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Albany C, Fazal Z, Singh R, Bikorimana E, Adra N, Hanna NH, Einhorn LH, Perkins SM, Sandusky GE, Christensen BC, Keer H, Fang F, Nephew KP, Spinella MJ. A phase 1 study of combined guadecitabine and cisplatin in platinum refractory germ cell cancer. Cancer Med 2020; 10:156-163. [PMID: 33135391 PMCID: PMC7826483 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are cured with therapy based on cisplatin, although a clinically significant number of patients are refractory and die of progressive disease. Based on preclinical studies indicating that refractory testicular GCTs are hypersensitive to hypomethylating agents (HMAs), we conducted a phase I trial combining the next‐generation HMA guadecitabine (SGI‐110) with cisplatin in recurrent, cisplatin‐resistant GCT patients. Methods Patients with metastatic GCTs were treated for five consecutive days with guadecitabine followed by cisplatin on day 8, for a 28‐day cycle for up to six cycles. The primary endpoint was safety and toxicity including dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Results The number of patients enrolled was 14. The majority of patients were heavily pretreated. MTD was determined to be 30 mg/m2 guadecitabine followed by 100 mg/m2 cisplatin. The major DLTs were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Three patients had partial responses by RECIST criteria, two of these patients, including one with primary mediastinal disease, completed the study and qualified as complete responses by serum tumor marker criteria with sustained remissions of 5 and 13 months and survival of 16 and 26 months, respectively. The overall response rate was 23%. Three patients also had stable disease indicating a clinical benefit rate of 46%. Conclusions The combination of guadecitabine and cisplatin was tolerable and demonstrated activity in patients with platinum refractory germ cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantine Albany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Emmanuel Bikorimana
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nabil Adra
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nasser H Hanna
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lawrence H Einhorn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan M Perkins
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George E Sandusky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brock C Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harold Keer
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences and the Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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2
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) exhibit, in contrast to other cancer types, a relatively low mutational burden. However, numerous epigenetic alterations have been shown to impact TGCT. In this review, we summarize the most relevant findings of the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies focused on the functions of microRNAs and the impact of aberrant DNA methylation. Moreover, several epigenetic drugs with antineoplastic effects in TGCTs were identified. SUMMARY Aberrant DNA methylation and differentially expressed microRNAs have an important effect on TGCT pathogenesis. Moreover, differential DNA methylation patterns were found to be specific for different TGCT subtypes. Various microRNAs, such as miR-371a-3p, were found to be highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for TGCT. The epigenetic drugs guadecitabine, animacroxam, and JQ1 showed promising effects on TGCT in preclinical in-vivo and in-vitro studies.
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3
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Chatsirisupachai K, Kitdumrongthum S, Panvongsa W, Janpipatkul K, Worakitchanon W, Lertjintanakit S, Wongtrakoongate P, Chairoungdua A. Expression and roles of system L amino acid transporters in human embryonal carcinoma cells. Andrology 2020; 8:1844-1858. [PMID: 32741077 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common malignant cancer in young men. Although TGCTs are generally responsive to platinum-based chemotherapy particularly cisplatin, acquired resistance in patients with metastasis still occurs resulting in poor prognosis. Specifically, differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the stem cells of TGCTs, can lead to the reduction of cisplatin responsiveness. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for TGCTs are needed. System L amino acid transporters have been reported to be up-regulated and to play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, expression and role of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of system L amino acid transporters was analyzed in TGCT samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression of LAT1, LAT2, and 4F2hc was examined in human embryonal carcinoma cell line NTERA2. Roles of system L amino acid transporters on NTERA2 cell survival, cell proliferation, pluripotency, and cisplatin sensitivity were evaluated. RESULTS Based upon TCGA datasets, we found that two isoforms of system L (LAT1 and LAT2) and their chaperone protein 4F2hc are highly expressed in EC samples compared with other groups. Treatment with the system L inhibitor BCH significantly suppressed leucine uptake into the pluripotent EC cell line NTERA2. The malignant phenotypes including cell viability, cell proliferation, and clonal ability were decreased following BCH treatment. Nonetheless, system L inhibition did not alter expression of stemness genes in NTERA2 cells. After NTERA2 differentiation, expressions of LAT1 and LAT2 were decreased. Finally, co-administration of BCH enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. These effects were associated with the reduction in p70S6K phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results shed light on the roles of system L amino acid transporters in TGCTs. Therefore, system L amino acid transporters could provide novel therapeutic targets for treatment against TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wittaya Panvongsa
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sarat Lertjintanakit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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4
