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Janssen FW, Lak NSM, Janda CY, Kester LA, Meister MT, Merks JHM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van Noesel MM, Zsiros J, Tytgat GAM, Looijenga LHJ. A comprehensive overview of liquid biopsy applications in pediatric solid tumors. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:172. [PMID: 39097671 PMCID: PMC11297996 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are emerging as an alternative source for pediatric cancer biomarkers with potential applications during all stages of patient care, from diagnosis to long-term follow-up. While developments within this field are reported, these mainly focus on dedicated items such as a specific liquid biopsy matrix, analyte, and/or single tumor type. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive overview is lacking. Here, we review the current state of liquid biopsy research for the most common non-central nervous system pediatric solid tumors. These include neuroblastoma, renal tumors, germ cell tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and other soft tissue sarcomas, and liver tumors. Within this selection, we discuss the most important or recent studies involving liquid biopsy-based biomarkers, anticipated clinical applications, and the current challenges for success. Furthermore, we provide an overview of liquid biopsy-based biomarker publication output for each tumor type based on a comprehensive literature search between 1989 and 2023. Per study identified, we list the relevant liquid biopsy-based biomarkers, matrices (e.g., peripheral blood, bone marrow, or cerebrospinal fluid), analytes (e.g., circulating cell-free and tumor DNA, microRNAs, and circulating tumor cells), methods (e.g., digital droplet PCR and next-generation sequencing), the involved pediatric patient cohort, and proposed applications. As such, we identified 344 unique publications. Taken together, while the liquid biopsy field in pediatric oncology is still behind adult oncology, potentially relevant publications have increased over the last decade. Importantly, steps towards clinical implementation are rapidly gaining ground, notably through validation of liquid biopsy-based biomarkers in pediatric clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael T Meister
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H M Merks
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital-Division of CHILDHEALTH, University Medical Center Utrech, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Max M van Noesel
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Godelieve A M Tytgat
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Bialecka M, Montilla-Rojo J, Roelen BAJ, Gillis AJ, Looijenga LHJ, Salvatori DCF. Humanised Mice and Immunodeficient Mice (NSG) Are Equally Sensitive for Prediction of Stem Cell Malignancy in the Teratoma Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094680. [PMID: 35563071 PMCID: PMC9105268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in regenerative medicine has great potential. However, it is important to exclude that these cells can undergo malignant transformation, which could lead to the development of malignant tumours. This property of hPSCs is currently being tested using the teratoma assay, through which cells are injected into immunodeficient mice. Transplantation of stem cells in immunocompromised recipient animals certainly has a much higher incidence of tumour formation. On the other hand, the results obtained in immunodeficient mice could indicate a risk of tumour formation that is practically not present in the human immunocompetent recipient. The presence of a humanised immune system might be more representative of the human situation; therefore, we investigated if the demonstrated malignant features of chosen and well-characterised stem cell lines could be retrieved and if new features could arise in a humanised mouse model. Hu-CD34NSGTM (HIS) mice were compared side by side with immunocompromised mice (NSG) after injection of a set of benign (LU07) and malignant (LU07+dox and 2102Ep) cell lines. Analysis of the tumour development, histological composition, pathology evaluation, and malignancy-associated miRNA expression levels, both in tumour and plasma samples, revealed no differences among mouse groups. This indicates that the HIS mouse model is comparable to, but not more sensitive than, the NSG immunodeficient model for studying the malignancy of stem cells. Since in vivo teratoma assay is cumbersome, in vitro methods for the detection of malignancy are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bialecka
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (J.M.-R.); (B.A.J.R.)
| | - Joaquin Montilla-Rojo
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (J.M.-R.); (B.A.J.R.)
| | - Bernard A. J. Roelen
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (J.M.-R.); (B.A.J.R.)
| | - Ad J. Gillis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.G.); (L.H.J.L.)
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.G.); (L.H.J.L.)
| | - Daniela. C. F. Salvatori
- Anatomy and Physiology, Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (J.M.-R.); (B.A.J.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Steinmacher S, Brucker SY, Kölle A, Krämer B, Schöller D, Rall K. Malignant Germ Cell Tumors and Their Precursor Gonadal Lesions in Patients with XY-DSD: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115648. [PMID: 34070473 PMCID: PMC8197511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk of gonadal germ cell tumors is increased over the lifetime of patients with XY-disorders of sex development (XY-DSD). The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical features and histopathological outcome after gonadectomy in patients with XY-DSD to assess the risk of malignant transformation to gonadal germ cell tumors. Thirty-five women treated for XY-DSD at our hospital between 2003 and 2020 were enrolled in this study. Twenty-seven (77%) underwent prophylactic gonadectomy, 10 (29%) at our department and 17 (48%) at external hospitals. Eight (23%) patients didn’t receive gonadectomy. Of the patients who underwent a surgical procedure at our hospital, two patients were diagnosed with a unilateral seminoma, one patient with a bilateral and one patient with a unilateral Sertoli cell adenoma. According to these findings, preventive gonadectomy in patients with XY-DSD should be taken into consideration. Guidelines concerning the necessity of gonadectomy to avoid malignant transformation are still lacking. The risk of malignant germ cell tumors from rudimentary gonads has not been investigated sufficiently to date, as it is mostly based on case series due to the rarity of the condition. In our study we retrospectively analyzed patients who partly underwent bilateral gonadectomy, aiming to fill this gap. Concerning the ideal point of time for gonadectomy, further studies with a higher number of patients are needed.
