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Somkutl G, Holsinger V. Microbial technologies in the production of low-lactose dairy foods / Tecnologías microbiológicas para la elaboración de productos lácteos con bajo contenido en lactosa. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108201329700300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Low-lactose milk products with 70% or more of the lactose hydrolysed by food grade β-galac tosidase enzymes of yeasts or fungi have become widely accepted for alleviating the symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This condition limits the intake of nutritious dairy foods by large segments of the world's population. Alternative approaches recently proposed for dealing with lactose maldigestion include the supplementation of milk with dormant dairy cultures, treatment of milk with sonicated or permeabilized cultures as food-grade sources of β-galactosidase and the use of cold-active enzymes to hydrolyse lactose in milk under refrigerated storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.A. Somkutl
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - V.H. Holsinger
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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2
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Oliveira de Medeiros F, Veiga Burkert CA, Juliano Kalil S. Purification of β-Galactosidase by Ion Exchange Chromatography: Elution Optimization Using an Experimental Design. Chem Eng Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Batra N, Singh J, Joshi A, Bhatia S. Applications of β-gal-III isozyme from Bacillus coagulans RCS3, in lactose hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:879-84. [PMID: 21855568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus coagulans RCS3 isolated from hot water springs secreted five isozymes i.e. β-gal I-V of β-galactosidase. β-gal III isozyme was purified using DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G 100 column chromatography. Its molecular weight characterization showed a single band at 315kD in Native PAGE, while two subunits of 50.1 and 53.7 kD in SDS PAGE. β-Gal III had pH optima in the range of 6-7 and temperature optima at 65°C. It preferred nitro-aryl-β-d-galactoside as substrate having K(m) of 4.16 mM with ONPG. More than 85% and 80% hydrolysis of lactose (1-5%, w/v) was recorded within 48 h of incubation at 55°C and 50°C respectively and pH range of 6-7. About 78-86% hydrolysis of lactose in various brands of standardized milk was recorded at incubation temperature of 50°C. These results marked the applications of β-gal III in processing of milk/whey industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Batra
- Dept. of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Chandigarh, India.
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4
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Pilipenko OS, Atyaksheva LF, Poltorak OM, Chukhrai ES. Dissociation and catalytic activity of oligomer forms of β-galactosidases. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602440706026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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O'Connell S, Walsh G. Purification and properties of a β-galactosidase with potential application as a digestive supplement. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007; 141:1-14. [PMID: 17625262 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 05/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional-based screening of crude beta-galactosidase activities from 42 yeast strains resulted in the selection of a single enzyme of potential interest as a digestive supplement. beta-Galactosidase produced by Kluyveromyces marxianus DSM5418 was purified to homogeneity by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatographies. The denatured (123 kDa) and native molecular masses (251 kDa) suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 6.8 and 37 degrees C, respectively. The unpurified beta-galactosidase in particular displayed a high level of stability when exposed to simulated intestinal conditions in vitro for 4 h. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass sectrometry analysis revealed that the enzyme's trypsin-generated peptide mass fingerprint shares several peptide fragment hits with beta-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis. This confirms the enzyme's identity and indicates that significant sequence homology exists between these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Connell
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences and MSSI, University of Limerick, Limerick City, Ireland
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6
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7
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Rojas-Melgarejo F, Marín-Iniesta F, Rodríguez-López JN, García-Cánovas F, García-Ruiz PA. Cinnamic carbohydrate esters show great versatility as supports for the immobilization of different enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Ladero M, Santos A, García-Ochoa F. Kinetic modelling of the thermal inactivation of an industrial β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Samoshina NM, Samoshin VV. The Michaelis constants ratio for two substrates with a series of fungal (mould and yeast) β-galactosidases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Numanoğlu Y, Sungur S. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis cell disruption and enzyme immobilization using a cellulose–gelatin carrier system. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Ladero M, Santos A, Garcı́a J, Carrascosa A, Pessela B, Garcı́a-Ochoa F. Studies on the activity and the stability of β-galactosidases from Thermus sp strain T2 and from Kluyveromyces fragilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Ladero M, Santos A, Garc�a-Ochoa F. Diffusion and chemical reaction rates with nonuniform enzyme distribution: An experimental approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20000220)72:4<458::aid-bit1007>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Kinetic modeling of lactose hydrolysis with an immobilized beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:583-592. [PMID: 11024521 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic model of the hydrolysis of lactose with a beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis immobilized on a commercial silica-alumina (KA-3, from Südchemie) has been determined. A wide experimental range of the main variables has been employed: temperature, concentrations of substrate, and products and concentration of enzyme. The runs were performed in a complex buffer with the salt composition of milk. The effect of pH and temperature on the stability and the activity of the enzyme have been studied. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was, approximately, seven. The immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free one at acidic pH, but more instable at basic pH. The maximum temperature used for the hydrolysis runs performed to select the kinetic model was 40 degrees C, so inactivation of the enzyme during the kinetic runs has been avoided. Agitation, concentration of enzyme in the solid and particle size were selected to ensure that the overall rate was that of the chemical reaction. Eleven kinetic models were proposed to fit experimental data, from first order to more complex ones, such as those taking into account inhibition by one of the compounds involved in the hydrolysis reaction. Applying statistical and physical criteria, a Michaelis-Menten model with a competitive inhibition by galactose has been selected. The model is able to fit the experimental data correctly in the wide experimental range studied. Finally, the model obtained is compared to the one selected in a previous work for the hydrolysis of lactose with the free enzyme.
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14
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Silva MED, Franco TT. Purification of microbial b-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis by bioaffinity partitioning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37141999000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the partitioning of b-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) by bioaffinity. PEG 4000 was chemically activated with thresyl chloride, and the biospecific ligand p-aminophenyl 1-thio-b-D-galactopyranoside (APGP) was attached to the activated PEG 4000. A new two-step method for extraction and purification of the enzyme b-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis was developed. In the first step, a system composed of 6% PEG 4000-APGP and 8% dextran 505 was used, where b-galactosidase was strongly partitioned to the top phase (K = 2,330). In the second step, a system formed of 13% PEG-APGP and 9% phosphate salt was used to revert the value of the partition coefficient of b-galactosidase (K = 2 x 10-5) in order to provide the purification and recovery of 39% of the enzyme in the bottom salt-rich phase.
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15
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16
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Illanes A, Altamirano C, Aillapán A, Tomasello G, Zuñiga M. Packed-bed reactor performance with immobilized lactase under thermal inactivation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Santos A, Ladero M, Garcı́a-Ochoa F. Kinetic Modeling of Lactose Hydrolysis by a β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromices Fragilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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ISMAIL S, MABROUK S, MAHONEY R. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ?-GALACTOSIDASE FROM MUCOR PUSILLUS. J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Bachhawat N, Gowda L, Bhat S. Single step method of preparation of detergent-permeabilized Kluyveromyces fragilis for lactose hydrolysis. Process Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(95)00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Production of ethanol by the thermotolerant yeastKluyveromyces marxianus IMB3 during growth on lactose-containing media. Biotechnol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00136482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Permeabilization of Streptococcus thermophilus and the expression of beta-galactosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Inchaurrondo VA, Yantorno OM, Voget CE. Yeast Growth and β-galactosidase production during aerobic batch cultures in lactose-limited synthetic medium. Process Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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24
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Carvalho-Silva M, Spencer-Martins I. Modes of lactose uptake in the yeast species Kluyveromyces marxianus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1990; 57:77-81. [PMID: 2321931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00403158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Twelve lactose-assimilating strains of the yeast species Kluyveromyces marxianus and its varieties marxianus, lactis and bulgaricus were studied with respect to transport mechanisms for lactose, glucose and galactose, fermentation of these sugars and the occurrence of extracellular lactose hydrolysis. The strains fell into three groups. Group I (two strains): Fermentation of lactose, glucose and galactose, extracellular lactose hydrolysis, apparent facilitated diffusion of glucose and galactose; Group II (two strains): Lactose not fermented, glucose and galactose fermented and transported by an apparent proton symport, extracellular hydrolysis of lactose present (one strain) or questionable; Group III (eight strains): Lactose, glucose and galactose fermented, lactose transported by an apparent proton symport mechanism, extracellular hydrolysis of lactose and transport modes for glucose and galactose variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras, Portugal
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25
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Purification and properties of a β-galactosidase with high galactosyl transfer activity from Cryptococcus laurentii OKN-4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90138-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Chang BS, Mahoney RR. Purification and thermostability of beta-galactosidase (lactase) from an autolytic strain of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus. J DAIRY RES 1989; 56:117-27. [PMID: 2495313 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900026285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
