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Tochitani T, Sasaki Y, Nishimura N, Fujii Y, Iwaisako T, Umeya N, Hashimoto M, Inada H, Chihara K, Miyawaki I. Effects of microsampling on toxicity assessment of hematotoxic compounds in a general toxicity study in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:269-276. [PMID: 35786678 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microsampling (MS) has been increasingly used in toxicity studies reducing animal use for toxicokinetic analysis. However, especially for drugs with hematotoxic properties, the potential effects of MS on hematological parameters and subsequent toxicity assessment should be considered, while such properties are frequently unknown at the discovery stage. Here, we conducted a rat 2-week study of hematotoxic compounds and evaluated the effects of MS on toxicity assessment. Six-week-old female SD rats were orally dosed with vehicle, methylene blue trihydrate (MB: 300 mg/kg/day), or azathioprine (AZP: 12 and 24 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. Each treatment group was divided into non-MS and MS subgroups, and in the MS subgroups, 50 μL/time point of blood was collected from the jugular vein at 7 time points each on Days 1 and 13 of dosing. The test items included clinical signs, body weight, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, necropsy, organ weight, and histopathology. In the MB non-MS subgroup, there were low values in red blood cell parameters, high values in reticulocytes and bilirubin, and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis, reflecting hemolytic anemia. In the AZP non-MS subgroup, there were low values of red and white blood cell parameters and decreased cellularity in the bone marrow, reflecting myelosuppression. The effects of MB and AZP were similarly observed in the MS subgroups, and the effects of MS on the toxicological endpoints were generally small. Based on these results, the effects of MS on toxicity assessment were considered to be small in rat toxicity studies even for hematotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuta Fujii
- Preclinical Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
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Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073975. [PMID: 35409337 PMCID: PMC8999472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320–400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280–335 and 335–430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm−1 to 1331 cm−1, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm−1 and 1330 cm−1 from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.
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Anyebe DA, Tajudeen YO, Shemishere UB, Yaro CA, Oladele EO, Maiyama MI. Methanol leaf extract of Cassia tora ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in BALB/c mice. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Al-Shahari EA, El Barky AR, Mohamed TM, Alm-Eldeen AA. Doxorubicin, L-arginine, or their combination as a prophylactic agent against hepatic carcinoma in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37661-37671. [PMID: 33721166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the ten most commonly diagnosed cancers. Doxorubicin is an antibiotic used in cancer treatment protocols that has several side effects. L-Arginine is a non-essential amino acid that is used as immune system activation and antitumor drugs. Therefore, the current study was designed to compare using doxorubicin, L-arginine, or their combination as a prophylactic agent against hepatic carcinoma induced by hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) injection in mice. The mice were divided into five groups: normal mice and mice that received HepG2, doxorubicin and HepG2, L-arginine and HepG2, and doxorubicin, L-Arginine, and HepG2, respectively. Liver function test as, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), caspase 3, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrotic factor (TNF), lipid peroxidation (NDA), and some antioxidant parameters were determined. A significant increase in AST and ALT, α-fetoprotein, TNF-α, and cytokines IL6 and MDA and a significant decrease in the serum caspase and liver catalase were determined in HepG2-injected mice. Moreover, some large hyperchromatic heptocytes were observed and the percentage of the positive area/field of HepPar-1, the most specific HCC marker, was 9.56%. Interestingly, mice that received doxorubicin, L-arginine, or their combination showed an improvement in some of the previous parameters. The improvement was more prominent with L-arginine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Al-Shahari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khaled University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Amira Ragab El Barky
- Biochemistry Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Wongin S, Wangdee C, Nantavisai S, Banlunara W, Nakbunnum R, Waikakul S, Chotiyarnwong P, Roytrakul S, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Evaluation of osteochondral-like tissues using human freeze-dried cancellous bone and chondrocyte sheets to treat osteochondral defects in rabbits. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4701-4716. [PMID: 34019604 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with human chondrocyte sheets have recently been used to construct an osteochondral-like tissue, which resembled a cartilage layer on a subchondral bone layer. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these human tissues in a xenogeneic model has been rarely reported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of human freeze-dried cancellous bones combined with human chondrocyte sheets for the treatment of osteochondral defects in rabbits. The key roles of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and released cytokines in these tissues in osteochondral repair were also assessed. Triple-layered chondrocyte sheets were constructed using a temperature-responsive culture surface. Then, they were placed onto cancellous bone to form chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues. The immunostaining of collagen type II (COL2) and the proteomic analysis of the human tissues were carried out before the transplantation. In our in vitro study, the triple-layered chondrocyte sheets adhered well on the cancellous bone, and the COL2 expression was apparent throughout the tissue structures. From the proteomic analysis results, it was found that the major function of the secreted proteins found in these tissues was protein binding. The distinct pathways were focal adhesion and the ECM-receptor interaction pathways. Among the highly expressed proteins, laminin-alpha 5 (LAMA5) and fibronectin (FN) not only played roles in the protein binding and ECM-receptor interaction, but also were involved in the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. At 12 weeks after xenogeneic transplantation, compared to the control group, the defects treated with the chondrocyte sheets showed more hyaline-like cartilage tissue, as indicated by the abundance of safranin-O and COL2 with a partial collagen type I (COL1) expression. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks, compared to the defects treated with the cancellous bone, the staining of safranin-O and COL2 was more apparent in the defects treated with the chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues. Therefore, the human chondrocyte sheets and chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues provide a potential treatment for rabbit femoral condyle defect. LAMA5 and FN found in these human xenografts and their culture media might play key roles in the ECM-receptor interaction and might be involved in the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopita Wongin