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Nappi L, Thi M, Lum A, Huntsman D, Eigl BJ, Martin C, O’Neil B, Maughan BL, Chi K, So A, Black PC, Gleave M, Wyatt AW, Lavoie JM, Khalaf D, Bell R, Daneshmand S, Hamilton RJ, Leao RR, Nichols C, Kollmannsberger C. Developing a Highly Specific Biomarker for Germ Cell Malignancies: Plasma miR371 Expression Across the Germ Cell Malignancy Spectrum. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:3090-3098. [PMID: 31553692 PMCID: PMC7351323 DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to evaluate operating characteristics, particularly specificity and positive predictive value (PPV), by mapping plasma miR371 expression to actual clinical events in patients with a history of germ cell tumor. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred eleven male patients with a history of or newly diagnosed germ cell tumors were evaluable. Biospecimens obtained before confirmed clinical events were analyzed for miR371 expression with blinding of providers and laboratory personnel to analytic results or clinical status, respectively. Cases (patients with clinically confirmed active germ cell malignancy [aGCM]) and controls (patients with no clinically confirmed aGCM) were assigned over the course of the management. Patients were assigned risk status (high, low, or moderate) based on the composite clinical picture at time points in management. RESULTS Considering all cases and controls and results of prospectively obtained biosamples analyzed for miR371 expression, 46 (35%) of 132 samples had clinically confirmed aGCM over the course of management; 44 (96%) of these 46 patients had plasma miR371 expression (true positives) with no false positives. Two (4%) of 46 patients had no miRNA expression despite pathologic confirmation of aGCM (false negatives). Plasma miR371 expression in confirmed aGCM had a specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100%, 96%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. Interpretation of sensitivity and negative predictive value is limited by modest follow-up. Specificity and sensitivity were 100% and 98%, 100% and 92%, and 100% and 97% in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively, with a median follow-up time of 15 months. CONCLUSION Plasma miR371 expression predicts aGCM with high specificity and positive predictive value. Although other operating characteristics of miR371 await longer follow-up for more complete definition, the findings of a highly specific liquid biopsy strongly support moving forward with large-scale, real-world clinical trials to further define full operating characteristics and to identify clinical utility and areas of patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Nappi
- BC Cancer, Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marisa Thi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bernie J. Eigl
- BC Cancer, Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Brock O’Neil
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Kim Chi
- BC Cancer, Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alan So
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter C. Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alex W. Wyatt
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean Michel Lavoie
- BC Cancer, Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Khalaf
- BC Cancer, Vancouver Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Bell
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Ricardo R.N. Leao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Craig Nichols
- Testicular Cancer Commons, Beaverton, OR
- SWOG Group Chairs Office, Portland, OR
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Phylogenetic Analysis to Explore the Association Between Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and Tumors Based on microRNA Biomarkers. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100572. [PMID: 31590348 PMCID: PMC6843259 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small non-coding RNA that functions in the epigenetics control of gene expression, which can be used as a useful biomarker for diseases. Anti-NMDA receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an acute autoimmune disorder. Some patients have been found to have tumors, specifically teratomas. This disease occurs more often in females than in males. Most of them have a significant recovery after tumor resection, which shows that the tumor may induce anti-NMDAR encephalitis. In this study, I review microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers that are associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and related tumors, respectively. To the best of my knowledge, there has not been any research in the literature investigating the relationship between anti-NMDAR encephalitis and tumors through their miRNA biomarkers. I adopt a phylogenetic analysis to plot the phylogenetic trees of their miRNA biomarkers. From the analyzed results, it may be concluded that (i) there is a relationship between these tumors and anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and (ii) this disease occurs more often in females than in males. This sheds light on this issue through miRNA intervention.
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Milon A, Knapczyk-Stwora K, Pawlicki P, Duliban M, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Kotula-Balak M, Bilinska B. Effect of estrogen-related receptor silencing on miRNA protein machinery expression, global methylation, and deacetylation in bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and mouse tumor Leydig cells. Theriogenology 2019; 139:178-190. [PMID: 31421412 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The function of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) in testicular cells is at the beginning of exploration. Our previous findings showed that expression pattern of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) in mouse Leydig cell depends on physiological status of the cell. Exogenous hormones/hormonally active chemicals affect ERR expression. In Leydig cells in vitro, ERRα and ERRγ show opposing regulatory properties. The aim of this study was to examine the role of ERR in epigenetic processes in cells with altered level of secreted estrogens; mouse tumor Leydig cells and bank vole Leydig cells, respectively. In Leydig cells, ERRα and ERRγ were silenced via siRNA. mRNA and protein expression and protein localization of molecules required for miRNA biogenesis and function (Exportin 5, Dicer, Drosha and Argonaute 2; Ago2) were studied with the use of qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Global DNA methylation and histone deacetylation status together with estradiol secretion were determined with fluorometric, and immunoenzymatic assays. Regardless of ERR type knockdown in tumor Leydig cells, downregulation (P < 0.05; P < 0.01; P < 0.001) of Exportin5, Dicer, Drosha but not Ago2 was revealed while at protein level only Drosha was downregulated (P < 0.01) by both ERRα and ERRγ. Oppositely, Exportin5, Dicer and Ago2 showed ERR type-dependent regulation (downregulation; P < 0.01 by ERRα and upregulation; P < 0.01; P < 0.001 by ERRγ). In ERR-silenced vole Leydig cells, expression of Exportin5, endonucleases and Ago2 was not changed. Immunolocalization of Dicer and Ago2 was independent of the cell origin in contrast to localization of Exportin5 and Drosha which was dependent on the cell origin and ERR type knockdown. Absence of ERR effected on cell methylation status (ERRα increased it; P < 0.01 while ERRγ decreased it; P < 0.01, P < 0.001) but it not changed histone deacetylates activity. ERRα and ERRγ silencing decreased (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) estradiol secretion in both tumor and vole Leydig cells. In mouse and bank vole Leydig cell, Exportin5, Dicer, Drosha and Ago2 expression as well as methylation status are regulated by ERR in a manner related to receptor type, molecule type, cell origin and level of secreted estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Milon
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Knapczyk-Stwora
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Pawlicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Duliban
