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Pečar Fonović U, Kos J, Mitrović A. Compensational role between cathepsins. Biochimie 2024:S0300-9084(24)00085-3. [PMID: 38663456 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a family of lysosomal peptidases, play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating protein turnover and degradation as well as many specific regulatory actions that are important for proper cell function and human health. Alterations in the activity and expression of cathepsins have been observed in many diseases such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, bone remodelling-related conditions and others. These changes are not exclusively harmful, but rather appear to be a compensatory response on the lack of one cathepsin in order to maintain tissue integrity. The upregulation of specific cathepsins in response to the inhibition or dysfunction of other cathepsins suggests a fine-tuned system of proteolytic balance and understanding the compensatory role of cathepsins may improve therapeutic potential of cathepsin's inhibitors. Selectively targeting one cathepsin or modulating their activity could offer new treatment strategies for a number of diseases. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive research into cathepsin biology in the context of disease. The identification of the specific cathepsins involved in compensatory responses, the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and the development of targeted interventions could lead to innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urša Pečar Fonović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Toader C, Eva L, Bratu BG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Ciurea AV. Intracranial Aneurysms and Genetics: An Extensive Overview of Genomic Variations, Underlying Molecular Dynamics, Inflammatory Indicators, and Forward-Looking Insights. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1454. [PMID: 37891822 PMCID: PMC10605587 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review initiates by outlining the clinical relevance of IA, underlining the pressing need to comprehend its foundational elements. We delve into the assorted risk factors tied to IA, spotlighting both environmental and genetic influences. Additionally, we illuminate distinct genetic syndromes linked to a pronounced prevalence of intracranial aneurysms, underscoring the pivotal nature of genetics in this ailment's susceptibility. A detailed scrutiny of genome-wide association studies allows us to identify key genomic changes and locations associated with IA risk. We further detail the molecular and physiopathological dynamics instrumental in IA's evolution and escalation, with a focus on inflammation's role in affecting the vascular landscape. Wrapping up, we offer a glimpse into upcoming research directions and the promising horizons of personalized therapeutic strategies in IA intervention, emphasizing the central role of genetic insights. This thorough review solidifies genetics' cardinal role in IA, positioning it as a cornerstone resource for professionals in the realms of neurology and genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Eva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu”, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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The mechanism and therapy of aortic aneurysms. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:55. [PMID: 36737432 PMCID: PMC9898314 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is a chronic aortic disease affected by many factors. Although it is generally asymptomatic, it poses a significant threat to human life due to a high risk of rupture. Because of its strong concealment, it is difficult to diagnose the disease in the early stage. At present, there are no effective drugs for the treatment of aneurysms. Surgical intervention and endovascular treatment are the only therapies. Although current studies have discovered that inflammatory responses as well as the production and activation of various proteases promote aortic aneurysm, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Researchers are further exploring the pathogenesis of aneurysms to find new targets for diagnosis and treatment. To better understand aortic aneurysm, this review elaborates on the discovery history of aortic aneurysm, main classification and clinical manifestations, related molecular mechanisms, clinical cohort studies and animal models, with the ultimate goal of providing insights into the treatment of this devastating disease. The underlying problem with aneurysm disease is weakening of the aortic wall, leading to progressive dilation. If not treated in time, the aortic aneurysm eventually ruptures. An aortic aneurysm is a local enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the aortic wall. The disease is usually asymptomatic but leads to high mortality due to the risk of artery rupture.
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4
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Smyth P, Sasiwachirangkul J, Williams R, Scott CJ. Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in health and disease - A treasure trove of untapped clinical potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101106. [PMID: 35868042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the lysosomal cysteine cathepsin family of proteases, cathepsin S (CTSS) holds particular interest due to distinctive properties including a normal restricted expression profile, inducible upregulation and activity at a broad pH range. Consequently, while CTSS is well-established as a member of the proteolytic cocktail within the lysosome, degrading unwanted and damaged proteins, it has increasingly been shown to mediate a number of distinct, more selective roles including antigen processing and antigen presentation, and cleavage of substrates both intra and extracellularly. Increasingly, aberrant CTSS expression has been demonstrated in a variety of conditions and disease states, marking it out as both a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. This review seeks to contextualise CTSS within the cysteine cathepsin family before providing an overview of the broad range of pathologies in which roles for CTSS have been identified. Additionally, current clinical progress towards specific inhibitors is detailed, updating the position of the field in exploiting this most unique of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Jutharat Sasiwachirangkul
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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5