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Cisplatin Resistance in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Current Challenges from Various Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061601. [PMID: 32560427 PMCID: PMC7352163 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors share a marked sensitivity to cisplatin, contributing to their overall good prognosis. However, a subset of patients develop resistance to platinum-based treatments, by still-elusive mechanisms, experiencing poor quality of life due to multiple (often ineffective) interventions and, eventually, dying from disease. Currently, there is a lack of defined treatment opportunities for these patients that tackle the mechanism(s) underlying the emergence of resistance. Herein, we aim to provide a multifaceted overview of cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors, from the clinical perspective, to the pathobiology (including mechanisms contributing to induction of the resistant phenotype), to experimental models available for studying this occurrence. We provide a systematic summary of pre-target, on-target, post-target, and off-target mechanisms putatively involved in cisplatin resistance, providing data from preclinical studies and from those attempting validation in clinical samples, including those exploring specific alterations as therapeutic targets, some of them included in ongoing clinical trials. We briefly discuss the specificities of resistance related to teratoma (differentiated) phenotype, including the phenomena of growing teratoma syndrome and development of somatic-type malignancy. Cisplatin resistance is most likely multifactorial, and a combination of therapeutic strategies will most likely produce the best clinical benefit.
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5
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Singh R, Fazal Z, Corbet AK, Bikorimana E, Rodriguez JC, Khan EM, Shahid K, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Epigenetic Remodeling through Downregulation of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Mediates Chemotherapy Resistance in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060796. [PMID: 31181810 PMCID: PMC6627640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A greater understanding of the hypersensitivity and curability of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) has the potential to inform strategies to sensitize other solid tumors to conventional chemotherapies. The mechanisms of cisplatin hypersensitivity and resistance in embryonal carcinoma (EC), the stem cells of TGCTs, remain largely undefined. To study the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance we generated a large panel of independently derived, acquired resistant clones from three distinct parental EC models employing a protocol designed to match standard of care regimens of TGCT patients. Transcriptomics revealed highly significant expression changes shared between resistant cells regardless of their parental origin. This was dominated by a highly significant enrichment of genes normally repressed by H3K27 methylation and the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) which correlated with a substantial decrease in global H3K27me3, H2AK119 ubiquitination, and expression of BMI1. Importantly, repression of H3K27 methylation with the EZH2 inhibitor GSK-126 conferred cisplatin resistance to parental cells while induction of H3K27 methylation with the histone lysine demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 resulted in increased cisplatin sensitivity to resistant cells. A gene signature based on H3K27me gene enrichment was associated with an increased rate of recurrent/progressive disease in testicular cancer patients. Our data indicates that repression of H3K27 methylation is a mechanism of cisplatin acquired resistance in TGCTs and that restoration of PRC2 complex function is a viable approach to overcome treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Singh
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Zeeshan Fazal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Andrea K Corbet
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Bikorimana
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Rodriguez
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ema M Khan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Khadeeja Shahid
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sarah J Freemantle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine and Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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6
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Clonal analyses of refractory testicular germ cell tumors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213815. [PMID: 30870501 PMCID: PMC6417677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are unique amongst solid tumors in terms of the high cure rates using chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Nevertheless, TGCTs still kill approximately 400 men per year, at a median age of 30 years, in the United States. This young age of mortality dramatically amplifies the impact of these deaths for the patients and their often young families. Furthermore the high cure rate makes it difficult to conduct further clinical trials of non curable disease. TGCTs are characterized by a marked aneuploidy and the presence of gain of chromosomal region 12p. Genomic testing may offer the ability to identify potentially lethal TGCTs at the time of initial diagnosis. However sequencing based studies have shown a paucity of somatic mutations in TGCT genomes including those that drive refractory disease. Furthermore these studies may be limited by genetic heterogeneity in primary tumors and the evolution of sub populations during disease progression. Herein we applied a systematic approach combining DNA content flow cytometry, whole genome copy number and whole exome sequence analyses to interrogate tumor heterogeneity in primary and metastatic refractory TGCTs. We identified both known and novel somatic copy number aberrations (12p, MDM2, and RHBDD1) and mutations (XRCC2, PIK3CA, RITA1) including candidate markers for platinum resistance that were present in a primary tumor of mixed histology and that remained after tandem autologous stem cell transplant.