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Boellaard WPA, Gillis AJM, van Leenders GJLH, Stoop H, van Agthoven T, Dorssers LCJ, Dinkelman‐Smit M, Boormans JL, Looijenga LHJ. Cellular origin of microRNA-371a-3p in healthy males based on systematic urogenital tract tissue evaluation. Andrology 2019; 7:463-468. [PMID: 30786164 PMCID: PMC6767197 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microRNA-371a-3p (miR-371a-3p) has been reported to be an informative liquid biopsy (serum and plasma) molecular biomarker for both diagnosis and follow-up of patients with a malignant (testicular) germ cell tumor ((T)GCT). It is expressed in all histological cancer elements, with the exception of mature teratoma. However, normal testis, semen, and serum of males with a disrupted testicular integrity without a TGCT may contain miR-371a-3p levels above threshold, of which the cellular origin is unknown. OBJECTIVES Therefore, a series of relevant tissues (frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), when available) from the complete male urogenital tract (i.e., kidney to urethra and testis to urethra) and semen was investigated for miR-371a-3p levels using targeted quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, semen of males with normospermia (n = 11) and oligospermia (n = 3) was investigated, as well as 88 samples derived from 32 different patients. The samples represented one set of tissues related to the entire male urogenital tract (11 anatomical locations), three sets for 10 locations, and four sets for six locations. RESULTS All testis parenchyma (n = 17) cases showed low miR-371a-3p levels. Eight out of 14 (57%) semen samples showed detectable miR-371a-3p levels, irrespective of the amount of motile spermatozoa, but related to sperm concentration and matched Johnsen score (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient 0.849 and 0.871, p = 0.000, respectively). In all other tissues investigated, miR-371a-3p could not be detected. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that the miR-371a-3p in healthy adult males is solely derived from the germ cell compartment. CONCLUSIONS The observation is important in the context of applying miR-371a-3p as molecular liquid biopsy biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with malignant (T)GCT. Moreover, miR-371a-3p might be an informative seminal biomarker for testicular germ cell composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. P. A. Boellaard
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - A. J. M. Gillis
- Pathology (LEPO)Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - H. Stoop
- Pathology (LEPO)Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - T. van Agthoven
- Pathology (LEPO)Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - L. C. J. Dorssers
- Pathology (LEPO)Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - M. Dinkelman‐Smit
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - J. L. Boormans
- Department of UrologyErasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - L. H. J. Looijenga
- Pathology (LEPO)Erasmus MC Cancer InstituteUniversity Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Lanciotti L, Cofini M, Leonardi A, Bertozzi M, Penta L, Esposito S. Different Clinical Presentations and Management in Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16071268. [PMID: 30970592 PMCID: PMC6480640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder resulting from maternally inherited or de novo mutations involving the androgen receptor gene, situated in the Xq11-q12 region. The diagnosis is based on the presence of female external genitalia in a 46, XY human individual, with normally developed but undescended testes and complete unresponsiveness of target tissues to androgens. Subsequently, pelvic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be helpful in confirming the absence of Mullerian structures, revealing the presence of a blind-ending vagina and identifying testes. CAIS management still represents a unique challenge throughout childhood and adolescence, particularly regarding timing of gonadectomy, type of hormonal therapy, and psychological concerns. Indeed this condition is associated with an increased risk of testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT), although TGCT results less frequently than in other disorders of sex development (DSD). Furthermore, the majority of detected tumoral lesions are non-invasive and with a low probability of progression into aggressive forms. Therefore, histological, epidemiological, and prognostic features of testicular cancer in CAIS allow postponing of the gonadectomy until after pubertal age in order to guarantee the initial spontaneous pubertal development and avoid the necessity of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) induction. However, HRT is necessary after gonadectomy in order to prevent symptoms of hypoestrogenism and to maintain secondary sexual features. This article presents differential clinical presentations and management in patients with CAIS to emphasize the continued importance of standardizing the clinical and surgical approach to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lanciotti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marta Cofini
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Leonardi
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mirko Bertozzi
- Pediatric Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria della Misericordia, 20122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Laura Penta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Salvatori DCF, Dorssers LCJ, Gillis AJM, Perretta G, van Agthoven T, Gomes Fernandes M, Stoop H, Prins JB, Oosterhuis JW, Mummery C, Looijenga LHJ. The MicroRNA-371 Family as Plasma Biomarkers for Monitoring Undifferentiated and Potentially Malignant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Teratoma Assays. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1493-1505. [PMID: 30503260 PMCID: PMC6294243 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting developmental potency and risk of posttransplantation tumor formation by human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their derivatives largely rely on classical histological analysis of teratomas. Here, we investigated whether an assay based on microRNAs (miRNA) in blood plasma is able to detect potentially malignant elements. Several hPSCs and human malignant germ cell tumor (hGCT) lines were investigated in vitro and in vivo after mouse xenografting. The multiple conventional hPSC lines generated mature teratomas, while xenografts from induced hPSCs (hiPSCs) with reactivated reprogramming transgenes and hGCT lines contained undifferentiated and potentially malignant components. The presence of these elements was reflected in the mRNA and miRNA profiles of the xenografts with OCT3/4 mRNA and the miR-371 and miR-302 families readily detectable. miR-371 family members were also identified in mouse plasma faithfully reporting undifferentiated elements in the xenografts. This study demonstrated that undifferentiated and potentially malignant cells could be detected in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C F Salvatori
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands.
| | - Lambert C J Dorssers
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gemma Perretta
- Fondazione Guido Bernardini, Via Manfredo Camperio, 10, 20123 Milano, Italy
| | - Ton van Agthoven
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Bas Prins
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, the Netherlands
| | - J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Mummery
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Kabekkodu SP, Shukla V, Varghese VK, D' Souza J, Chakrabarty S, Satyamoorthy K. Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1955-1986. [PMID: 29797774 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs known to regulate expression of protein-coding genes. A large proportion of miRNAs are highly conserved, localized as clusters in the genome, transcribed together from physically adjacent miRNAs and show similar expression profiles. Since a single miRNA can target multiple genes and miRNA clusters contain multiple miRNAs, it is important to understand their regulation, effects and various biological functions. Like protein-coding genes, miRNA clusters are also regulated by genetic and epigenetic events. These clusters can potentially regulate every aspect of cellular function including growth, proliferation, differentiation, development, metabolism, infection, immunity, cell death, organellar biogenesis, messenger signalling, DNA repair and self-renewal, among others. Dysregulation of miRNA clusters leading to altered biological functions is key to the pathogenesis of many diseases including carcinogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in miRNA cluster research and discuss their regulation and biological functions in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama P Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Vaibhav Shukla
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Vinay K Varghese
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Jeevitha D' Souza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