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Bian H, Wang Y, Wu P, Han N, Wang L, Li X, Zhang X, Cho K, Zhang Y, Yin J, Jiang B. Rosmarinic Acid Suppresses Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:899-912. [PMID: 34741296 DOI: 10.1055/a-1659-3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening cardiovascular disorder caused by dissection and rupture. No effective medicine is currently available for the > 90% of patients whose aneurysms are below the surgical threshold. The present study investigated the impact of rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, or salvianolic acid B on experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Abdominal aortic aneurysms were induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via infusion of angiotensin II for 4 wks. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, salvianolic acid B, or doxycycline as a positive control was provided daily through intraperitoneal injection. Administration of rosmarinic acid was found to decrease the thickness of the aortic wall, as determined by histopathological assay. Rosmarinic acid also exhibited protection against elastin fragmentation in aortic media and down-regulated cell apoptosis and proliferation in the aortic adventitia. Infiltration of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils in aortic aneurysms was found, especially at the aortic adventitia. Rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid C, or salvianolic acid B inhibited the infiltration on macrophages specifically, but these compounds did not influence T lymphocytes and neutrophils. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor significantly increased in aortic aneurysms. Rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid C decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in media, and rosmarinic acid also tended to reduce migration inhibitory factor expression. Further then, partial least squares-discriminate analysis was used to classify metabolic changes among different treatments. Rosmarinic acid affected most of the metabolites in the biosynthesis of the citrate cycle, fatty acid pathway significantly. Our present study on mice demonstrated that rosmarinic acid inhibited multiple pathological processes, which were the key features important in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Further study on rosmarinic acid, the novel candidate for aneurysmal therapy, should be undertaken to determine its potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimiao Bian
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Jinghong, Yunnan, China
- Metabo-Profile Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Han
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - XianJing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenka Cho
- Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Hanayashiki-Midorigaoka, Takarazuka-city, Japan
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Jinghong, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road #103, Shenyang, China
| | - Baohong Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Rombouts KB, van Merrienboer TAR, Ket JCF, Bogunovic N, van der Velden J, Yeung KK. The role of vascular smooth muscle cells in the development of aortic aneurysms and dissections. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13697. [PMID: 34698377 PMCID: PMC9285394 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic aneurysms (AA) are pathological dilations of the aorta, associated with an overall mortality rate up to 90% in case of rupture. In addition to dilation, the aortic layers can separate by a tear within the layers, defined as aortic dissections (AD). Vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) are the predominant cell type within the aortic wall and dysregulation of vSMC functions contributes to AA and AD development and progression. However, since the exact underlying mechanism is poorly understood, finding potential therapeutic targets for AA and AD is challenging and surgery remains the only treatment option. METHODS In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vSMC functions within the aortic wall and give an overview of how vSMC functions are altered in AA and AD pathogenesis, organized per anatomical location (abdominal or thoracic aorta). RESULTS Important functions of vSMC in healthy or diseased conditions are apoptosis, phenotypic switch, extracellular matrix regeneration and degradation, proliferation and contractility. Stressors within the aortic wall, including inflammatory cell infiltration and (epi)genetic changes, modulate vSMC functions and cause disturbance of processes within vSMC, such as changes in TGF-β signalling and regulatory RNA expression. CONCLUSION This review underscores a central role of vSMC dysfunction in abdominal and thoracic AA and AD development and progression. Further research focused on vSMC dysfunction in the aortic wall is necessary to find potential targets for noninvasive AA and AD treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn B Rombouts
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tara A R van Merrienboer
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Natalija Bogunovic
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda van der Velden
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kak Khee Yeung
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Athero-occlusive Disease Appears to be Associated with Slower Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth: An Exploratory Analysis of the TEDY Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022; 63:632-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Kulkarni R, Andraska E, McEnaney R. Structural Remodeling of the Extracellular Matrix in Arteriogenesis: A Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:761007. [PMID: 34805316 PMCID: PMC8602576 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.761007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower extremity arterial occlusive disease (AOD) results in significant morbidity and mortality for the population, with up to 10% of patients ultimately requiring amputation. An alternative method for non-surgical revascularization which is yet to be fully understood is the optimization of the body's own natural collateral arterial network in a process known as arteriogenesis. Under conditions of conductance vessel stenosis or occlusion resulting in increased flow, shear forces, and pressure gradients within collaterals, positive remodeling occurs to increase the diameter and capacity of these vessels. The creation of a distal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) will drive increased arteriogenesis as compared to collateral formation with the occlusion of a conductance vessel alone by further increasing flow through these arterioles, demonstrating the capacity for arteriogenesis to form larger, more efficient collaterals beyond what is spontaneously achieved after arterial occlusion. Arteries rely on an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of elastic fibers and collagens that provide stability under hemodynamic stress, and ECM remodeling is necessary to allow for increased diameter and flow conductance in mature arterial structures. When positive remodeling occurs, digestion of lamella and the internal elastic lamina (IEL) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and other elastases results in the rearrangement and thinning of elastic structures and may be replaced with disordered elastin synthesis without recovery of elastic function. This results in transmission of wall strain to collagen and potential for aneurysmal degeneration along collateral networks, as is seen in the pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) after celiac occlusion and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) with concurrent celiac and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusions. Further understanding into the development of collaterals is required to both better understand aneurysmal degeneration and optimize collateral formation in AOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kulkarni
