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Yahya EM, Alchalabi AS, Alkhalidi EF. Effect of Different Electroconductive Root Canal Irrigations on the Accuracy of Different Apex Locators: An In Vitro Comparative Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2024; 14:211-217. [PMID: 39055293 PMCID: PMC11268530 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_192_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim An accurate working length (WL) estimation is fundamental to a successful endodontic therapy. The objective of this comparative in vitro research was to investigate the performance of iPex II and the Root ZX Mini electronic apex locators (EALs) in measuring root canal WL with different irrigant solutions and their relation to the electrical conductivity of irrigation solutions. Materials and Methods Seventy sound permanent lower premolar teeth, each with a single root and developed apices, were used. Under an X15 stereomicroscope, the real working length was determined with the aid of a #10 file. After that, teeth were placed into an alginate model, and the iPex II and Root ZX Mini were used for the detection of electronic working length with various irrigants. Seventy teeth were randomly distributed into seven groups, 10 per each group (group I: dry canal; group II: distilled water; group III: ozonated water; group IV: 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group V: 2% chlorhexidine, group VI: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, and group VII: 17% EDTA gel). The difference in WL was calculated by deducting real working length from its electronic working length. The study also evaluates the electrical conductivity of the seven endodontic irrigant solutions. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. Results Statistically, neither both types of EALs (P = 0.088) nor various irrigating solutions with varying electrical conductivities (P = 0.099) significantly affect the accuracy of EL estimation. Conclusions There were no significant differences between the accuracy of the Root ZX Mini and the iPex II. The accuracy of both apex locators is unaffected in the presence of various irrigation solutions with varying electrical conductivities in this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Yahya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Ashraf S Alchalabi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Emad Farhan Alkhalidi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Bhagat E, Agnihotri Y, Das A, Das S, Panda S, Hota S. Accuracy of an Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) in Measuring the Working Length of Root Canals in Comparison With Radiographs: An In Vivo Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e60283. [PMID: 38872664 PMCID: PMC11173343 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditionally, radiographs were used to assess the working length of root canals. However, the use of Electronic Apex Locators (EAL) may be a non-invasive alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the electronic apex locator (EAL) compared to radiographic measurements in determining the working length of root canals. METHOD The study assessed the performance of EALs in different scenarios, including the presence of blood and pulp tissue, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as an irrigant, and post-instrumentation with normal saline. An electronic apex locator (DTE DPEX-V; Woodpecker, China) was used alongside traditional radiographs to measure the working length in 144 root canal treatments. Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare the measurements between EAL and radiographs using Jamovi software, v2.4.8 (https://www.jamovi.org/). RESULT The findings revealed strong correlations between EAL and radiographic measurements across all testing environments, with Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging from 0.944 to 0.998. The Bland-Altman analysis suggests bias; the average difference was negative and close to zero (Pulp: -0.354, EDTA: -0.0972, NaOCl: -0.0382, Saline: -0.0139) when EAL measurements were compared to radiographic measurements. CONCLUSION The working length measurement of root canals using an electronic apex locator such as DTE DPEX-V is comparable to traditional radiographic measurements. The use of irrigants improves the measurement. The EAL has the potential to be an alternative to the invasive radiograph for root canal length measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Bhagat
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Yoshaskam Agnihotri
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Abhisek Das
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sambarta Das
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Swagat Panda
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Sudeepta Hota
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
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Vajpayee A, Khandare PD, Dutta SD, Marathe S, Viragi P, Maria R. In vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Instrument Size on the Accuracy of Three Different Apex Locators when Various Irrigation Solutions are used in Vital and Non-Vital Teeth. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S1156-S1159. [PMID: 37693955 PMCID: PMC10485512 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_182_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Root canal success requires working length (WL) optimization. The current study examined how different apex locators on vital and non-vital teeth responded to instrument size. Materials and Methods Three hundred patients (180 men and 120 women) receiving root canal therapy at the department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics were evaluated. Therefore, we determined that 200 of the patients' teeth (100 vital and 100 non-vital teeth from the upper and lower jaws' first molars) qualified for inclusion in our study. The pulp chamber was accessed using a sterile round bur. The coronal region of the root canal was preflared with successive Gates Glidden drills (Mani Inc. Japan) and irrigated with any one of the solutions 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), or 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution after checking canal patency with a size #10 K file, where (#-number). Later, the working length was established using Ingle's technique and a radiovisiograph (RVG) 0.5 mm short of the radiographic apex. Two endodontists approved this RVG. Results Overall, the #15 K file and apex locators did not differ from Ingle's method. While the #8 K file differs significantly from all apex locators, the #10 K file showed a significant difference with all apex locators except Root ZX with 2% CHX (P = 0.06). Irrigation didn't influence apex locators' accuracy. Conclusion Even in the presence of irrigating solutions, electronic apex locator (EAL) can be utilized to calculate the working length with accuracy. The apex locators #15 k files, #10 k files, and #8 k files showed the most promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Vajpayee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Daswani Dental College and Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prachi D. Khandare