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7
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Marques-Magalhães Â, Graça I, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Targeting DNA Methyltranferases in Urological Tumors. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:366. [PMID: 29706891 PMCID: PMC5909196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers are a heterogeneous group of malignancies accounting for a considerable proportion of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aberrant epigenetic traits, especially altered DNA methylation patterns constitute a hallmark of these tumors. Nonetheless, these alterations are reversible, and several efforts have been carried out to design and test several epigenetic compounds that might reprogram tumor cell phenotype back to a normal state. Indeed, several DNMT inhibitors are currently under evaluation for therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. This review highlights the critical role of DNA methylation in urological cancers and summarizes the available data on pre-clinical assays and clinical trials with DNMT inhibitors in bladder, kidney, prostate, and testicular germ cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Marques-Magalhães
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Piulats JM, Vidal A, García-Rodríguez FJ, Muñoz C, Nadal M, Moutinho C, Martínez-Iniesta M, Mora J, Figueras A, Guinó E, Padullés L, Aytés À, Molleví DG, Puertas S, Martínez-Fernández C, Castillo W, Juliachs M, Moreno V, Muñoz P, Stefanovic M, Pujana MA, Condom E, Esteller M, Germà JR, Capella G, Farré L, Morales A, Viñals F, García-del-Muro X, Cerón J, Villanueva A. Orthoxenografts of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Demonstrate Genomic Changes Associated with Cisplatin Resistance and Identify PDMP as a Resensitizing Agent. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3755-3766. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Costa AL, Lobo J, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. The epigenetics of testicular germ cell tumors: looking for novel disease biomarkers. Epigenomics 2017; 9:155-169. [PMID: 28097877 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are a group of heterogeneous, biologically diverse and clinically challenging neoplasms. Despite the relatively low incidence and mortality rates, a subgroup of patients with disseminated disease relapse after conventional therapy and have a dismal prognosis. Moreover, TGCT afflict mostly young men and have therapeutic peculiarities, with some patients showing resistance to cisplatin-based treatments and others being troubled by irreversible side effects, such as infertility. Most TGCT share a common tumorigenic pathway and are cytogenetically similar, making room for Epigenetics to explain its heterogeneity at pathological and clinical level. In this review, we summarize the foremost epigenetic alterations among TGCT focusing on their clinical potential as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Costa
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Lobo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
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10
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Albany C, Hever-Jardine MP, von Herrmann KM, Yim CY, Tam J, Warzecha JM, Shin L, Bock SE, Curran BS, Chaudhry AS, Kim F, Sandusky GE, Taverna P, Freemantle SJ, Christensen BC, Einhorn LH, Spinella MJ. Refractory testicular germ cell tumors are highly sensitive to the second generation DNA methylation inhibitor guadecitabine. Oncotarget 2017; 8:2949-2959. [PMID: 27936464 PMCID: PMC5356854 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common cancers of young males. A substantial portion of TGCT patients are refractory to cisplatin. There are no effective therapies for these patients, many of whom die from progressive disease. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) are the stem cells of TGCTs. In prior in vitro studies we found that EC cells were highly sensitive to the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza deoxycytidine (5-aza). Here, as an initial step in bringing demethylation therapy to the clinic for TGCT patients, we evaluated the effects of the clinically optimized, second generation demethylating agent guadecitabine (SGI-110) on EC cells in an animal model of cisplatin refractory testicular cancer. EC cells were exquisitely sensitive to guadecitabine and the hypersensitivity was dependent on high levels of DNA methyltransferase 3B. Guadecitabine mediated transcriptional reprogramming of EC cells included induction of p53 targets and repression of pluripotency genes. As a single agent, guadecitabine completely abolished progression and induced complete regression of cisplatin resistant EC xenografts even at doses well below those required to impact somatic solid tumors. Low dose guadecitabine also sensitized refractory EC cells to cisplatin in vivo. Genome-wide analysis indicated that in vivo antitumor activity was associated with activation of p53 and immune-related pathways and the antitumor effects of guadecitabine were dependent on p53, a gene rarely mutated in TGCTs. These preclinical findings suggest that guadecitabine alone or in combination with cisplatin is a promising strategy to treat refractory TGCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantine Albany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mary P. Hever-Jardine