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Radtke A, Cremers JF, Kliesch S, Riek S, Junker K, Mohamed SA, Anheuser P, Belge G, Dieckmann KP. Can germ cell neoplasia in situ be diagnosed by measuring serum levels of microRNA371a-3p? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2383-2392. [PMID: 28819887 PMCID: PMC5640733 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diagnosing germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNis) can detect germ cell tumours (GCTs) at the pre-invasive stage. To date, testicular biopsy with the potential of surgical complications is the only way of safely diagnosing GCNis. Recently, microRNAs (miRs) 371-3, and miR 367 were shown to be valuable serum biomarkers of GCTs. We explored the usefulness of these candidate miRs as a marker for GCNis. Methods 27 patients with GCNis and no concomitant GCT were enrolled. All patients underwent measuring serum levels of miR-371a-3p and miR-367-3p before treatment, 11 had repeat measurement after treatment, 2 also had testicular vein blood examinations. Serum levels were measured by quantitative PCR. In addition, four orchiectomy specimens of patients with GCT were examined immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization (ISH) with a probe specific for miR-371a-3p to look for the presence of this miR in GCNis cells. Results The median serum level of miR-371a-3p was significantly higher in patients with GCNis than in controls, miR-367 levels were not elevated. Overall, 14 patients (51.9%) had elevated serum levels of miR-371a-3p. The highest levels were found in patients with bilateral GCNis. Levels in testicular vein serum were elevated in both of the cases. After treatment, all elevated levels dropped to normal. In two orchiectomy specimens, miR-371a-3p was detected by ISH in GCNis cells. Conclusions Measuring miR-371a-3p serum levels can replace control biopsies after treatment of GCNis. In addition, the test can guide clinical decision making regarding the need of testicular biopsy in cases suspicious of GCNis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radtke
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - J-F Cremers
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Riek
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - K Junker
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany
| | - S A Mohamed
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Vascular Surgery, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - P Anheuser
- Department of Urology, Albertinen Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Belge
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - K-P Dieckmann
- Department of Urology, Albertinen Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
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Suttamanatwong S. MicroRNAs in bone development and their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in osteoporosis. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:90-102. [PMID: 26963177 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1139580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs play an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression via translational repression and targeting messenger RNA for degradation. In vivo and in vitro evidence has established the importance of miRNAs in physiology and developmental processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. miRNA dysregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, and degenerative diseases. An increasing number of miRNAs have been found to play an important role in bone homeostasis. In this review, the roles of miRNAs in the regulation of bone formation and resorption as well as miRNAs that regulate key transcription factors of osteogenesis are discussed. A special emphasis is given to miRNAs whose direct targets have been identified. The miRNAs that contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and their therapeutic potential are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Suttamanatwong
- a Research Unit of Herbal Medicine, Biomaterial and Material for Dental Treatment, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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Dieckmann KP, Radtke A, Spiekermann M, Balks T, Matthies C, Becker P, Ruf C, Oing C, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C, Hammel J, Melchior S, Wosniok W, Belge G. Serum Levels of MicroRNA miR-371a-3p: A Sensitive and Specific New Biomarker for Germ Cell Tumours. Eur Urol 2016; 71:213-220. [PMID: 27495845 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical management of germ cell tumours (GCTs) relies on monitoring of serum tumour markers. However, the markers α-fetoprotein (AFP), the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are expressed in <60% of GCT cases. OBJECTIVE To test the utility of the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-371a-3p, miR-372-3p, miR-373-3p, and miR-367-3p as sensitive and specific GCT serum biomarkers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Serum levels of miRNAs were measured in 166 consecutive patients with GCT before and after treatment and in 106 male controls. In the first 50 consecutive patients, all four miRNAs were measured. In the main study, only the most sensitive miRNA was further analysed. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The specificity and sensitivity of the four miRNAs were studied using receiver operating characteristic curves. miRNA sensitivities were compared to those of classical markers. Statistical cross-comparisons of miRNA levels for GCT subgroups and controls were performed at various time points during treatment. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, miR-371a-3p performed best, with 88.7% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 82.5-93.3%) and 93.4% specificity (95% CI 86.9-97.3%) and an area under the curve of 0.94, outperforming AFP, bHCG, and LDH (combined sensitivity 50%). According to Kernel density estimation, the sensitivity and specificity were 86.3% and 92.5%, respectively. miR-371a-3p levels dropped to normal after completion of treatment. The miRNA levels correlated with treatment failure and relapse. Teratoma did not express miR-371a-3p. CONCLUSIONS The miRNA miR-371a-3p is a specific and sensitive novel serum GCT biomarker that accurately correlates with disease activity. Validation of this test in a large-scale prospective study is needed. PATIENT SUMMARY: miR-371a-3p is a novel serum marker for germ cell tumours that is expressed by 88.7% of patients and thus is far more sensitive and specific than classical serum markers. It correlates with tumour burden and treatment results. Validation in a large patient cohort is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlo Radtke
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Balks
- Department of Urology, Albertinen Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cord Matthies
- Department of Urology, Bundeswehr Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Becker
- Department of Urology, Bundeswehr Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ruf
- Department of Urology, Bundeswehr Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Oing
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karin Oechsle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hammel
- Department of Urology, Zentralklinikum Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Werner Wosniok
- Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gazanfer Belge
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Dieckmann KP, Spiekermann M, Balks T, Ikogho R, Anheuser P, Wosniok W, Loening T, Bullerdiek J, Belge G. MicroRNA miR-371a-3p - A Novel Serum Biomarker of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Evidence for Specificity from Measurements in Testicular Vein Blood and in Neoplastic Hydrocele Fluid. Urol Int 2016; 97:76-83. [DOI: 10.1159/000444303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Poynter JN, Bestrashniy JRBM, Silverstein KAT, Hooten AJ, Lees C, Ross JA, Tolar J. Cross platform analysis of methylation, miRNA and stem cell gene expression data in germ cell tumors highlights characteristic differences by tumor histology. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:769. [PMID: 26497383 PMCID: PMC4619074 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in methylation patterns, miRNA expression, and stem cell protein expression occur in germ cell tumors (GCTs). Our goal is to integrate molecular data across platforms to identify molecular signatures in the three main histologic subtypes of Type I and Type II GCTs (yolk sac tumor (YST), germinoma, and teratoma). Methods We included 39 GCTs and 7 paired adjacent tissue samples in the current analysis. Molecular data available for analysis include DNA methylation data (Illumina GoldenGate Cancer Methylation Panel I), miRNA expression (NanoString nCounter miRNA platform), and stem cell factor expression (SABiosciences Human Embryonic Stem Cell Array). We evaluated the cross platform correlations of the data features using the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC). Results In analyses of individual datasets, differences were observed by tumor histology. Germinomas had higher expression of transcription factors maintaining stemness, while YSTs had higher expression of cytokines, endoderm and endothelial markers. We also observed differences in miRNA expression, with miR-371-5p, miR-122, miR-302a, miR-302d, and miR-373 showing elevated expression in one or more histologic subtypes. Using the MIC, we identified correlations across the data features, including six major hubs with higher expression in YST (LEFTY1, LEFTY2, miR302b, miR302a, miR 126, and miR 122) compared with other GCT. Conclusions While prognosis for GCTs is overall favorable, many patients experience resistance to chemotherapy, relapse and/or long term adverse health effects following treatment. Targeted therapies, based on integrated analyses of molecular tumor data such as that presented here, may provide a way to secure high cure rates while reducing unintended health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Corresponding address: 420 Delaware St SE MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jessica R B M Bestrashniy