- General Dentist and Founder at Aesthetik Dentz Dental Clinic, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita D. Dutta
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Marathe
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant Viragi
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rural Dental College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Maria
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontist, Bhabha College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Peker B, Hepsenoglu Y, Ersahan S, Eyuboglu T. Accuracy of working length measurement by Raypex 6: Electronic apex locator versus actual measurements under stereomicroscope. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/bjdm2201015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the precision of the Raypex 6 apex locator in locating the apical constriction (AC) and major foramen (MF) during a root canal treatment compared with a microscopic evaluation. Another aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Raypex 6 in the presence of different irrigating solutions (NaOCl, saline, EDTA, etidronic acid-HEBP). Material and Methods: One hundred and nine patients were included in this study and were randomly assigned into four groups according to the irrigation solution used; NaOCl, EDTA, HEBF and saline. Electronic MF (EMF) and AC (EAC) were measured by using Raypex 6. The teeth were extracted. The apical 3 mm of each canal was trimmed to expose the file tip. The samples were observed under a stereomicroscope, and the actual length of MF (ALMF) and AC (ALAC) were measured. The data were analyzed by using x2 test, and significance was set at P< 0.05. Results: The Raypex 6 was accurate 71.4% of the time to ±0.5mm and 93.3% of the time to ±1mm in determining the ALAC. While similar ALAC-EAC differences were observed in EDTA, NaOCl, and saline groups (p= 0.230), the highest differences were seen in the HEBP group (p= 1.000). The precision of Raypex 6 in determining the working length measurement depends on the type of irrigation. All solutions allowed reliable detection of AC. However, HEBF significantly increased the risk of overpreparation. Conclusions: Raypex 6 can be recommended for clinical use and its accuracy is not affected by the type of irrigant when locating MF.
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DOĞAN T, UĞUR AYDIN Z, ALTUNBAŞ D. The Effect of Various Canal Contents on the Accuracy of Two Electronic Apex Locators in Detecting Different Size of Root Perforations. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.739588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Klemz AA, Cruz ATG, Piasecki L, Carneiro E, Westphalen VPD, da Silva Neto UX. Accuracy of electronic apical functions of a new integrated motor compared to the visual control of the working length-an ex vivo study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:231-236. [PMID: 32474809 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate ex vivo the efficacy of the integrated motor Tri Auto ZX2 in controlling the apical extent of preparation compared to conventional visual control (CVC) of the working length (WL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty standardized mandibular premolars were divided into five groups (n = 16). In the CVC group, instruments were used in continuous rotation (CR) and visual control performed by means of rubber stoppers. For each of the remaining groups, it was assigned a combination of a motion (CR or optimal torque reverse (OTR)), and an apical function (Auto Apical Reverse (AAR) or Optimum Apical Stop (OAS)). Root canals were prepared using the apical functions at 0.5 mark using an alginate model. Difference between the final WL and the actual length post-instrumentation was calculated. Data were analyzed statistically with the significance set at 5% (ANOVA, Tukey HSD). RESULTS There was no difference in the mean WL among the groups, except between the CR combined to OAS compared to CVC (P > 0.05). Although CVC resulted in two cases beyond the foramen, no significant difference was found among the groups when comparing the distributions of measurements (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All combinations of motion and apical control functions of Tri Auto ZX2 provided an adequate apical limit ex vivo, similar to the visual control using rubber stoppers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TriAuto ZX2 was efficient to control the apical extent of preparation dispensing the need for calibrating the files, regardless of the different settings. This motor might potentially prevent over-instrumentation by continuously monitoring the apical limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Antoniw Klemz
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timponi Goes Cruz