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Katherine M. von Herrmann
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Christina Y. Yim
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Janice Tam
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua M. Warzecha
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Leah Shin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E. Bock
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Brian S. Curran
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Aneeq S. Chaudhry
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Fred Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sarah J. Freemantle
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lawrence H. Einhorn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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11
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Liu J, Shi H, Li X, Chen G, Larsson C, Lui WO. miR‑223‑3p regulates cell growth and apoptosis via FBXW7 suggesting an oncogenic role in human testicular germ cell tumors. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:356-364. [PMID: 28000896 PMCID: PMC5238776 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-223-3p is deregulated in several tumor types and plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. However, its role in the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) remains uncharacterized. We previously demonstrated that miR-223-3p expression was increased in TGCTs compared with normal testes (NT), suggesting that miR-223-3p may have an oncogenic role in TGCT. Using published dataset and The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we validated higher miR-223-3p expression in TGCTs than NT, and found a negative correlation between miR-223-3p and FBXW7 mRNA expression levels. Using both gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we show that miR-223-3p regulates FBXW7 protein expression, cell growth and apoptosis in TGCT cell lines. Additionally, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of the full-length coding sequence of FBXW7 could rescue the cell growth and apoptotic effects mediated by miR-223-3p. Our findings suggest an oncogenic role for miR-223-3p in TGCT, which promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis through repression of FBXW7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xidan Li
- Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weng-Onn Lui
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, SE‑171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Poynter JN, Bestrashniy JRBM, Silverstein KAT, Hooten AJ, Lees C, Ross JA, Tolar J. Cross platform analysis of methylation, miRNA and stem cell gene expression data in germ cell tumors highlights characteristic differences by tumor histology. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:769. [PMID: 26497383 PMCID: PMC4619074 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in methylation patterns, miRNA expression, and stem cell protein expression occur in germ cell tumors (GCTs). Our goal is to integrate molecular data across platforms to identify molecular signatures in the three main histologic subtypes of Type I and Type II GCTs (yolk sac tumor (YST), germinoma, and teratoma). Methods We included 39 GCTs and 7 paired adjacent tissue samples in the current analysis. Molecular data available for analysis include DNA methylation data (Illumina GoldenGate Cancer Methylation Panel I), miRNA expression (NanoString nCounter miRNA platform), and stem cell factor expression (SABiosciences Human Embryonic Stem Cell Array). We evaluated the cross platform correlations of the data features using the Maximum Information Coefficient (MIC). Results In analyses of individual datasets, differences were observed by tumor histology. Germinomas had higher expression of transcription factors maintaining stemness, while YSTs had higher expression of cytokines, endoderm and endothelial markers. We also observed differences in miRNA expression, with miR-371-5p, miR-122, miR-302a, miR-302d, and miR-373 showing elevated expression in one or more histologic subtypes. Using the MIC, we identified correlations across the data features, including six major hubs with higher expression in YST (LEFTY1, LEFTY2, miR302b, miR302a, miR 126, and miR 122) compared with other GCT. Conclusions While prognosis for GCTs is overall favorable, many patients experience resistance to chemotherapy, relapse and/or long term adverse health effects following treatment. Targeted therapies, based on integrated analyses of molecular tumor data such as that presented here, may provide a way to secure high cure rates while reducing unintended health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Corresponding address: 420 Delaware St SE MMC 715, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jessica R B M Bestrashniy