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Kevin A T Silverstein
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Anthony J Hooten
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Christopher Lees
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Julie A Ross
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Rijlaarsdam MA, Looijenga LHJ. An oncofetal and developmental perspective on testicular germ cell cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 29:59-74. [PMID: 25066859 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a diverse group of tumors presumably originating from (early fetal) developing germ cells. Most frequent are the testicular germ cell cancers (TGCC). Overall, TGCC is the most frequent malignancy in Caucasian males (20-40 years) and remains an important cause of (treatment related) mortality in these young men. The strong association between the phenotype of TGCC stem cell components and their totipotent ancestor (fetal primordial germ cell or gonocyte) makes these tumors highly relevant from an onco-fetal point of view. This review subsequently discusses the evidence for the early embryonic origin of TGCCs, followed by an overview of the crucial association between TGCC pathogenesis, genetics, environmental exposure and the (fetal) testicular micro-environment (genvironment). This culminates in an evaluation of three genvironmentally modulated hallmarks of TGCC directly related to the oncofetal pathogenesis of TGCC: (1) maintenance of pluripotency, (2) cell cycle control/cisplatin sensitivity and (3) regulation of proliferation/migration/apoptosis by KIT-KITL mediated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Briefly, TGCC exhibit identifiable stem cell components (seminoma and embryonal carcinoma) and progenitors that show large and consistent similarities to primordial/embryonic germ cells, their presumed totipotent cells of origin. TGCC pathogenesis depends crucially on a complex interaction of genetic and (micro-)environmental, i.e. genvironmental risk factors that have only been partly elucidated despite significant effort. TGCC stem cell components also show a high degree of similarity with embryonic stem/germ cells (ES) in the regulation of pluripotency and cell cycle control, directly related to their exquisite sensitivity to DNA damaging agents (e.g. cisplatin). Of note, (ES specific) micro-RNAs play a pivotal role in the crossover between cell cycle control, pluripotency and chemosensitivity. Moreover, multiple consistent observations reported TGCC to be associated with KIT-KITL mediated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, a pathway crucially implicated in proliferation, migration and survival during embryogenesis including germ cell development. In conclusion, TGCCs are a fascinating model for onco-fetal developmental processes especially with regard to studying cell cycle control, pluripotency maintenance and KIT-KITL signaling. The knowledge presented here contributes to better understanding of the molecular characteristics of TGCC pathogenesis, translating to identification of at risk individuals and enhanced quality of care for TGCC patients (diagnosis, treatment and follow-up).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Boublikova L, Buchler T, Stary J, Abrahamova J, Trka J. Molecular biology of testicular germ cell tumors: Unique features awaiting clinical application. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:366-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Alagaratnam S, Harrison N, Bakken AC, Hoff AM, Jones M, Sveen A, Moore HD, Andrews PW, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. Transforming pluripotency: an exon-level study of malignancy-specific transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1136-46. [PMID: 23137282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To circumvent difficulties of isolating pure populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) for the purpose of identifying malignancy-specific gene expression, we have compared exon-resolution transcriptomic profiles of 5 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, a histological subtype of germ cell tumor (GCT), to their nonmalignant caricature, specifically 6 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. Both cell types are readily accessible, and were purified for undifferentiated cells only. We identified a set of 28 differentially expressed genes, many of which had cancer and stemness roles. Overexpression of the recently discovered pluripotency gene NR5A2 in malignant EC cells revealed an intriguing indication of how WNT-mediated dysregulation of pluripotency is involved with malignancy. Expression of these 28 genes was further explored within 2 publically available data sets of primary EC tumors and normal testis. At the exon-level, alternative splicing events were detected in ZNF195, DNMT3B, and PMF1, and alternative promoters were detected for ASH2L and ETV5. These events were validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based methods in EC and ES lines, where the alternative splicing event in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B may have functional consequences. In conclusion, we have identified malignancy-specific gene expression differences within a rigorous pluripotent stem cell context. These findings are of particular interest for both GCT and ES cell biology, and, in general, to the concept of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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McIver SC, Roman SD, Nixon B, Loveland KL, McLaughlin EA. The rise of testicular germ cell tumours: the search for causes, risk factors and novel therapeutic targets. F1000Res 2013; 2:55. [PMID: 24555040 PMCID: PMC3901536 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-55.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 20th century there has been a decline in the reproductive vitality of men within the Western world. The declining sperm quantity and quality has been associated with increased overt disorders of sexual development including hypospadias, undescended testes and type II testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs). The increase in TGCTs cannot be accounted for by genetic changes in the population. Therefore exposure to environmental toxicants appears to be a major contributor to the aetiology of TGCTs and men with a genetic predisposition are particularly vulnerable. In particular, Type II TGCTs have been identified to arise from a precursor lesion Carcinoma
in situ (CIS), identified as a dysfunctional gonocyte; however, the exact triggers for CIS development are currently unknown. Therefore the transition from gonocytes into spermatogonia is key to those studying TGCTs. Recently we have identified seven miRNA molecules (including members of the miR-290 family and miR-136, 463* and 743a) to be significantly changed over this transition period. These miRNA molecules are predicted to have targets within the CXCR4, PTEN, DHH, RAC and PDGF pathways, all of which have important roles in germ cell migration, proliferation and homing to the spermatogonial stem cell niche. Given the plethora of potential targets affected by each miRNA molecule, subtle changes in miRNA expression could have significant consequences e.g. tumourigenesis. The role of non-traditional oncogenes and tumour suppressors such as miRNA in TGCT is highlighted by the fact that the majority of these tumours express wild type p53, a pivotal tumour suppressor usually inactivated in cancer. While treatment of TGCTs is highly successful, the impact of these treatments on fertility means that identification of exact triggers, earlier diagnosis and alternate treatments are essential. This review examines the genetic factors and possible triggers of type II TGCT to highlight target areas for potential new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye C McIver