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
| | - Chalika Wangdee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sirirat Nantavisai
- Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Veterinary Stem Cells and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Rapeepat Nakbunnum
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Saranatra Waikakul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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Galimberti F, McBride J, Cronin M, Li Y, Fox J, Abrouk M, Herbst A, Kirsner RS. Evidence-based best practice advice for patients treated with systemic immunosuppressants in relation to COVID-19. Clin Dermatol 2020; 38:775-780. [PMID: 32419721 PMCID: PMC7224642 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant uncertainty among physicians and patients about the safety of immunosuppressive medications used for the management of dermatologic conditions. We review available data on commonly used immunosuppressants and their effect on viral infections beyond COVID-19. Notably, the effect of some immunosuppressants on viruses related to SARS-CoV2, including SARS and MERS, has been previously investigated. In the absence of data on the effect of immunosuppressants on COVID-19, these data could be used to make clinical decisions on initiation and continuation of immunosuppressive medications during this pandemic. In summary, we recommend considering the discontinuation of oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and prednisone; considering the delay of rituximab infusion; and suggesting the careful continuation of cyclosporine, mycophenolate, azathioprine, methotrexate, and biologics in patients currently benefitting from such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Galimberti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey McBride
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Megan Cronin
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yumeng Li
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua Fox
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Abrouk
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexander Herbst
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert S Kirsner
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Korangath P, Barnett JD, Sharma A, Henderson ET, Stewart J, Yu SH, Kandala SK, Yang CT, Caserto JS, Hedayati M, Armstrong TD, Jaffee E, Gruettner C, Zhou XC, Fu W, Hu C, Sukumar S, Simons BW, Ivkov R. Nanoparticle interactions with immune cells dominate tumor retention and induce T cell-mediated tumor suppression in models of breast cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1601. [PMID: 32232146 PMCID: PMC7096167 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The factors that influence nanoparticle fate in vivo following systemic delivery remain an area of intense interest. Of particular interest is whether labeling with a cancer-specific antibody ligand ("active targeting") is superior to its unlabeled counterpart ("passive targeting"). Using models of breast cancer in three immune variants of mice, we demonstrate that intratumor retention of antibody-labeled nanoparticles was determined by tumor-associated dendritic cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages and not by antibody-antigen interactions. Systemic exposure to either nanoparticle type induced an immune response leading to CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor growth delay that was independent of antibody therapeutic activity. These results suggest that antitumor immune responses can be induced by systemic exposure to nanoparticles without requiring a therapeutic payload. We conclude that immune status of the host and microenvironment of solid tumors are critical variables for studies in cancer nanomedicine and that nanoparticle technology may harbor potential for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Korangath
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - James D. Barnett
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Henderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jacqueline Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sri Kamal Kandala
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA
| | - Chun-Ting Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Julia S. Caserto
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mohammad Hedayati
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Todd D. Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | - Xian C. Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Brian W. Simons
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21218, USA
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8
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Kemmerling J, Fehlert E, Kuper CF, Rühl-Fehlert C, Stropp G, Vogels J, Krul C, Vohr HW. The transferability from rat subacute 4-week oral toxicity study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:326-42. [PMID: 25823813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent toxicity studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine and cyclosporine A, and two environmental chemicals, hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, results of subacute rat studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in humans. Although immune function has a high concordance in mammalian species, regarding the transferability from rodents to humans various factors have to be taken into account. In rats, sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and humans as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. Hexachlorobenzene gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced inflammation was observed, whereas in primates liver toxicity seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in hexachlorobenzene-treatment. Immune function tests in rats gave evidence of a reaction to systemic inflammation rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from humans are likewise equivocal. In the case of benzo[a]pyrene, the immune system was the most sensitive target in rats. In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including rat and human was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the rat study had, however, no realistic relation to human exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to humans related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of human immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kemmerling