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Kevin A T Silverstein
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Anthony J Hooten
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Christopher Lees
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Julie A Ross
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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13
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Jacobsen C, Honecker F. Cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumours: models and mechanisms. Andrology 2014; 3:111-21. [PMID: 25546083 DOI: 10.1111/andr.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cisplatin response and resistance in germ cell tumours (GCT), and several promising targets have been identified. Two main mechanisms of the responsiveness to DNA damaging agents have been postulated. Firstly, GCT readily activate a DNA damage response, but show deficits in several damage repair pathways. In particular, they have been found to have defects in interstrand crosslink repair and in homologous recombination (HR). Secondly, GCT, especially embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, show a hypersensitive apoptotic response to DNA damage, which activates p53, and leads to up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic factors Noxa, Puma and Fas in non-resistant EC. These cells fail to activate p21 which induces a G1/S arrest, but accumulate in G2/M phase. In the absence of functional p53, family members like p73 and GTAp63 might be important in initiating this response. Mechanisms involved in cisplatin resistance are as follows: down-regulation of Oct4 (e.g. as a result of hypoxia, treatment with retinoic acid or exposure to cisplatin) and failure to induce Puma and Noxa; changes in the expression levels of micro-RNAs such as miR-17/-106b, miR-302a, or miR-371 to -373; elevated levels of MDM2 and cytoplasmic translocation of p21 by phosphorylation; and activation of the PDGFRβ/PI3K/pAKT pathway. Several approaches to overcome resistance have been successfully examined in vitro and in vivo, including PARP inhibitors, especially in cells showing deficient HR-repair; stabilization of p53 using nutlin-3; inhibition of several components of the PI3K/pAKT pathway using small molecules; and DNA demethylation by 5-azacytidine or 5-aza-deoxy-cytidine, among others. Many of these substances deserve further exploration, alone or in combination with DNA damaging agents, and the most promising approaches should be taken forward to clinical testing. Targeted therapy based on mechanistic insights holds the promise to turn cisplatin-resistant GCT into a curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobsen
- Department of Oncology, Haematology, Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pulmology, Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, Hamburg University Medical Center, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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First salvage treatment of germ cell tumor patients with bone metastases: retrospective analysis of a large international database. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:923-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Forbes CM, Metcalfe C, Murray N, Black PC. Three primary testicular tumours: Trials and tribulations of testicular preservation. Can Urol Assoc J 2014; 7:E630-3. [PMID: 24409211 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Balancing recurrence risk, side effects and patient preference in the treatment of multiple metachronous testicular tumours can be challenging. We present the case of a young male patient who developed 3 different primary testicular neoplasms over an 8-year period, each associated with retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy requiring chemotherapy. The first tumour at age 19 was managed with radical orchiectomy. Four years later, a partial orchiectomy was performed to remove 2 small lesions. Another 4 years later, a complete orchiectomy was required for an additional tumour. This case highlights the caveats of testis-sparing surgery for testis cancer and the need for careful surveillance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Forbes
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Charles Metcalfe
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Nevin Murray
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vancouver Cancer Centre, BC Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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16