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Andraska
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ryan McEnaney
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Hospitals Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Muniappan L, Okuyama M, Javidan A, Thiagarajan D, Jiang W, Moorleghen JJ, Yang L, Balakrishnan A, Howatt DA, Uchida HA, Saido TC, Subramanian V. Inducible Depletion of Calpain-2 Mitigates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1694-1709. [PMID: 33761765 PMCID: PMC8062307 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Angiotensin II
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/prevention & control
- Aortic Rupture/chemically induced
- Aortic Rupture/enzymology
- Aortic Rupture/genetics
- Aortic Rupture/prevention & control
- Calpain/deficiency
- Calpain/genetics
- Calpain/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeleton/enzymology
- Cytoskeleton/pathology
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Rats
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Muniappan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michihiro Okuyama
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aida Javidan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anju Balakrishnan
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haruhito A. Uchida
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, Okayama University School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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10
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Yodsanit N, Wang B, Zhao Y, Guo LW, Kent KC, Gong S. Recent progress on nanoparticles for targeted aneurysm treatment and imaging. Biomaterials 2020; 265:120406. [PMID: 32979792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized dilatation of the aorta that plagues millions. Its rupture incurs high mortality rates (~80-90%), pressing an urgent need for therapeutic methods to prevent this deadly outcome. Judiciously designed nanoparticles (NPs) have displayed a unique potential to fulfill this need. Aneurysms feature excessive inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. As such, typically inflammatory cells and exposed ECM proteins have been targeted with NPs for therapeutic, diagnostic, or theranostic purposes in experimental models. NPs have been used not only for encapsulation and delivery of drugs and biomolecules in preclinical tests, but also for enhanced imaging to monitor aneurysm progression in patients. Moreover, they can be readily modified with various molecules to improve lesion targeting, detectability, biocompatibility, and circulation time. This review updates on the progress, limitations, and prospects of NP applications in the context of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisakorn Yodsanit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, And Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, And Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - K Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, And Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Material Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
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11
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Camardo A, Carney S, Ramamurthi A. Assessing the targeting and fate of cathepsin k antibody-modified nanoparticles in a rat abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:225-233. [PMID: 32504690 PMCID: PMC10755341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), a prototypic proteolytic cardiovascular disorder, are localized expansions of the aortal wall. Chronically upregulated and overexpressed proteases irreversibly degrade and disrupt the elastic matrix, which provides stretch and recoil properties to the aortal wall. Adult vascular smooth muscle cells are inherently unable to produce sufficient elastin to form new elastic fibers to naturally repair the aortal wall and the AAA continues to grow until fatal rupture. Surgical intervention is reserved for AAAs with a high risk of rupture, but there is currently no treatment for small, still growing AAAs. We have previously developed matrix regenerative PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) with pro-elastogenic and anti-proteolytic properties that act synergistically with a released therapeutic. However, strategies are required to effectively deliver these NPs to the disease site to avail of these benefits. We have identified cathepsin K, a protease overexpressed in AAA tissue, as a potential substrate for antibody based active targeting. We sought to assess the safety and biocompatibility of NPs with anti-cathepsin K antibodies conjugated to the NP surface (cat K Ab-NPs) and then assess their biodistribution and retention in both the targeted aorta and non-target organs in a rat AAA model. In this work, we show that cat K Ab-NPs can selectively target the aneurysmal aorta in a rat AAA model. However, there is unwanted NP uptake and retention in non-target organs that can be addressed in future work. Still, cathepsin K is a viable target for active delivery of NPs in an AAA model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We have previously developed elastic matrix regenerative polymer nanoparticles (NPs), but require strategies to efficiently target the disease site. Antibodies against cathepsin K, an overexpressed protease in abdominal aortic aneurysms, have been conjugated to the NP surface to act as a targeting moiety. In this work, we assessed NP safety and in vivo biodistribution in an aneurysmal rat model and demonstrated positive targeting and retention for up to 2 weeks within the aortal wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Camardo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sarah Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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12
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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Quaglino D, Boraldi F, Lofaro FD. The biology of vascular calcification. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:261-353. [PMID: 32475476 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), characterized by different mineral deposits (i.e., carbonate apatite, whitlockite and hydroxyapatite) accumulating in blood vessels and valves, represents a relevant pathological process for the aging population and a life-threatening complication in acquired and in genetic diseases. Similarly to bone remodeling, VC is an actively regulated process in which many cells and molecules play a pivotal role. This review aims at: (i) describing the role of resident and circulating cells, of the extracellular environment and of positive and negative factors in driving the mineralization process; (ii) detailing the types of VC (i.e., intimal, medial and cardiac valve calcification); (iii) analyzing rare genetic diseases underlining the importance of altered pyrophosphate-dependent regulatory mechanisms; (iv) providing therapeutic options and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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14