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucila Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, University at Buffalo, 240 Squire Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Adl A, Shojaee N, Zaeri Z, Shokouhi M, Sobhnamayan F. Influence of calcium hydroxide residues after using different irrigants on the accuracy of two electronic apex locators: An in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.276235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Marek E, Łagocka R, Kot K, Woźniak K, Lipski M. The influence of two forms of chlorhexidine on the accuracy of contemporary electronic apex locators. BMC Oral Health 2019; 20:3. [PMID: 31892327 PMCID: PMC6938632 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate determination of working length (WL) is crucial for the success of endodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate gel and 2% hypochlorite solution on the accuracy of two devices: the Raypex 5 and the ApexDal. Methods Twenty-nine single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The crowns were cut horizontally and embedded in an alginate mass. In each tooth, six endodontic measurements were made using two electronic apex locators (EALs): a Raypex 5 and an ApexDal. For each EAL, measurements were taken with the following products: 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX-S group), 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX-G group) and 2% NaOCl (NaOCl group). After performing an endodontic measurement, the endodontic instruments were stabilized with flow resin composite. Afterwards, the roots were removed from the alginate mass, and the apical one-third of each root was cut lengthways to recover the canal system. Last, the distance between the file tip and the apical foramen was measured under a microscope at 60 x magnification. Results Statistically significant differences were found between CHX-S and NaOCl and CHX-G and NaOCl, but no significant differences were detected between CHX-S and CHX-G during the testing of both devices. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Raypex 5 and ApexDal for all intracanal media tested. Conclusion The EALs Raypex 5 and ApexDal had higher accuracy in the anatomical foramen of the root containing chlorhexidine in the gel or in the solution form than in the canal containing sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Marek
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Ryta Łagocka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kot
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lipski
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Khatri M, Ghivari S, Pujar M, Faras R, Gopeshetti P, Vanti A. Accuracy of two electronic apex locators in locating root perforations in curved canals in dry and wet conditions: A comparative in vitro study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.270779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Christofzik DW, Bartols A, Khaled M, Größner-Schreiber B, Dörfer CE. The accuracy of the auto-stop function of different endodontic devices in detecting the apical constriction. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:141. [PMID: 29187169 PMCID: PMC5707867 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic apex locators (EALs) are modern devices used to determine the working length during root canal preparation. The newest endodontic motors provide an integrated EAL with auto-stop function to prevent instrumentation beyond the predefined working length during rotary root canal preparation. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the auto-stop function of the VDW.Gold RECIPROC motor (VDW, Munich, Germany), the EndoPilot motor (Schlumbohm, Brokstedt, Germany) and the manual measurement with Raypex 6 (VDW, Munich, Germany) to detect the apical constriction (AC). Methods Ninety human teeth were chosen and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (30 teeth each): VDW.Gold RECIPROC motor continuous measuring (RCM), EndoPilot continuous measuring (ECM) and Raypex 6 manual measuring (RMM). When the measurement file reached the AC, the file was fixed in the tooth. The tooth was embedded in acrylic resin and the root tip was exposed, so that the histologic structure of the root canal and the file tip was visible for microscopic analysis. Afterwards, the distance of the file tip to the AC (DAC) was automatically computed with a specially developed software tool. Results The mean DAC were −13.18 μm (SD 88.46 μm) for RMM, −22.70 μm (SD 91.57 μm) for RCM and 18.74 μm (SD 88.11 μm) for ECM. The differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.181). The rates for instrumentation beyond the AC were not statistically different (Chi2 = 4.753, p = 0.096). Conclusions All measurement methods showed a high accuracy in detecting the AC. The auto-stop function of these endodontic motors is a reliable addition to the endodontic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Christofzik
- School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, DE, Germany
| | - Andreas Bartols
- School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, DE, Germany. .,Dental Academy for Continuing Professional Development, Lorenzstraße 7, 76134, Karlsruhe, DE, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Khaled
- School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, DE, Germany
| | - Birte Größner-Schreiber
- School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, DE, Germany
| | - Christof E Dörfer
- School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Arnold-Heller Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, DE, Germany
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Saatchi M, Aminozarbian MG, Noormohammadi H, Baghaei B. Influence of Blood on the Accuracy of Raypex 5 and Root ZX Electronic Foramen Locators: An In Vivo Study. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:336-9. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the accuracy of the Raypex 5 and Root ZX electronic foramen locators (EFLs) in the presence of blood in the root canal space. Forty single-canal teeth scheduled for extraction were selected. Access cavity was prepared and coronal enlargement was carried out. Approximately two drops of blood were collected by finger prick and injected into the root canal space. The electronic working length (EWL) of each tooth by each device was established twice before (NB group) and after (WB group) injecting blood into the root canal. The tooth was extracted and the actual working length (AWL) was determined. Data were analyzed using McNemar's test. The accuracy rates of Raypex 5 and Root ZX within 0.5 mm in the NB group were 88.9% and 91.5%, with 83.3% and 86.2% in the WB group, respectively. There were no significant differences between the accuracy of each EFL in the two groups (p>0.05). Considering the NB and WB groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy of the EFLs (p>0.05). The presence of blood in the root canal space did not influence the accuracy of the EFLs.
