCS-1 expression in T cells isolated from HCV-infected subjects was also inhibited by blocking PD-1 signaling; this in turn enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT-1, and improved the impaired T-cell proliferation observed in the setting of HCV infection. These data demonstrate that PD-1 and SOCS-1 are linked in dysregulating T-cell signaling during HCV infection, and their cross-talk may coordinately inhibit T-cell signaling pathways that lead to T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Frazier
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Administration Medical Center, Mountain Home, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Abstract
Over the past decade, a family of host proteins known as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) have emerged as frequent targets of viral exploitation. Under physiologic circumstances, SOCS proteins negatively regulate inflammatory signaling pathways by facilitating ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of pathway machinery. Their expression is tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation while maintaining protective antipathogenic responses. Numerous viruses, however, have developed mechanisms to induce robust host SOCS protein expression following infection, essentially "hijacking" SOCS function to promote virus survival. To date, SOCS proteins have been shown to inhibit protective antiviral signaling pathways, allowing viruses to evade the host immune response, and to ubiquitinate viral proteins, facilitating intracellular viral trafficking and progeny virus assembly. Importantly, manipulation of SOCS proteins not only facilitates progression of the viral life cycle but also powerfully shapes the presentation of viral disease. SOCS proteins can define host susceptibility to infection, contribute to peripheral disease manifestations such as immune dysfunction and cancer, and even modify the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Looking toward the future, it is clear that a better understanding of the role of SOCS proteins in viral diseases will be essential in our struggle to modulate and even eliminate the pathogenic effects of viruses on the host.
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21
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Abstract
Over the past decade, a family of host proteins known as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) have emerged as frequent targets of viral exploitation. Under physiologic circumstances, SOCS proteins negatively regulate inflammatory signaling pathways by facilitating ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of pathway machinery. Their expression is tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation while maintaining protective antipathogenic responses. Numerous viruses, however, have developed mechanisms to induce robust host SOCS protein expression following infection, essentially "hijacking" SOCS function to promote virus survival. To date, SOCS proteins have been shown to inhibit protective antiviral signaling pathways, allowing viruses to evade the host immune response, and to ubiquitinate viral proteins, facilitating intracellular viral trafficking and progeny virus assembly. Importantly, manipulation of SOCS proteins not only facilitates progression of the viral life cycle but also powerfully shapes the presentation of viral disease. SOCS proteins can define host susceptibility to infection, contribute to peripheral disease manifestations such as immune dysfunction and cancer, and even modify the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Looking toward the future, it is clear that a better understanding of the role of SOCS proteins in viral diseases will be essential in our struggle to modulate and even eliminate the pathogenic effects of viruses on the host.
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22
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Ni L, Ma CJ, Zhang Y, Nandakumar S, Zhang CL, Wu XY, Borthwick T, Hamati A, Chen XY, Kumaraguru U, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. PD-1 modulates regulatory T cells and suppresses T-cell responses in HCV-associated lymphoma. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:535-9. [PMID: 20975732 PMCID: PMC3030699 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
T regulatory (TR) cells suppress T cell responses that are critical in the development of chronic viral infection and associated malignancies. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) also plays a pivotal role in regulation of T cell functions during chronic viral infection. To examine the role of PD-1 pathway in regulating TR cell functions that inhibit T cell responses during virus-associated malignancy, TR cells were investigated in the setting of hepatitis C virus-associated lymphoma (HCV-L), non-HCV-associated lymphoma (non-HCV-L), HCV infection alone, and healthy subjects (HS). Relatively high numbers of CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ TR cells as well as high levels of PD-1 expressions on these TR cells were found in the peripheral blood of subjects with HCV-L compared to those from non-HCV-L or HCV alone or HS. TR cells from the HCV-L subjects were capable of suppressing the autogeneic lymphocyte response, and depletion of TR cells in PBMC from HCV-L improved T cell proliferation. Additionally, the suppressed T cell activation and proliferation in HCV-L was partially restored by blocking the PD-1 pathway ex vivo, resulting in both a reduction in TR cell number and the ability of TR to suppress the activity of effector T cells. This study suggests that the PD-1 pathway is involved in regulating TR cells that suppress T cell functions in the setting of HCV-associated B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Box 70622, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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23
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Chumak AA, Abramenko IV, Bilous NI, Filonenko IA, Kostin OV, Pleskach OY, Pleskach GV, Efremova N, Yanko J. Persistent infections and their relationship with selected oncologic and non-tumor pathologies. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:279-88. [PMID: 20518708 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2010.489528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our earlier studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rates among blood donors at the Kyiv Municipal Blood Center revealed a 3.45% HCV+ prevalence in these "healthy" hosts. In the study here, we analyzed HCV (as well as cytomegalovirus [CMV]) prevalence among Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident sufferers--cleanup workers, local residents, NPP workers, and convalescent patients--who suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) as a result of the 1986 accident, and individuals who had not been exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Serological analyses of antibodies against each pathogen (via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) revealed the highest HCV (i.e., 27.2%) and CMV (85.6%) prevalence in the convalescent hosts. Though the HCV prevalence (reflecting a current/past infection) among the cleanup workers (and other groups) was lower (i.e., 11-25%), viral presence was "associated" with a higher incidence of selected somatic diseases, for example, thyroiditis, goiter, hypertension, Type 1 diabetes, chronic hepatitis/gastritis, in the cleanup workers. A similar scenario with respect to CMV was also seen, i.e., lower prevalence rates [relative to in ARS patients] and "association" between CMV status and incidence of chronic gastritis, arthritis, and bronchitis, in the cleanup workers and IR-non-exposed controls. Further, irrespective of CMV status, there was a clear delineation between incidence rate(s) of each of the pathologies and whether or not the person was/was not exposed in 1986. We also investigated, due to a high incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) among Chernobyl sufferers, if there was homology between immunoglobulins (Igs) generated by these transformed cells and known antiviral and antimicrobial Igs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of Ig heavy-chain variable (IgHV) genes in cells from CLL patients who were/were not exposed in 1986 revealed a significant homology of some IgHV genes with Igs directed against infectious agents. However, no differences were found between the sequences from IR-exposed and IR-non-exposed CLL patients. Based on the findings here, we conclude that a past/ongoing presence of certain viral infections (i.e., CMV and/or HCV) in a host can modify (aggravate) the clinical course of certain somatic (i.e., non-tumor) diseases and promote malignancies (i.e., CLL), and that each of these outcomes could be modulated as a result of that host's past exposure to IR.
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