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Shaun D Roman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia ; Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology & Development, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia
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de Boer CM, Eini R, Gillis AM, Stoop H, Looijenga LHJ, White SJ. DICER1 RNase IIIb domain mutations are infrequent in testicular germ cell tumours. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:569. [PMID: 23068969 PMCID: PMC3503615 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular Germ Cell Tumours (TGCT) are the most frequently occurring malignancy in males from 15-45 years of age. They are derived from germ cells unable to undergo physiological maturation, although the genetic basis for this is poorly understood. A recent report showed that mutations in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1, a micro-RNA (miRNA) processing enzyme, are common in non-epithelial ovarian cancers. DICER1 mutations were found in 60% of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours, clustering in four codons encoding metal-binding sites. Additional analysis of 14 TGCT DNA samples identified one case that also contained a mutation at one of these sites. FINDINGS A number of previous studies have shown that DICER1 mutations are found in <1% of most cancers. To provide a more accurate estimate of the frequency of such mutations in TGCTs, we have analysed 96 TGCT samples using high resolution melting curve analysis for sequence variants in these four codons. Although we did not detect any mutations in any of these sites, we did identify a novel mutation (c.1725 R>Q) within the RNase IIIb domain in one TGCT sample, which was predicted to disturb DICER1 function. CONCLUSION Overall our findings suggest a mutation frequency in TGCTs of ~1%. We conclude therefore that hot-spot mutations, frequently seen in Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours, are not common in TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela M de Boer
- Center for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ronak Eini
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert HJ Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J White
- Center for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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MicroRNAs miR-371-3 in serum as diagnostic tools in the management of testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1754-60. [PMID: 23059743 PMCID: PMC3493876 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that can be released into body fluids. Germ cell tumours (GCTs) overexpress miRNAs of the miR-371-3 cluster. Thus, serum levels of these miRNAs may correlate with tumour load. METHODS miRNAs of the miR-371-3 cluster were quantified in cubital vein blood samples of 20 GCT patients with clinical stage 1, and of 4 patients with advanced stages before and after treatment. In six patients testicular vein blood (TVB) was examined additionally. Seventeen healthy males served as controls. Likewise, expression of miRNAs in 15 matching tumour specimens was measured. RESULTS In all patients, serum levels of miRNAs 371-3 were much higher than in controls. In stage 1, levels decreased postoperatively 336.7-fold, 7.4-fold, and 7.7-fold for miRNAs 371a-3p, 372, and 373-3p, respectively (P<0.01). Also, in those cases with advanced disease levels dropped to the normal range after completion of treatment. miR-371-3 levels in TVB exceeded those in peripheral blood in all cases. Expression of miR-371a-3p was also documented in tumour tissue. However, no correlation was found regarding the extent of miRNA expression in tissue and the values measured in matching serum. CONCLUSION Thus, miR-371a-3p serum level appears to be a useful biomarker in GCTs.
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Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell cancer: still more questions than answers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 34:e2-6. [PMID: 21790651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jerónimo C, Henrique R. Epigenetic biomarkers in urological tumors: A systematic review. Cancer Lett 2011; 342:264-74. [PMID: 22198482 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Prostate, bladder, kidney and testis cancers, the most common genitourinary (GU) neoplasms, are generally clinically silent at their earliest stages when curative treatment is most likely successful. However, there are no consensual guidelines for GU cancer screening and available methods are characterized by suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, standard clinical and pathological parameters meet with important limitations in the assessment of prognosis in an individual basis. Herein, we focus on the development of epigenetic-based GU cancer biomarkers, which have emerged from exploratory studies in recent years and that hold the promise to revolutionize the clinical management of GU cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Research Center of the Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
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Albers P, Algaba F, Cohn-Cedermark G, DeSantis M, Kliesch S, Moul JW. Diagnosis, Staging, and Risk Factors: SIU/ICUD Consensus Meeting on Germ Cell Tumors (GCT), Shanghai 2009. Urology 2011; 78:S427-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fustino N, Rakheja D, Ateek CS, Neumann JC, Amatruda JF. Bone morphogenetic protein signalling activity distinguishes histological subsets of paediatric germ cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e218-33. [PMID: 21696393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell tumours (GCTs) are cancers of the testis, ovary or extragonadal sites that occur in infants, children and adults. Testicular GCT is the most common cancer in young men aged 15-40 years. Abnormalities in developmental signalling pathways such as wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/BMP and Hedgehog have been described in many childhood tumours. To date, however, the status of BMP signalling in GCTs has not been described. Herein, we examine BMP-SMAD signalling in a set of clinically-annotated paediatric GCTs. We find that BMP signalling activity is absent in undifferentiated tumours such as seminomas and dysgerminomas, but robustly present in most yolk sac tumours, a differentiated tumour type. Gene expression profiling of TGF-β/BMP pathway genes in germinomas and yolk sac tumours reveals a set of genes that distinguish the two tumour types. There is significant intertumoural heterogeneity between tumours of the same histological subclass, implying that the BMP pathway can be differentially regulated in individual tumours. Finally, through miRNA expression profiling, we identify differential regulation of a set of miRNAs predicted to target the TGF-β/BMP pathway at multiple sites. Taken together, these results suggest that the BMP signalling pathway may represent a new therapeutical target for childhood GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fustino
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8534, USA