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Medicine IV, Eberhard-Karls University, Otfried-Müller Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela Stropp
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-Product Stewardship Industrial Chemicals, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jack Vogels
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille Krul
- TNO Innovation for Life, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- Bayer Pharma AG, GDD-GED-TOX-IT-Immunotoxicology, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Yadav NK, Shukla P, Omer A, Singh P, Singh RK. Alternative methods in toxicology: CFU assays application, limitation and future prospective. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:1-12. [PMID: 25678196 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.994217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Blood is a fluid connective tissue which plays a vital role for normal body function. It consist different type of blood cells which is continuously reproduce inside the bone marrow from hematopoietic system. Xenobiotics could be specifically toxic to the hematopoietic system and they can cause hematological disorders by disturbing the normal functions. In vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays play a crucial role to evaluate potential toxic effects of new xenobiotics and also helpful in bridging the gap between preclinical toxicology studies in animal models and clinical investigations. Use of these assays in conjunction with, high-throughput screening reduces the cost and time associated with these assays. This article provides a critical view over in vitro hematopoietic colony-forming cell assays in assessment of hematotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar Yadav
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and
| | - Pooja Shukla
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Ankur Omer
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - Poonam Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
| | - R K Singh
- a Hematological Facility, Division of Toxicology , CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India and.,b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , New Delhi , India
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Molyneux G, Andrews M, Sones W, York M, Barnett A, Quirk E, Yeung W, Turton J. Haemotoxicity of busulphan, doxorubicin, cisplatin and cyclophosphamide in the female BALB/c mouse using a brief regimen of drug administration. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 27:13-40. [PMID: 20589437 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs are myelotoxic and cause bone marrow depression; however, generally, the marrow/blood returns to normal after treatment. Nevertheless, after the administration of some anti-neoplastic agents (e.g. busulphan, BU) under conditions as yet undefined, the marrow may begin a return towards normal, but normality may not be achieved, and late-stage/residual marrow injury may be evident. The present studies were conducted to develop a short-term mouse model (a 'screen') to identify late-stage/residual marrow injury using a brief regimen of drug administration. Female BALB/c mice were treated with BU, doxorubicin (DOX), cisplatin (CISPLAT) or cyclophosphamide (CYCLOPHOS) on days 1, 3 and 5. In 'preliminary studies', a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for each drug was determined for use in 'main studies'. In main studies, mice were treated with vehicle (control), low and high (the MTD) dose levels of each agent. Necropsies were performed, and blood parameters and femoral/humeral nucleated marrow cell counts (FNCC/HNCC) were assessed on six occasions (from days 1 to 60/61 post-dosing). Late-stage/residual changes were apparent in BU-treated mice at day 61 post-dosing: RBC, Hb and haematocrit were reduced, mean cell volume/mean cell haemoglobin were increased and platelet and FNCC counts were decreased. Mice given DOX, CISPLAT and CYCLOPHOS, in general, showed no clear late-stage/residual effects (day 60/61). It was concluded that a brief regimen of drug administration, at an MTD, with assessment at day 60/61 post-dosing was a suitable short-term method/screen in the mouse for detecting late-stage/residual marrow injury for BU, a drug shown to exhibit these effects in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Molyneux
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Toxicology, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London, UK.
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Parent-Massin D, Hymery N, Sibiril Y. Stem cells in myelotoxicity. Toxicology 2009; 267:112-7. [PMID: 19883721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myelotoxicity describes bone marrow failure due to adverse effect of xenobiotic on hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is a complex system in which pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) differentiate into many highly specialized circulating blood cells involving the interaction of many cell types as well as the interaction of local and systemic growth factors. With respect to blood cell formation, two functional systems must be considered: the hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) and the progenitor cells, on one hand, and the stromal cells, which constitute the hematopoietic environment niche, on the other hand. There are three types of assays for hematopoietic progenitor clonogenic assays useable in myelotoxicology: CFU-GM assay for Colony Forming Unit Granulocyte and Macrophage, BFU-E assay for Burst Forming Unit Erythroid, and CFU-MK assay for Colony Forming Unit Megakaryocyte from several species as well as from murine as from mammalian and human. Clonogenic assays have been used to detect myelotoxicity induced by chemicals, drug, food and environmental contaminants. Designs and applications are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Parent-Massin
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire, EA 3880, Université Europeene de Bretagne, Université de Brest, 29200 Brest, France.
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