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Lai CH, Chang JY, Wang KC, Lee FT, Wu HL, Cheng TL. Pharmacological Inhibition of Cathepsin S Suppresses Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2020; 59:990-999. [PMID: 32033870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that cathepsin S (CTSS), a potent mammalian elastase, participates in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. This study examines the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of CTSS with an α-ketoamide based compound 6r might suppress AAA in mice. METHODS Experimental study of the CaCl2 induced AAA model in B6 mice and angiotensin II (AngII) infused AAA model in ApoE-/- mice. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of 6r (25 mg/kg) and vehicle every three days since one day after AAA induction were evaluated at 28 days using CaCl2 induced (n = 12 per group) and AngII infused (n = 8 per group) models. Additionally, the effects of post-treatment with 6r and vehicle from seven days or 14 days after AAA induction were evaluated at 28 days using the CaCl2 induced model (n = 6 per group). Aortic samples were harvested for histological and biochemical analyses, including cathepsin levels, Verhoeff Van Gieson staining, TUNEL assay, and immunostaining for macrophages. RESULTS In the CaCl2 induced model, treatment with 6r suppressed aortic dilatation observed in vehicle treated controls (median: 0.58 vs. 0.92 mm; p < .001), along with reduced CTSS and cathepsin K (CTSK) levels (both p < .001), preserved elastin integrity (p < .001), fewer medial apoptotic cells (p = .012) and less macrophage infiltration (p = .041). In the AngII infused model, the aortic diameter was smaller in 6r treated mice than in vehicle treated controls (median: 0.95 vs. 1.84 mm; p = .047). The levels of CTSS (p < .001) and CTSK (p = .033) and the numbers of elastin breaks (p < .001), medial apoptotic cells (p < .001) and infiltrating macrophages (p = .030) were attenuated under 6r treatment. Finally, post-treatment with 6r from seven days (p = .046) or 14 days (p = .012) after AAA induction limited CaCl2 induced AAA. CONCLUSION Pharmacological inhibition of CTSS by 6r suppresses AAA formation in mice. Also, post-treatment with 6r retards mouse AAA progression. These findings provide proof of concept validation for CTSS as a potential therapeutic target in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Han Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Cheng
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Orthopaedic Research Centre, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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15
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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16
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Let-7f: A New Potential Circulating Biomarker Identified by miRNA Profiling of Cells Isolated from Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215499. [PMID: 31694153 PMCID: PMC6862487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a progressive vascular disease responsible for 1–4% of the deaths in elderly men. This study aimed to characterize specific microRNA (miRNA) expression in aneurysmal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages in order to identify circulating miRNAs associated with AAA. We screened 850 miRNAs in aneurysmal SMCs, M1 and M2 macrophages, and in control SMCs isolated by micro-dissection from aortic biopsies using microarray analysis. In all, 92 miRNAs were detected and 10 miRNAs were selected for validation by qRT-PCR in isolated cells (n = 5), whole control and aneurysmal aorta biopsies (n = 13), and plasma from patients (n = 24) undergoing AAA (over 50 mm) repair matched to patients (n = 18) with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with atherosclerosis but not AAA. Seven miRNAs were modulated similarly in all aneurysmal cells. The Let-7f was downregulated in aneurysmal cells compared to control SMCs with a significant lower expression in M1 compared to M2 macrophages (0.1 fold, p = 0.03), correlated with a significant downregulation in whole aneurysmal aorta compared to control aorta (0.2 fold, p = 0.03). Significant levels of circulating let-7f (p = 0.048) were found in AAA patients compared to PAD patients with no significant correlation with aortic diameter (R2 = 0.03). Our study underlines the utility of profiling isolated aneurysmal cells to identify other miRNAs for which the modulation of expression might be masked when the whole aorta is used. The results highlight let-7f as a new potential biomarker for AAA.
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17
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Hu D, Yin C, Luo S, Habenicht AJR, Mohanta SK. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute to Atherosclerosis Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1101. [PMID: 31164888 PMCID: PMC6534067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) constitute the major cells in the media layer of arteries, and are critical to maintain the integrity of the arterial wall. They participate in arterial wall remodeling, and play important roles in atherosclerosis throughout all stages of the disease. Studies demonstrate that VSMCs can adopt numerous phenotypes depending on inputs from endothelial cells (ECs) of the intima, resident cells of the adventitia, circulating immune cells, hormones, and plasma lipoproteins. This plasticity allows them to perform multiple tasks in physiology and disease. In this minireview, we focus on a previously underappreciated activity of VSMCs, i.e., their impact on atherosclerosis immunity via formation of artery tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas J R Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarajo K Mohanta