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Hawkins SM, Buchold GM, Matzuk MM. Minireview: The roles of small RNA pathways in reproductive medicine. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1257-79. [PMID: 21546411 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of small noncoding RNA, including P-element-induced wimpy testis-interacting RNA, small interfering RNA, and microRNA, has energized research in reproductive medicine. In the two decades since the identification of small RNA, first in Caenorhabditis elegans and then in other animals, scientists in many disciplines have made significant progress in elucidating their biology. A powerful battery of tools, including knockout mice and small RNA mimics and antagonists, has facilitated investigation into the functional roles and therapeutic potential of these small RNA pathways. Current data indicate that small RNA play significant roles in normal development and physiology and pathological conditions of the reproductive tracts of females and males. Biologically plausible mRNA targets for these microRNA are aggressively being discovered. The next phase of research will focus on elucidating the clinical utility of small RNA-selective agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Hawkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Buchold GM, Coarfa C, Kim J, Milosavljevic A, Gunaratne PH, Matzuk MM. Analysis of microRNA expression in the prepubertal testis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15317. [PMID: 21206922 PMCID: PMC3012074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Only thirteen microRNAs are conserved between D. melanogaster and the mouse; however, conditional loss of miRNA function through mutation of Dicer causes defects in proliferation of premeiotic germ cells in both species. This highlights the potentially important, but uncharacterized, role of miRNAs during early spermatogenesis. The goal of this study was to characterize on postnatal day 7, 10, and 14 the content and editing of murine testicular miRNAs, which predominantly arise from spermatogonia and spermatocytes, in contrast to prior descriptions of miRNAs in the adult mouse testis which largely reflects the content of spermatids. Previous studies have shown miRNAs to be abundant in the mouse testis by postnatal day 14; however, through Next Generation Sequencing of testes from a B6;129 background we found abundant earlier expression of miRNAs and describe shifts in the miRNA signature during this period. We detected robust expression of miRNAs encoded on the X chromosome in postnatal day 14 testes, consistent with prior studies showing their resistance to meiotic sex chromosome inactivation. Unexpectedly, we also found a similar positional enrichment for most miRNAs on chromosome 2 at postnatal day 14 and for those on chromosome 12 at postnatal day 7. We quantified in vivo developmental changes in three types of miRNA variation including 5' heterogeneity, editing, and 3' nucleotide addition. We identified eleven putative novel pubertal testis miRNAs whose developmental expression suggests a possible role in early male germ cell development. These studies provide a foundation for interpretation of miRNA changes associated with testicular pathology and identification of novel components of the miRNA editing machinery in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Buchold
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jong Kim
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aleksandar Milosavljevic
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preethi H. Gunaratne
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chira P, Vareli K, Sainis I, Papandreou C, Briasoulis E. Alterations of MicroRNAs in Solid Cancers and Their Prognostic Value. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1328-53. [PMID: 24281118 PMCID: PMC3835132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, naturally abundant, small, regulatory non-coding RNAs that inhibit gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner. Each miRNA represses the protein expression of several coding genes in a manner proportional to the sequence complementarity with the target transcripts. MicroRNAs play key regulatory roles in organismal development and homeostasis. They control fundamental biological processes, such as stem-cell regulation and cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. Differential miRNA expression is found in malignant tumors in comparison to normal tissue counterparts. This indicates that miRNA deregulation contributes to the initiation and progression of cancer. Currently, miRNA expression signatures are being rigorously investigated in various tumor types, with the aim of developing novel, efficient biomarkers that can improve clinical management of cancer patients. This review discusses deregulated miRNAs in solid tumors, and focuses on their emerging prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Chira
- Human Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece; E-Mails: (P.C.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research & Technology, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Katerina Vareli
- Human Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece; E-Mails: (P.C.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sainis
- Human Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece; E-Mails: (P.C.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
| | - Christos Papandreou
- School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 22 Papakiriazi, Larissa 41222, Greece; E-Mail: (C.P.)
| | - Evangelos Briasoulis
- Human Cancer Biobank Center, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece; E-Mails: (P.C.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +30-265-100-7713; Fax: +30-265-100-8087
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Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications of microRNAs in urologic tumors. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7:286-97. [PMID: 20368743 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that have an important role in the regulation of carcinogenic pathways. The observations that miRNAs are differentially expressed in tumor versus corresponding normal tissue, and that they regulate important breakpoints during carcinogenesis, are of interest for urologic oncologists. As biomarkers, they might be helpful tools for diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring purposes. Furthermore, miRNAs might be potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies, especially in patients with tumor subtypes that do not respond to currently available therapies. In this Review, we will focus on the current proceedings of miRNA research in urologic tumors. In the past decade, the number of published articles related to miRNAs in urologic oncology has increased, highlighting the ongoing importance of miRNAs in this field. Current studies support the hypothesis that miRNA will gain influence in clinical practice. Here, therefore, we illustrate the current knowledge of miRNA function in urologic tumors and draw the attention of urologists to the future opportunities and challenges of this research field.
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Mikro-RNA in der Uroonkologie. Urologe A 2009; 48:877-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-009-2010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mithraprabhu S, Loveland KL. Control of KIT signalling in male germ cells: what can we learn from other systems? Reproduction 2009; 138:743-57. [PMID: 19567460 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The KIT ligand (KITL)/KIT-signalling system is among several pathways known to be essential for fertility. In the postnatal testis, the KIT/KITL interaction is crucial for spermatogonial proliferation, differentiation, survival and subsequent entry into meiosis. Hence, identification of endogenous factors that regulate KIT synthesis is important for understanding the triggers driving germ cell maturation. Although limited information is available regarding local factors in the testicular microenvironment that modulate KIT synthesis at the onset of spermatogenesis, knowledge from other systems could be used as a basis for identifying how KIT function is regulated in germ cells. This review describes the known regulators of KIT, including transcription factors implicated in KIT promoter regulation. In addition, specific downstream outcomes in biological processes that KIT orchestrates are addressed. These are discussed in relationship to current knowledge of mammalian germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridurga Mithraprabhu
- Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Sirintrapun SJ, Parwani AV. Molecular Pathology of the Genitourinary Tract: Molecular Pathology of Kidney and Testes. Surg Pathol Clin 2009; 2:199-223. [PMID: 26838102 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of newer molecular technologies, our knowledge of cellular mechanisms with tumors of the kidney and testis has grown exponentially. Molecular technologies have led to better understanding of interplay between the von Hippel-Lindau gene and angiogenic cytokines in renal cancer and isochromosome 12p in testicular neoplasms. The result has been development of antiangiogenic-targeted therapy within recent years that has become the mainstay treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer. In the near future, classification and diagnosis of renal and testicular tumors through morphologic analysis will be supplemented by molecular information correlating to prognosis and targeted therapy. This article outlines tumor molecular pathology of the kidney and testis encompassing current genomic, epigenomic, and proteonomic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Pathology Informatics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside Hospital, Room WG 07, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Schaefer A, Jung M, Kristiansen G, Lein M, Schrader M, Miller K, Stephan C, Jung K. MicroRNAs and cancer: current state and future perspectives in urologic oncology. Urol Oncol 2008; 