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Juliachs M, Vidal A, Del Muro XG, Piulats JM, Condom E, Casanovas O, Graupera M, Germà JR, Villanueva A, Viñals F. Effectivity of pazopanib treatment in orthotopic models of human testicular germ cell tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:382. [PMID: 23937707 PMCID: PMC3751347 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) is still a clinical challenge, and one associated with poor prognosis. The purpose of this work was to test pazopanib, an anti-tumoral and anti-angiogenic multikinase inhibitor, and its combination with lapatinib (an anti-ErbB inhibitor) in mouse orthotopic models of human testicular GCTs. Methods We used two different models of human testicular GCTs orthotopically grown in nude mice; a CDDP-sensitive choriocarcinoma (TGT38) and a new orthotopic model generated from a metastatic GCT refractory to first-line CDDP chemotherapy (TGT44). Nude mice implanted with these orthotopic tumors were treated with the inhibitors and the effect on tumoral growth and angiogenesis was evaluated. Results TGT44 refractory tumor had an immunohistochemical profile similar to the original metastasis, with characteristics of yolk sac tumor. TGT44 did not respond when treated with cisplatin. In contrast, pazopanib had an anti-angiogenic effect and anti-tumor efficacy in this model. Pazopanib in combination with lapatinib in TGT38, an orthotopic model of choriocarcinoma had an additive effect blocking tumor growth. Conclusions We present pazopanib as a possible agent for the alternative treatment of CDDP-sensitive and CDDP-refractory GCT patients, alone or in combination with anti-ErbB therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Juliachs
- Laboratori de Recerca Translacional, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss several important developments in the diagnosis, management, and risk stratification of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) in the past year. RECENT FINDINGS Germ cell function and tumorigenesis may be influenced by exposure to a variety of agents, including metals and cannabinoids. Genome-wide association studies have identified variants in several genes that may produce susceptibility to the development of testicular malignancies, and expression of certain proteins predicts a poorer prognosis and may, thus, play a role in neoplastic progression. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection continues to play a crucial role in definitive treatment of patients with nonseminoma germ cell tumor, whereas radiotherapy, as a standard treatment for early-stage seminoma, has been declining due both to the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy and to the increased risk of radiation-related secondary malignancies. Advanced and platinum-refractory disease states continue to be challenging entities in terms of optimizing therapy and outcome. SUMMARY Preclinical and clinical studies continue to enhance our insights into the complex biology of TGCTs, and are helping to further refine risk stratification and optimize treatment of patients with TGCTs.
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18
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Juliachs M, Castillo-Ávila W, Vidal A, Piulats JM, Garcia Del Muro X, Condom E, Hernández-Losa J, Teixidó C, Pandiella A, Graupera M, Casanovas O, Germà JR, Villanueva A, Viñals F. ErbBs inhibition by lapatinib blocks tumor growth in an orthotopic model of human testicular germ cell tumor. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:235-46. [PMID: 23292912 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have analyzed the expression of different members of the ErbB family in human samples of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs). We observed expression of ErbB1 or ErbB2 in different tumor subtypes, but we also found high expression of ErbB3 in all GCTs tested. This pattern of expression was maintained when primary tumors were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. We have chosen a choriocarcinoma model characterized by high levels of ErbB1, but also of ErbB2 and ErbB3, to assay the in vivo effect of ErbB inhibitors on tumoral growth. Our results showed a complete lack of effect (refractoriness) to the pure ErbB1 receptor inhibitors cetuximab and gefitinib. While these inhibitors blocked ErbB1 phosphorylation, ErbB2 phosphorylation was not affected, suggesting an ErbB1-independent activation of this receptor. To confirm the importance of ErbB2 activation, animals were treated with lapatinib, a dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 inhibitor. Lapatinib treatment caused a 50% inhibition in tumor growth, an effect correlated with a blockade of both ErbB1 and ErbB2 phosphorylation levels, and of downstream signaling pathways (Akt, ERKs and Stat3). ErbB2 activation could still occur due to the formation of ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimers, and ErbB3 activation was completely inhibited by lapatinib. Finally, combined inhibition of ErbB1 (gefitinib) and ErbB3 activities (knockdown expression by shRNA) inhibited tumoral testicular cells proliferation in a similar way to lapatinib. Our results explain why lapatinib but not anti-ErbB1 agents might be effective for treatment of testicular GCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Juliachs
- Laboratori de Recerca Translacional, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain