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Wang Y, Liu CL, Lindholt JS, Shi GP, Zhang J. Plasma Cystatin B Association With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Need for Later Surgical Repair: A Sub-study of the VIVA Trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 56:826-832. [PMID: 30262158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND The development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) involves extensive extracellular matrix remodelling, leading to aortic wall weakening. This process is mediated by proteases, including cysteinyl cathepsins. Cystatins are their endogenous inhibitors. This study tested whether plasma cystatin B levels in patients with AAA differed from those of healthy controls. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with AAA and age matched controls were selected from the Viborg Vascular (VIVA) screening trial for AAA. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay determined plasma cystatin B. T-test, logistic regression, Pearson's correlation and Cox regression tested whether plasma cystatin B correlates with AAA size and growth rate, or serves as a marker for AAA. RESULTS Plasma cystatin B levels were significantly higher in patients with AAA than in controls (p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that cystatin B tertile at baseline was associated with the presence of AAA before (odds ratio [OR] 1.656; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and previous ischaemic events (OR 1.526; p < 0.001). A t-test showed a significant association between cystatin B and PAD at screening, hospital diagnosis of COPD, previous atherosclerotic events, and use of low dose aspirin. Pearson's correlation test showed positive and significant associations between cystatin B and AAA size (r = 0.15; p < 0.001). Cox regression test showed that plasma cystatin B tertile at baseline was associated with later AAA surgical repair before (hazard ratio [HR] 1.387; p < 0.001) and after adjustment for PAD, COPD, previous ischaemic event, and maximum infrarenal aortic diameter (HR 1.523; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In contrast to prior studies that showed that cystatin C is negatively associated with AAA development, this study demonstrated a positive association between cystatin B and AAA size and associations between cystatin B tertile at baseline and AAA presence and need for later surgical repair. It is possible that these two cystatins inhibit cathepsin activity and participate in AAA with different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Klaus V, Schmies F, Reeps C, Trenner M, Geisbüsch S, Lohoefer F, Eckstein HH, Pelisek J. Cathepsin S is associated with degradation of collagen I in abdominal aortic aneurysm. VASA 2018; 47:285-293. [PMID: 29624112 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsins have been described in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), their exact role, especially in collagen degradation, is still unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyse relevant cathepsins in human AAA tissue samples in relation to collagen I, III, and their degradation products. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 37 AAA patients obtained from elective open surgical repair and eight healthy non-aneurysmatic aortas from kidney donors were included. Expression of cathepsins B, D, K, L, S, cystatin C, collagen I and III, their degraded products C-Telopeptide of type 1 and 3 collagen (CTX-I, CTX-III), cellular markers for leukocytes (CD45), T cells (CD3), macrophage scavenger receptor-1 (MSR-1), synthetic, and contractile smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (smoothelin: SMTH, collagen I and III, myosin heavy chain: MHC, embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain: SMemb) were determined at messenger RNA (mRNA) level, using SYBRGreen-based quantitative PCR and at protein level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Expression of cathepsins B, D, L, and S at mRNA level was significantly elevated in AAA compared to control aorta (1.7-fold, p = 0.025; 2.5-fold, p = 0.002; 2.6-fold, p = 0.034; and 7.0-fold, p = 0.003). Expression of cathepsin S correlated significantly with leukocytes and macrophages (ρ = 0.398, p = 0.033 and ρ = 0.422, p = 0.020), synthetic SMCs were significantly associated with cathepsins B, D, and L (ρ = 0.522, p = 0.003; ρ = 0.431, p = 0.015 and ρ = 0.467, p = 0.008). At protein level, cathepsins B and S were elevated in AAA compared to controls (5.4-fold, p = 0.001 and 7.3-fold, p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between collagen I, its degraded product, and cathepsin S (r = -0.350, p = 0.034 and r = +0.504, p < 0.001). Expression of cathepsin B was associated with SMCs, expression of cathepsin S with inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS Particularly cathepsin S was associated with the degradation product of collagen I and thus might be involved in the progression of AAA. Furthermore, cathepsin S correlated with inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klaus
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fadwa Schmies
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Reeps
- 2 University Centre for Vascular Medicine and Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Trenner
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Geisbüsch
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Lohoefer
- 3 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- 1 Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Sun J, Deng H, Zhou Z, Xiong X, Gao L. Endothelium as a Potential Target for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6306542. [PMID: 29849906 PMCID: PMC5903296 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6306542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) was previously ascribed to weaken defective medial arterial/adventitial layers, for example, smooth muscle/fibroblast cells. Therefore, besides surgical repair, medications targeting the medial layer to strengthen the aortic wall are the most feasible treatment strategy for AAA. However, so far, it is unclear whether such drugs have any beneficial effect on AAA prognosis, rate of aneurysm growth, rupture, or survival. Notably, clinical studies have shown that AAA is highly associated with endothelial dysfunction in the aged population. Additionally, animal models of endothelial dysfunction and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling had a very high rate of AAA formation, indicating there is crucial involvement of the endothelium and a possible pharmacological solution targeting the endothelium in AAA treatment. Endothelial cells have been found to trigger vascular wall remodeling by releasing proteases, or recruiting macrophages along with other neutrophils, into the medial layer. Moreover, inflammation and oxidative stress of the arterial wall were induced by endothelial dysfunction. Interestingly, there is a paradoxical differential correlation between diabetes and aneurysm formation in retinal capillaries and the aorta. Deciphering the significance of such a difference may explain current unsuccessful AAA medications and offer a solution to this treatment challenge. It is now believed that AAA and atherosclerosis are two separate but related diseases, based on their different clinical patterns which have further complicated the puzzle. Therefore, a thorough investigation of the interaction between endothelium and medial/adventitial layer may provide us a better understanding and new perspective on AAA formation, especially after taking into account the importance of endothelium in the development of AAA. Moreover, a novel medication strategy replacing the currently used, but suboptimal treatments for AAA, could be informed with this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Vascular Surgery Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Vascular Surgery Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Neurosurgery Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Fu GX, Chen AF, Xu QM, Han BB, Huang GZ, Zhong Y. Cathepsin L deficiency results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and vascular cells activation. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:932-942. [PMID: 29041825 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1393665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a link between cathepsin L (CTSL) and vascular diseases. However, its contribution to reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the vasculature remains unknown. p66shc is a redox enzyme implicated in mitochondrial ROS generation and translation of oxidative signals. In this study, we explored the relationship between CTSL and oxidative damage in vasculature and whether the oxidative damage is mediated by p66shc.Carotid arteries from aged mice (24 months old) showed a reduction in CTSL expression compared with young wild-type mice (4 months old). Local knockdown of CTSL in carotid arteries of young mice by adenoviral vector encoding the short hairpin RNA targeting CTSL leading to premature vascular aging, as shown by mitochondrial disruption, increased β-galactosidase-positive cells, reduced telomerase activity, and up-regulation of p66shc. Knockdown of CTSL decreased the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I, III, and IV, leading to increased mitochondrial ROS and hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of CTSL also stimulated ROS production and senescence in vascular cells, accompanied by the up-regulation of p66shc.However, p66shc knockdown blunted the alteration in ROS production, and senescence in CTSL knockdown vascular cells. This study suggests that CTSL knockdown partially induces vascular cells damage via increased ROS production and up-regulation of p66shc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Fu
- a Department of Gerontology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Alex F Chen
- b Department of Surgery , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, and Vascular Surgery Research, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Qiu-Mei Xu
- c Department of Gerontology , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China, P R China
| | - Bei-Bei Han
- d Department of Cardiology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Gao-Zhong Huang
- e Department of Priority Ward , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- a Department of Gerontology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , No. 600 , Shanghai , P R China
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22
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Wu H, Du Q, Dai Q, Ge J, Cheng X. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:111-123. [PMID: 28978867 PMCID: PMC5827079 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Cysteine protease cathepsins play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in expression between cathepsins (such as cathepsins S, K, L, C) and their inhibitor cystatin C may favor proteolysis of ECM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, restenosis, and neovascularization. New insights into cathepsin functions have been made possible by the generation of knock-out mice and by the application of specific inhibitors. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression and activities of cathepsins in cultured vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, evaluations of the possibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that the circulating levels of cathepsin S, K, and L, and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C could be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, aneurysm, adiposity, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcification. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the mechanistic contributions of cathepsins to ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Qiuna Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Symbiotic gut commensal bacteria act as host cathepsin S activity regulators. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:82-95. [PMID: 27484364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a lysosomal protease whose activity regulation is important for MHC-II signaling and subsequent activation of CD4+ T cell mediated immune responses. Dysregulation of its enzymatic activity or enhanced secretion into extracellular environments is associated with the induction or progression of several autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate that commensal intestinal bacteria influence secretion rates and intracellular activity of host CTSS and that symbiotic bacteria, i.e. Bacteroides vulgatus mpk, may actively regulate this process and help to maintain physiological levels of CTSS activities in order to prevent from induction of pathological inflammation. The symbiont-controlled regulation of CTSS activity is mediated by anticipating reactive oxygen species induction in dendritic cells which, in turn, maintains cystatin C (CysC) monomer binding to CTSS. CysC monomers are potent endogenous CTSS inhibitors. This Bacteroides vulgatus caused and CysC dependent CTSS activity regulation is involved in the generation of tolerant intestinal dendritic cells contributing to prevention of T-cell mediated induction of colonic inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that symbionts of the intestinal microbiota regulate host CTSS activity and secretion and might therefore be an attractive approach to deal with CTSS associated autoimmune diseases.
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Wilkinson RDA, Williams R, Scott CJ, Burden RE. Cathepsin S: therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic potential. Biol Chem 2016; 396:867-82. [PMID: 25872877 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family. It is a lysosomal protease which can promote degradation of damaged or unwanted proteins in the endo-lysosomal pathway. Additionally, it has more specific roles such as MHC class II antigen presentation, where it is important in the degradation of the invariant chain. Unsurprisingly, mis-regulation has implicated cathepsin S in a variety of pathological processes including arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, where it becomes secreted and can act on extracellular substrates. In comparison to many other cysteine cathepsin family members, cathepsin S has uniquely restricted tissue expression and is more stable at a neutral pH, which supports its involvement and importance in localised disease microenvironments. In this review, we examine the known involvement of cathepsin S in disease, particularly with respect to recent work indicating its role in mediating pain, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. We provide an overview of current literature with regards cathepsin S as a therapeutic target, as well as its role and potential as a predictive diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in these diseases.