28:4-13. [PMID: 19117772 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein coding RNAs that regulate basic cellular processes and are associated with cancer characteristics. It is the aim of this review to describe the basics of the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, provide their role in tumorigenesis, and demonstrate their clinical potential in general and especially in urologic oncology. For that purpose, a PubMed search up to August 2008 was conducted using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms for miRNAs alone and the urological carcinomas of kidney, prostate, bladder, testis, and penis combined with the Boolean operator "AND". Until August 2008, about 3,500 miRNA publications were included in the PubMed database. It has been estimated that about 1,500 would be published in 2008 alone. Several miRNA expression studies and corresponding functional experiments in various cancers showed the important role of miRNAs in cancer initiation and progression and proved their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers and as basis for novel therapeutic strategies. However, in uro-oncology, only a few miRNA related articles (22 for prostate, 4 for kidney, 3 for bladder, and 6 for testis) were published. Cancer-specific expressions of miRNA patterns were shown, but the limited and partly inconsistent data underscore that we are at an early stage regarding this topic in urology. In spite of the obvious significance of miRNAs in malignant tumors, the relatively sparse data on miRNAs in uro-oncology clearly advocate that this area should be more intensively studied. Detailed understanding of the characteristic miRNA abnormalities could contribute to novel approaches in diagnosis and treatment of urological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Schaefer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Kuchenbauer F, Morin RD, Argiropoulos B, Petriv OI, Griffith M, Heuser M, Yung E, Piper J, Delaney A, Prabhu AL, Zhao Y, McDonald H, Zeng T, Hirst M, Hansen CL, Marra MA, Humphries RK. In-depth characterization of the microRNA transcriptome in a leukemia progression model. Genome Res 2008; 18:1787-97. [PMID: 18849523 DOI: 10.1101/gr.077578.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in physiological as well as multiple malignant processes, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In an effort to gain further insight into the role of miRNAs in AML, we have applied the Illumina massively parallel sequencing platform to carry out an in-depth analysis of the miRNA transcriptome in a murine leukemia progression model. This model simulates the stepwise conversion of a myeloid progenitor cell by an engineered overexpression of the nucleoporin 98 (NUP98)-homeobox HOXD13 fusion gene (ND13), to aggressive AML inducing cells upon transduction with the oncogenic collaborator Meis1. From this data set, we identified 307 miRNA/miRNA species in the ND13 cells and 306 miRNA/miRNA species in ND13+Meis1 cells, corresponding to 223 and 219 miRNA genes. Sequence counts varied between two and 136,558, indicating a remarkable expression range between the detected miRNA species. The large number of miRNAs expressed and the nature of differential expression suggest that leukemic progression as modeled here is dictated by the repertoire of shared, but differentially expressed miRNAs. Our finding of extensive sequence variations (isomiRs) for almost all miRNA and miRNA species adds additional complexity to the miRNA transcriptome. A stringent target prediction analysis coupled with in vitro target validation revealed the potential for miRNA-mediated release of oncogenes that facilitates leukemic progression from the preleukemic to leukemia inducing state. Finally, 55 novel miRNAs species were identified in our data set, adding further complexity to the emerging world of small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kuchenbauer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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McIntyre A, Gilbert D, Goddard N, Looijenga L, Shipley J. Genes, chromosomes and the development of testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:547-57. [PMID: 18381640 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) of adults and adolescents are thought to be derived from primordial germ cells or gonocytes. TGCTs develop postpuberty from precursor lesions known as intratubular germ cell neoplasia undifferentiated. The tumors can be divided into two groups based on their histology and clinical behavior; seminomas resemble primordial germ cells or gonocytes and nonseminomas resemble embryonic or extraembryonic tissues at various stages of differentiation. The most undifferentiated form of nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, resembles embryonic stem cells in terms of morphology and expression profiling, both mRNAs and microRNAs. Evidence supports both environmental factors and genetic predisposition underlying the development of TGCTs. Various models of development have been proposed and are discussed. In TGCTs, gain of material from the short arm of chromosome 12 is invariable: genes from this region include the proto-oncogene KRAS, which has activating mutations in approximately 10% of tumors or is frequently overexpressed. A number of different approaches to increase the understanding of the development and progression of TGCTs have highlighted the involvement of KIT, RAS/RAF/MAPK, STAT, and PI3K/AKT signaling. We review the role of these signaling pathways in this process and the potential influence of environmental factors in the development of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Ardelt B, Ardelt W, Pozarowski P, Kunicki J, Shogen K, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytostatic and cytotoxic properties of Amphinase: a novel cytotoxic ribonuclease from Rana pipiens oocytes. Cell Cycle 2007; 6:3097-102. [PMID: 18073526 DOI: 10.4161/cc.6.24.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Onconase (Onc), is a novel amphibian cytotoxic ribonuclease with antitumor activity, and is currently in a confirmatory phase III clinical trial for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. It was recently reported that Rana pipiens oocytes contain still another ribonuclease, named Amphinase (Amph). Amph shows 38-40% amino acid sequence identity with onconase, presents as four variants varying between themselves from 87-99% in amino acid sequence identity and has a molecular mass approximately 13,000. In the present study we describe the effects of Amph on growth of several tumor cell lines. All four variants demonstrated cytostatic and cytotoxic activity against human promyelocytic HL-60-, Jurkat T-cell- and U-937 monocytic leukemia cells. The pattern of Amph activity to certain extent resembled that of Onc. Thus, cell proliferation was suppressed at 0.5-10.0 mug/ml (40-80 nM) Amph concentration with distinct accumulation of cells in G(1) phase of the cell cycle. In addition, the cells were undergoing apoptosis, which manifested by DNA fragmentation (presence of "sub-G1" cells, TUNEL-positivity), caspases and serine proteases activation as well as activation of transglutaminase. The cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of Amph required its ribonuclease activity: the enzymatically inactive Amph-2 having histidine at the active site alkylated was ineffective. The effectiveness and cell cycle specificity was generally similar for all four Amph variants and at the equimolar concentrations was somewhat more pronounced than that of Onc. The observed cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of Amph against tumor cell lines suggests that similar to Onc this cytotoxic ribonuclease may have antitumor activity and find an application in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ardelt
- Brander Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Rajpert-De Meyts E. Recent advances and future directions in research on testicular germ cell cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 30:192-7. [PMID: 17705803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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FUKUSHIMA T, HAMADA Y, YAMADA H, HORII I. CHANGES OF MICRO-RNA EXPRESSION IN RAT LIVER TREATED BY ACETAMINOPHEN OR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE − REGULATING ROLE OF MICRO-RNA FOR RNA EXPRESSION −. J Toxicol Sci 2007; 32:401-9. [PMID: 17965554 DOI: 10.2131/jts.32.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamio FUKUSHIMA
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc
| | - Yoshimasa HAMADA
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc
| | - Hiroshi YAMADA
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc
| | - Ikuo HORII
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc
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