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Guarneri JAG, Chima MVA, Assis DG, Rueggeberg FA, Arrais CAG. Influence of light exposure techniques on in vitro pulp temperature rise during bulk fill composite Class I restorations. Odontology 2024; 112:479-488. [PMID: 37938400 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study assessed peak temperature and temperature increase (ΔT) within the pulp chamber during different extended photoactivation techniques (EPT-applying similar radiant exposure values) to resin-based composites (RBCs) placed in a Class I cavity preparation in an extracted human lower third molar. A T-type thermocouple was placed in the pulp chamber and connected to a temperature analysis device (Thermes, Physitemp). The tooth was attached to an assembly simulating the in vivo environment (controlled baseline pulp chamber temperature and fluid flow). The real-time pulp chamber temperature was evaluated throughout the photoactivation (Bluephase N, Ivoclar Vivadent) of two bulk-fill RBCs: Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (TBF; shade: IVA; Ivoclar Vivadent); Surefill SDR flow + (SDR, shade: Universal; Dentsply Sirona), which were exposed to different curing techniques: 40 s-occlusal surface; 20 s-occlusal + 10 s-buccal + 10 s-lingual surfaces; 10 s-buccal + 10 s + lingual + 20 s-occlusal surfaces. Each EPT delivered 42.4 J/cm2. Vickers hardness (VHN) was measured on the removed, sectioned RBC restorations at the top and bottom middle areas after curing. ΔT and VHN data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Peak temperature data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's post-hoc test (α = 0.05). SDR showed higher ΔT values than TBF (p = 0.008) in some EPTs. Neither technique resulted in ΔT values greater than 5.5 °C. Both composites had acceptable bottom/top hardness ratios (greater than 80%), regardless of the photoactivation technique. The evaluated EPTs may be considered safe as a low-temperature increase was noticed within the pulp chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Anany Gonzales Guarneri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti St., 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Parana, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Victoria Arteaga Chima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti St., 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Parana, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Danielle Gomes Assis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti St., 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Parana, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Frederick Allen Rueggeberg
- Dental Materials Section, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Room GC 4344, 1430 John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Cesar Augusto Galvão Arrais
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, General Carlos Cavalcanti St., 4748, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Parana, 84030-900, Brazil.
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Thanoon H, Price RB, Watts DC. Thermography and conversion of fast-cure composite photocured with quad-wave and laser curing lights compared to a conventional curing light. Dent Mater 2024; 40:546-556. [PMID: 38326211 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated effects of the different emittance-mode protocols from three light curing units (LCUs): (i) a Laser (Monet); (ii) a quad-wave (PinkWave); (iii) a conventional LED (Elipar S10) on the temperature rise (ΔT) and degree of conversion (DC) when photo-curing fast or conventional bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBC). The aim was to correlate ΔT and DC, and the radiant exposure delivered to RBC specimens. METHODS A 3D-printed resin mold of 4 mm depth was filled with two bulk-fill RBCs: Tetric PowerFill® (fast photo-polymerised composite) (TPF) or Tetric EvoCeram® Bulk-Fill (EVO). Three LCUs were used: (i) Monet laser for 1 s and 3 s (MONET-1 s, MONET-3 s); (ii) PinkWave quad-wave used for 3 s in Boost mode (PW-3 s) and for 20 s in standard mode (PW-20 s); (iii) Elipar S10 for 5 s (S10-5 s) and for 20 s in standard mode (S10-20 s). 2-dimensional temperature maps were obtained before, during and for 60 s after the LCU had turned off using a thermal imaging camera. Thermal changes were analysed at five depths: (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm from the top surface of the RBC). The maximum temperature rise (Tmax) and the mean temperature rise (ΔT) were determined. Cylindrical-shaped specimens were prepared from each material using a stainless-steel split mold (4 × 4 mm) and light-cured with the same protocols. The DC was measured for 120 s and at 1 h after LCU had turned off using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Data were analysed using Three-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, independent t-tests, and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS Radiant exposures delivered by the various irradiation protocols were between 4.5-30.3 J/cm2. Short exposure times from MONET-1 s and PW-3 s delivered the lowest radiant exposures (4.5 and 5.2 J/cm2, respectively) and produced the lowest ΔT and DC. The longer exposure times in the standard modes of PW-20 s, S10-20 s, and MONET-3 s produced the highest Tmax, ΔT, and DC for both composites. The ΔT range among composites at different depths varied significantly (31.7-49.9 °C). DC of TPF ranged between 30-65% and in EVO between 15.3-56%. TPF had higher Tmax, ΔT for all depths and DC compared to EVO, across the LCU protocols (p < 0.05), except for PW-20 s and MONET-3 s. The coronal part of the restorations (1-2 mm) had the highest ΔT. There was a positive correlation between ΔT and DC at 4-mm depth after 120 s SIGNIFICANCE: Longer, or standard, exposure times of the LCUs delivered greater radiant exposures and had higher DC and ΔT compared to shorter or high-irradiance protocols. The fast photo-polymerised RBC had comparatively superior thermal and conversion outcomes when it received a high irradiance for a short time (1-5 s) compared to the conventional Bulk-Fill RBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halah Thanoon