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Platt MO, Shockey WA. Endothelial cells and cathepsins: Biochemical and biomechanical regulation. Biochimie 2016; 122:314-23. [PMID: 26458976 PMCID: PMC4747805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are mechanosensitive proteases that are regulated not only by biochemical factors, but are also responsive to biomechanical forces in the cardiovascular system that regulate their expression and activity to participate in cardiovascular tissue remodeling. Their elastinolytic and collagenolytic activity have been implicated in atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms, and in heart valve disease, all of which are lined by endothelial cells that are the mechanosensitive monolayer of cells that sense and respond to fluid shear stress as the blood flows across the surfaces of the arteries and valve leaflets. Inflammatory cytokine signaling is integrated with biomechanical signaling pathways by the endothelial cells to transcribe, translate, and activate either the cysteine cathepsins to remodel the tissue or to express their inhibitors to maintain healthy cardiovascular tissue structure. Other cardiovascular diseases should now be included in the study of the cysteine cathepsin activation because of the additional biochemical cues they provide that merges with the already existing hemodynamics driving cardiovascular disease. Sickle cell disease causes a chronic inflammation including elevated TNFα and increased numbers of circulating monocytes that alter the biochemical stimulation while the more viscous red blood cells due to the sickling of hemoglobin alters the hemodynamics and is associated with accelerated elastin remodeling causing pediatric strokes. HIV-mediated cardiovascular disease also occurs earlier in than the broader population and the influence of HIV-proteins and antiretrovirals on endothelial cells must be considered to understand these accelerated mechanisms in order to identify new therapeutic targets for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu O Platt
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Suite 3015, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - W Andrew Shockey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive, Suite 3015, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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26
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Spear R, Boytard L, Blervaque R, Chwastyniak M, Hot D, Vanhoutte J, Staels B, Lemoine Y, Lamblin N, Pruvot FR, Haulon S, Amouyel P, Pinet F. Adventitial Tertiary Lymphoid Organs as Potential Source of MicroRNA Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11276-93. [PMID: 25993295 PMCID: PMC4463700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an inflammatory disease associated with marked changes in the cellular composition of the aortic wall. This study aims to identify microRNA (miRNA) expression in aneurysmal inflammatory cells isolated by laser microdissection from human tissue samples. The distribution of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, B and T lymphocytes, mast cells) was evaluated in human AAA biopsies. We observed in half of the samples that adventitial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs) with a thickness from 0.5 to 2 mm were located exclusively in the adventitia. Out of the 850 miRNA that were screened by microarray in isolated ATLOs (n = 2), 164 miRNAs were detected in ATLOs. The three miRNAs (miR-15a-3p, miR-30a-5p and miR-489-3p) with the highest expression levels were chosen and their expression quantified by RT-PCR in isolated ATLOs (n = 4), M1 (n = 2) and M2 macrophages (n = 2) and entire aneurysmal biopsies (n = 3). Except for the miR-30a-5p, a similar modulation was found in ATLOs and the two subtypes of macrophages. The modulated miRNAs were then evaluated in the plasma of AAA patients for their potential as AAA biomarkers. Our data emphasize the potential of miR-15a-3p and miR-30a-5p as biomarkers of AAA but also as triggers of ATLO evolution. Further investigations will be required to evaluate their targets in order to better understand AAA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaelle Spear
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Boytard
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Renaud Blervaque
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Maggy Chwastyniak
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - David Hot
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- INSERM U1011, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- INSERM U1011, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Yves Lemoine
- INSERM U1019, National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) Join Research Unit (UMR) 8204, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Nicolas Lamblin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | | | - Stephan Haulon
- INSERM U1008, Lille North of France University, Lille Regional University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Florence Pinet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1167, Lille Pasteur Institute, Lille North of France University, F-59000 Lille, France.
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27
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Figueiredo JL, Aikawa M, Zheng C, Aaron J, Lax L, Libby P, de Lima Filho JL, Gruener S, Fingerle J, Haap W, Hartmann G, Aikawa E. Selective cathepsin S inhibition attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with chronic renal disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1156-66. [PMID: 25680278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic renal disease (CRD) accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. The potent protease cathepsin S cleaves elastin and generates bioactive elastin peptides, thus promoting vascular inflammation and calcification. We hypothesized that selective cathepsin S inhibition attenuates atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic mice with CRD. CRD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in high-fat high-cholesterol fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. CRD mice received a diet admixed with 6.6 or 60 mg/kg of the potent and selective cathepsin S inhibitor RO5444101 or a control diet. CRD mice had significantly higher plasma levels of osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin (204%, 148%, and 55%, respectively; P < 0.05), which were inhibited by RO5444101 (60%, 40%, and 36%, respectively; P < 0.05). Near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging revealed a significant reduction in cathepsin activity in treated mice. RO5444101 decreased osteogenic activity. Histologic assessment in atherosclerotic plaque demonstrated that RO5444101 reduced immunoreactive cathepsin S (P < 0.05), elastin degradation (P = 0.01), plaque size (P = 0.01), macrophage accumulation (P < 0.01), growth differentiation factor-15 (P = 0.0001), and calcification (alkaline phosphatase activity, P < 0.01; osteocalcin, P < 0.05). Furthermore, cathepsin S inhibitor or siRNA significantly decreased expression of growth differentiation factor-15 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in a murine macrophage cell line and human primary macrophages. Systemic inhibition of cathepsin S attenuates the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in 5/6 nephrectomized mice, serving as a potential treatment for atherosclerosis in patients with CRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luiz Figueiredo
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | - Chunyu Zheng
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | - Jacob Aaron
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lax
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | - Peter Libby
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil
| | | | - Sabine Gruener
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Hoffman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Hoffman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Hoffman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Hartmann
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Hoffman La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Aikawa
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Brazil.