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Uzunoglu E, Eymirli A, Uyanik MÖ, Çalt S, Nagas E. Calcium hydroxide dressing residues after different removal techniques affect the accuracy of Root-ZX apex locator. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 40:44-9. [PMID: 25671212 PMCID: PMC4320276 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. RESULTS The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p < 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be > 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p < 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm). CONCLUSIONS The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Uzunoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Eymirli
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özgür Uyanik
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Çalt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Nagas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Lucena C, López JM, Martín JA, Robles V, González-Rodríguez MP. Accuracy of working length measurement: electronic apex locator versus cone-beam computed tomography. Int Endod J 2013; 47:246-56. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lucena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - J. M. López
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - V. Robles
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Duran-Sindreu F, Gomes S, Stöber E, Mercadé M, Jané L, Roig M. In vivo evaluation of the iPex and Root ZX electronic apex locators using various irrigants. Int Endod J 2013; 46:769-74. [PMID: 23551276 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in vivo the performance of the iPex and Root ZX electronic apex locators (EALs) in the presence of several irrigant solutions: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). METHODOLOGY Thirty-two single-rooted human teeth that were scheduled for extraction were selected. Teeth with metallic restorations, fractures, root resorption, pulp necrosis or open apices were not included The working length (WL) was determined electronically for the root canals with the iPex and Root ZX EALs in the presence of two different irrigant solutions, 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX. After the teeth had been extracted, a size 10 K-file was used to determine the reference working length (RWL), which was established at 0.5 mm short of the major foramen. In each case, the RWL was subtracted from the electronic measurements. Positive values indicated electronic measurements that exceeded the RWL (long measurements), whereas negative values indicated measurements that were short of the RWL. The values obtained with the different irrigants and EALs were compared using the paired t-test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS The accuracy of the iPex nor Root ZX EAL was not affected by 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX (P > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed between the readings of the iPex and Root ZX, irrespective of whether 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX was used as the irrigant (P < 0.05). The iPex was less accurate than the Root ZX in determining the RWL. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of neither the iPex nor Root ZX EAL was affected by the irrigant used. However, the iPex was less accurate than the Root ZX in determining the RWL both for 2.5% NaOCl and for 2% CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Duran-Sindreu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
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Effects of Dissolving Solutions on the Accuracy of an Electronic Apex Locator-Integrated Endodontic Handpiece. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:475178. [PMID: 24379743 PMCID: PMC3860120 DOI: 10.1155/2013/475178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of three dissolving agents on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator- (EAL-) integrated endodontic handpiece during retreatment procedures were evaluated. The true lengths (TLs) of 56 extracted incisor teeth were determined visually. Twenty teeth were filled with gutta-percha and a resin-based sealer (group A), 20 with gutta-percha and a zinc oxide/eugenol-based sealer (group B), and 16 roots were used as the control group (group C). All roots were prepared to TL. Guttasolv, Resosolv, and Endosolv E were used as the dissolving solutions. Two evaluations of the handpiece were performed: the apical accuracy during the auto reverse function (ARL) and the apex locator function (EL) alone. The ARL function of the handpiece gave acceptable results. There were significant differences between the EL mode measurements and the TL (P < 0.05). In these comparisons, Tri Auto ZX EL mode measurements were significantly shorter than those of the TL.