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Richard B Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David C Watts
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Bordini EAF, Stuani VDT, Correa LE, Cassiano FB, Lovison MF, Leite ML, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA, Soares DG. Chitosan-Calcium Aluminate as a Cell-homing Scaffold: Its Bioactivity Testing in a Microphysiological Dental Pulp Platform. Altern Lab Anim 2024; 52:107-116. [PMID: 38351650 DOI: 10.1177/02611929241232558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In vitro models of the dental pulp microenvironment have been proposed for the assessment of biomaterials, to minimise animal use in operative dentistry. In this study, a scaffold/3-D dental pulp cell culture interface was created in a microchip, under simulated dental pulp pressure, to evaluate the cell-homing potential of a chitosan (CH) scaffold functionalised with calcium aluminate (the 'CHAlCa scaffold'). This microphysiological platform was cultured at a pressure of 15 cm H2O for up to 14 days; cell viability, migration and odontoblastic differentiation were then assessed. The CHAlCa scaffold exhibited intense chemotactic potential, causing cells to migrate from the 3-D culture to its surface, followed by infiltration into the macroporous structure of the scaffold. By contrast, the cells in the presence of the non-functionalised chitosan scaffold showed low cell migration and no cell infiltration. CHAlCa scaffold bioactivity was confirmed in dentin sialophosphoprotein-positive migrating cells, and odontoblastic markers were upregulated in 3-D culture. Finally, in situ mineralised matrix deposition by the cells was confirmed in an Alizarin Red-based assay, in which the CHAlCa and CH scaffolds were adapted to fit within dentin discs. More intense deposition of matrix was observed with the CHAlCa scaffold, as compared to the CH scaffold. In summary, we present an in vitro platform that provides a simple and reproducible model for selecting and developing innovative biomaterials through the assessment of their cell-homing potential. By using this platform, it was shown that the combination of calcium aluminate and chitosan has potential as an inductive biomaterial that can mediate dentin tissue regeneration during cell-homing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Alves Ferreira Bordini
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Toledo Stuani
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Lígia Espoliar Correa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Balestrero Cassiano
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marcella Fernandes Lovison
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Leite
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Josimeri Hebling
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Diana Gabriela Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
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Algamaiah H, Yang J, Alayed A, Alshabib A, Alshehri A, Watts DC. Temperature rise in photopolymerized adhesively-bonded resin composite: A thermography study. Dent Mater 2024; 40:458-465. [PMID: 38129192 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess visually and quantitatively the contributions of the adhesive layer photopolymerization and the subsequent resin composite increment to spatio-temporal maps of temperature at five different cavity locations, subjected to two irradiance curing protocols: standard and ultra-high. METHODS Caries-free molars were used to obtain 40, 2 mm thick dentin slices, randomly assigned to groups (n = 5). These slices were incorporated within 3D-printed model cavites, 4 mm deep, restored with Adhese® Universal bonding agent and 2 mm thick Tetric® Powerfill resin composite, and photocured sequentially, as follows: G1: control-empty cavity; G2: adhesive layer; G3 composite layer with no adhesive; and G4 composite layer with adhesive. The main four groups were subdivided based on two curing protocols, exposed either to standard 10 s (1.2 W/cm2) or Ultra high 3 s (3 W/cm2) irradiance modes using a Bluephase PowerCure LCU. Temperature maps were obtained, via a thermal imaging camera, and numerically analyzed at 5 locations. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by multiple one-way ANOVA, independent t-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Tmax, ΔT, Tint (integrated area under the curve) and time-to-reach-maximum-temperature were evaluated. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant interaction between light-curing time and location on the measured parameters (p > 0.05), except for the time-to-reach-maximum-temperature (p < 0.05). Curing the adhesive layer alone with the 10 s protocol resulted in a significantly increased pulpal roof temperature compared to 3 s cure (p < 0.05). Independent T-tests between G3 and G4, between 3 s and 10 s, confirmed that the adhesive agent caused no significant increases (p > 0.05) on the measured parameters. The ultra-high light-curing protocol significantly increased ΔT in composite compared to 10 s curing (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE When the adhesive layer was photocured alone in a cavity, with a 2 mm thick dentin floor, the exothermal release of energy resulted in higher temperatures with a 10 s curing protocol, compared to a 3 s high irradiance. But when subsequently photocuring a 2 mm layer of composite, the resultant temperatures generated at pulpal roof location from the two curing protocols were similar and therefore there was no increased hazard to the dental pulp from the immediately prior adhesive photopolymerization, cured via the ultra-high irradiation protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Algamaiah
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdulaziz Alayed
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; Biomaterials Science, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alshehri
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - David C Watts
- Biomaterials Science, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK; Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, UK.