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19
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Acute hypersensitivity of pluripotent testicular cancer-derived embryonal carcinoma to low-dose 5-aza deoxycytidine is associated with global DNA Damage-associated p53 activation, anti-pluripotency and DNA demethylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53003. [PMID: 23300844 PMCID: PMC3531428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are the stem cells of nonseminoma testicular germ cells tumors (TGCTs) and share remarkable similarities to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. In prior work we found that EC cells are hypersensitive to low nanomolar doses of 5-aza deoxycytidine (5-aza) and that this hypersensitivity partially depended on unusually high levels of the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT3B. We show here that low-dose 5-aza treatment results in DNA damage and induction of p53 in NT2/D1 cells. In addition, low-dose 5-aza results in global and gene specific promoter DNA hypomethylation. Low-dose 5-aza induces a p53 transcriptional signature distinct from that induced with cisplatin in NT2/D1 cells and also uniquely downregulates genes associated with pluripotency including NANOG, SOX2, GDF3 and Myc target genes. Changes in the p53 and pluripotency signatures with 5-aza were to a large extent dependent on high levels of DNMT3B. In contrast to the majority of p53 target genes upregulated by 5-aza that did not show DNA hypomethylation, several other genes induced with 5-aza had corresponding decreases in promoter methylation. These genes include RIN1, SOX15, GPER, and TLR4 and are novel candidate tumors suppressors in TGCTs. Our studies suggest that the hypersensitivity of NT2/D1 cells to low-dose 5-aza is multifactorial and involves the combined activation of p53 targets, repression of pluripotency genes, and activation of genes repressed by DNA methylation. Low-dose 5-aza therapy may be a general strategy to treat those tumors that are sustained by cells with embryonic stem-like properties.GEO NUMBER FOR THE MICROARRAY DATA: GSE42647.
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Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell cancer: still more questions than answers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 34:e2-6. [PMID: 21790651 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Vega A, Baptissart M, Caira F, Brugnon F, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Epigenetic: a molecular link between testicular cancer and environmental exposures. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:150. [PMID: 23230429 PMCID: PMC3515880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, studies in rodents have highlighted links between in utero and/or neonatal exposures to molecules that alter endocrine functions and the development of genital tract abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and impaired spermatogenesis. Most of these molecules, called endocrine disrupters exert estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities. These data led to the hypothesis of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome which postulates that these disorders are one clinical entity and are linked by epidemiological and pathophysiological relations. Furthermore, infertility has been stated as a risk factor for testicular cancer (TC). The incidence of TC has been increasing over the past decade. Most of testicular germ cell cancers develop through a pre-invasive carcinoma in situ from fetal germ cells (primordial germ cell or gonocyte). During their development, fetal germ cells undergo epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, several lines of evidence have shown that gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms (DNA and histone modifications) plays an important role in normal development as well as in various diseases, including TC. Here we will review chromatin modifications which can affect testicular physiology leading to the development of TC; and highlight potential molecular pathways involved in these alterations in the context of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Vega
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Baptissart
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Caira
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Brugnon
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A. Lobaccaro
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H. Volle
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103Aubière, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalClermont-Ferrand, France
- Génétique Reproduction et Développement, CNRS, UMR 6293Aubière, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d’AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: David H. Volle, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, INSERM U 1103, CNRS, UMR 6293, Clermont Université, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63171 Aubière Cedex, France. e-mail:
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