beta-Galactosidase from an autolytic strain of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus was purified 109-fold to near homogeneity. The yield of purified enzyme was 41% and the specific activity was 592 o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside U/mg at 37 degrees C. Two isozymes were present, but only one subunit was detected, having a mol. wt of 116,000. Enzyme stability was 37-83 times greater in milk than in buffer in the range 60-65 degrees C. At 60 degrees C the half-life in milk was 146 min. Denaturation in buffer was first-order, but in milk the overall reaction order with respect to enzyme concentration was approximately 0.5. The activation energy for denaturation was 453 kJ/mol in milk and 372 kJ/mol in buffer. In milk the activation energy for lactose hydrolysis was 35.1 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Chang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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27
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28
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Novotný Č, Sikyta B. Inducible synthesis of β-galactosidase inKluyveromyces fragilis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02877252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Chen KC, Houng JY, Ling AC. Product inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose. Enzyme Microb Technol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(85)90153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Somerlate Barbosa MDF, Silva DO, Pinheiro AJR, Guimarães WV, Borges AC. Production of Beta-D-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis Grown in Cheese Whey. J Dairy Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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32
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Sandhu DK, Waraich MK. Conversion of cheese whey to single-cell protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:797-808. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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GREENBERG NA, MAHONEY RR. Production and Characterization of ?-Galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus. J Food Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Goncalves JA, Castillo FJ. Partial Purification and Characterization of β-D-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus. J Dairy Sci 1982. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(82)82466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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36
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RAO MVRAMANA, DUTTA SM. Purification and Properties of Beta-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus. J Food Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb04188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Richmond M, Gray J, Stine C. Beta-Galactosidase: Review of Recent Research Related to Technological Application, Nutritional Concerns, and Immobilization. J Dairy Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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GREENBERG NA, MAHONEY RR. Rapid Purfication of ? -Galactosidase (Aspergillus Niger) from a Commercial Preparation. J Food Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1981.tb15324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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MAHONEY RR. NUMBER AND NATURE OF THE SULPHYDRYL GROUPS OF ?-GALACTOSIDASE FROM KLUYVEROMYCES FRAGILIS. J Food Biochem 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1980.tb00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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MAHONEY RR, ADAMCHUK C. EFFECT OF MILK CONSTITUENTS ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF LACTOSE BY LACTASE FROM Kluyveromyces fragilis. J Food Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb07487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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de Bales SA, Castillo FJ. Production of Lactase by
Candida pseudotropicalis
Grown in Whey. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:1201-5. [PMID: 16345400 PMCID: PMC243379 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.6.1201-1205.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase (β-
d
-galactosidase) was produced by
Candida pseudotropicalis
grown in deproteinized whey. Maximum enzyme production in 2% whey was obtained by supplementation with 0.15% yeast extract, 0.1% (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, and 0.05% KH
2
PO
4
(wt/vol). Highest enzyme values (4.35 U/mg of cells and 68 U/ml) were obtained with 10 to 12% whey, while enzyme yield was maximal in 2% whey (0.87 U/mg of whey). Optimal initial pH for cultivation was 3.5. The best conditions for extraction included 2% (wt/vol) chloroform, 10 h of treatment, pH 6.6 and higher, and 30 to 37°C. Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 6.2 and 47°C. The enzyme had a
K
m
for
O
-nitrophenyl-β-
d
-galactopyranoside of 3.06 × 10
−3
M and the initial
V
max
was estimated as 6.63 × 10
−8
M per min. It hydrolized 50 and 100% of the lactose in whey and milk within 4 and 5 h, respectively, at 37°C. The lyophilized enzyme retained 95% of activity for 3 months when stored at −20°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A de Bales
- Fermentation Laboratory, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, I.V.I.C., Apartado 1827, Caracas 101, Venezuela
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43
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MAHONEY RAYMONDR, WHITAKER JOHNR. STABILITY AND ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES OF ?-GALACTOSIDASE FROM KLUYVEROMYCES FRAGILIS. J Food Biochem 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1978.tb00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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