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Moran CS, Jose RJ, Biros E, Golledge J. Osteoprotegerin deficiency limits angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation and rupture in the apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2609-16. [PMID: 25301844 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mounting evidence links osteoprotegerin with cardiovascular disease. Elevated serum and aortic tissue osteoprotegerin are associated with the presence and growth of abdominal aortic aneurysm in humans; however, a role for osteoprotegerin in abdominal aortic aneurysm pathogenesis remains to be shown. We examined the functional significance of osteoprotegerin in aortic aneurysm using an Opg-deficient mouse model and in vitro investigations. APPROACH AND RESULTS Homozygous deletion of Opg in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE(-/-)Opg(-/-)) inhibited angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation. Survival free from aortic rupture was increased from 67% in ApoE(-/-)Opg(+/+) controls to 94% in ApoE(-/-)Opg(-/-) mice (P=0.040). Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and aortic expression for cathepsin S (CTSS), matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 after 7 days (early-phase) of angiotensin II infusion were significantly reduced in ApoE(-/-)Opg(-/-) mice compared with ApoE(-/-)Opg(+/+) controls. In addition, aortic expression of markers for an inflammatory phenotype in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in response to early-phase of angiotensin II infusion was significantly lower in Opg-deficient mice. In vitro, human abdominal aortic aneurysm vascular smooth muscle cells produced more CTSS and exhibited increased CTSS-derived elastolytic activity than healthy aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas recombinant human osteoprotegerin stimulated CTSS-dependent elastase activity in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a role for osteoprotegerin in aortic aneurysm through upregulation of CTSS, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 within the aorta, promoting an inflammatory phenotype in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in response to angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey S Moran
- From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (C.S.M., R.J.J., E.B., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.)
| | - Roby J Jose
- From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (C.S.M., R.J.J., E.B., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.)
| | - Erik Biros
- From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (C.S.M., R.J.J., E.B., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.)
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- From the Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (C.S.M., R.J.J., E.B., J.G.); and Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia (J.G.).
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29
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Cathepsins: a new culprit behind abdominal aortic aneurysm. Regen Med Res 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 25984324 PMCID: PMC4431531 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a fatal disease defined as an abdominal aortic diameter of 3.0 cm or more, where the abdominal aorta exceeds the normal diameter by more than 50%. Histopathological changes of AAA mainly include extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling at the abdominal aorta wall, but there is lack of specific drugs to treat AAA. Recent studies have reported that lysosomal cathepsins could induce vascular remodeling and AAA formation by regulating vascular inflammation, medial smooth muscle cell apoptosis, neovascularization, and protease expression. Thus, cathepsins are expected to become a new therapeutic target for AAA treatment.
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30
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Plasma levels of cathepsins L, K, and V and risks of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized population-based study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:100-105. [PMID: 23958260 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin L (CatL), cathepsin K (CatK), and cathepsin V (CatV) are potent elastases implicated in human arterial wall remodeling. Whether plasma levels of these cathepsins are altered in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma samples were collected from 476 male AAA patients and 200 age-matched male controls to determine CatL, CatK, and CatV levels by ELISA. Student's t-test demonstrated significantly higher plasma CatL levels in AAA patients than in controls (P < 0.0001), whereas CatK and CatV levels were lower in AAA patients than in controls (P = 0.052, P = 0.025). ROC curve analysis confirmed higher plasma CatL levels in AAA patients than in controls (P < 0.001). As potential confounders, current smoking and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aspirin, clopidogrel, and statins associated with significantly increased plasma CatL. Pearson's correlation test demonstrated that plasma CatL associated positively with CatS (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001), body-mass index (BMI) (r = 0.07, P = 0.047) and maximal aortic diameter (r = 0.29, P < 0.001), and negatively with lowest measured ankle-brachial index (ABI) (r = -0.22, P < 0.001). Plasma CatL remained associated positively with CatS (r = 0.43, P < 0.0001) and aortic diameter (r = 0.212, P < 0.001) and negatively with ABI (r = -0.10, P = 0.011) after adjusting for the aforementioned potential confounders in a partial correlation analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that plasma CatL was a risk factor of AAA before (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04, P < 0.001) and after (OR = 2.42, P < 0.001) the same confounder adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Correlation of plasma CatL levels with aortic diameter and the lowest ABI suggest that this cysteinyl protease plays a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of human peripheral arterial diseases and AAAs.
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31
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Salgado JV, Souza FL, Salgado BJ. How to understand the association between cystatin C levels and cardiovascular disease: Imbalance, counterbalance, or consequence? J Cardiol 2013; 62:331-5. [PMID: 23849291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The association of cystatin C with renal function has been studied for more than 25 years. Cystatin C has been described to have a better diagnostic performance than creatinine to assess renal function, particularly to detect small reductions in glomerular filtration rate. Recently, cystatin C has emerged as a strong predictor of incident or recurrent cardiovascular events and adverse outcomes in patients without kidney disease. Furthermore, it has been suggested that cystatin C concentrations are directly related to both inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the link between inflammation, atherogenesis, cardiovascular risk, and cystatin C is still poorly understood. This brief report discusses recent data, contrasting findings and possible mechanisms involved in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Salgado
- Kidney Disease Prevention Centre, Clinical Chemistry Service, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Francival Leite Souza
- Kidney Disease Prevention Centre, Cardiology Service, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil
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