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Orafi I, Rushton VE. The use of radiography and the apex locator in endodontic treatment within the UK: a comparison between endodontic specialists and general dental practitioners. Int Endod J 2012; 46:355-64. [PMID: 23094654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Orafi
- School of Dentistry; University of Benghazi; Benghazi; Libya
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Shin HS, Yang WK, Kim MR, Ko HJ, Cho KM, Park SH, Kim JW. Accuracy of Root ZX in teeth with simulated root perforation in the presence of gel or liquid type endodontic irrigant. Restor Dent Endod 2012; 37:149-54. [PMID: 23431125 PMCID: PMC3569399 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2012.37.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the accuracy of the Root ZX in teeth with simulated root perforation in the presence of gel or liquid type endodontic irrigants, such as saline, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine liquid, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and RC-Prep, and also to determine the electrical conductivities of these endodontic irrigants. Materials and Methods A root perforation was simulated on twenty freshly extracted teeth by means of a small perforation made on the proximal surface of the root at 4 mm from the anatomic apex. Root ZX was used to locate root perforation and measure the electronic working lengths. The results obtained were compared with the actual working length (AWL) and the actual location of perforations (AP), allowing tolerances of 0.5 or 1.0 mm. Measurements within these limits were considered as acceptable. Chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate significance. Electrical conductivities of each irrigant were also measured with an electrical conductivity tester. Results The accuracies of the Root ZX in perforated teeth were significantly different between liquid types (saline, NaOCl) and gel types (chlorhexidine gel, RC-Prep). The accuracies of electronic working lengths in perforated teeth were higher in gel types than in liquid types. The accuracy in locating root perforation was higher in liquid types than gel types. 5.25% NaOCl had the highest electrical conductivity, whereas 2% chlorhexidine gel and RC-Prep gel had the lowest electrical conductivities among the five irrigants. Conclusions Different canal irrigants with different electrical conductivities may affect the accuracy of the Root ZX in perforated teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Soon Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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In Vivo Evaluation of the Raypex 5 by Using Different Irrigants. J Endod 2012; 38:1075-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Siu C, Marshall JG, Baumgartner JC. An In Vivo Comparison of the Root ZX II, the Apex NRG XFR, and Mini Apex Locator by Using Rotary Nickel-Titanium Files. J Endod 2009; 35:962-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jakobson SJM, Westphalen VPD, da Silva Neto UX, Fariniuk LF, Picoli F, Carneiro E. The Accuracy in the Control of the Apical Extent of Rotary Canal Instrumentation Using Root ZX II and ProTaper Instruments: An In Vivo Study. J Endod 2008; 34:1342-1345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kang JA, Kim SK. Accuracies of seven different apex locators under various conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:e57-62. [PMID: 18602306 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracies of 7 different frequency-dependent electronic apex locators (EALs) on using different irrigants in the root canal. STUDY DESIGN Root canal lengths were measured with 7 different EALs in 40 extracted human teeth embedded in an alginate model after canal preparation and compared with the actual canal length measurements taken before embedding the teeth in alginate. The EALs used were Apex Finder 7005, Apit, Bingo-1020, e-Magic Finder, ProPex, Root ZX, and SmarPex. Measurements were taken with the canal dry, and saturated sequentially with 5.25% NaOCl, saline, 0.1% chlorhexidine, and 15% EDTA. Data were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. RESULTS There were some differences in accuracies among EALs; however, some of the differences were not statistically significant. All EALs were less accurate when the apical foramen size was larger. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of the present study, most of the EALs tested can be considered reliable in the presence of various root canal irrigants and varying sizes of the apical foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Kang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Briseño-Marroquín B, Frajlich S, Goldberg F, Willershausen B. Influence of Instrument Size on the Accuracy of Different Apex Locators: An In Vitro Study. J Endod 2008; 34:698-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tosun G, Erdemir A, Eldeniz AU, Sermet U, Sener Y. Accuracy of two electronic apex locators in primary teeth with and without apical resorption: a laboratory study. Int Endod J 2008; 41:436-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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