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Kincses D, Jordáki D, Szebeni D, Kunsági-Máté S, Szalma J, Lempel E. Effect of Ceramic and Dentin Thicknesses and Type of Resin-Based Luting Agents on Intrapulpal Temperature Changes during Luting of Ceramic Inlays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065466. [PMID: 36982546 PMCID: PMC10057599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesive cementation of ceramic inlays may increase pulpal temperature (PT) and induce pulpal damage due to heat generated by the curing unit and the exothermic reaction of the luting agent (LA). The aim was to measure the PT rise during ceramic inlay cementation by testing different combinations of dentin and ceramic thicknesses and LAs. The PT changes were detected using a thermocouple sensor positioned in the pulp chamber of a mandibular molar. Gradual occlusal reduction obtained dentin thicknesses of 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 mm. Light-cured (LC) and dual-cured (DC) adhesive cements and preheated restorative resin-based composite (RBC) were applied to luting of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mm lithium disilicate ceramic blocks. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to compare the thermal conductivity of dentin and ceramic slices. Although ceramic reduced heat delivered by the curing unit, the exothermic reaction of the LAs significantly increased it in each investigated combination (5.4–7.9 °C). Temperature changes were predominantly influenced by dentin thickness followed by LA and ceramic thickness. Thermal conductivity of dentin was 24% lower than that of ceramic, and its thermal capacity was 86% higher. Regardless of the ceramic thickness, adhesive inlay cementation can significantly increase the PT, especially when the remaining dentin thickness is <2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Kincses
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pécs Medical School, PTüzér Street 1, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Jordáki
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pécs Medical School, PTüzér Street 1, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Donát Szebeni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pécs Medical School, PTüzér Street 1, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Honvéd Street 1, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság Street 20, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Szalma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pécs Medical School, Tüzér Street 1, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Edina Lempel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pécs Medical School, PTüzér Street 1, 7623 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(72)-536402
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Maucoski C, Price RB, Sullivan B, Guarneri JAG, Gusso B, Arrais CAG. In-vitro pulpal temperature increases when photo-curing bulk-fill resin-based composites using laser or light-emitting diode light curing units. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:705-716. [PMID: 36738181 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro pulpal temperature rise (ΔT) within the pulp chamber when low- and high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composites are photo-cured using laser or contemporary light curing units (LCUs). MATERIALS AND METHODS The light output from five LCUs was measured. Non-retentive Class I and V cavities were prepared in one upper molar. Two T-type thermocouples were inserted into the pulp chamber. After the PT values reached 32°C under simulated pulp flow (0.026 mL/min), both cavities were restored with: Filtek One Bulk Fill (3 M), Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (3 M), Tetric PowerFill (Ivoclar Vivadent), or Tetric PowerFlow (Ivoclar Vivadent). The tooth was exposed as follows: Monet Laser (1 and 3 s), PowerCure (3 and 20 s), PinkWave (3 and 20 s), Valo X (5 and 20 s) and SmartLite Pro (20 s). The ΔT data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc test. RESULTS Monet 1 s (1.9 J) and PinkWave 20 s (30.1 J) delivered the least and the highest amount of energy, respectively. Valo X and PinkWave used for 20 s produced the highest ΔT values (3.4-4.1°C). Monet 1 s, PinkWave 3 s, PowerCure 3 s (except FB-Flow) and Monet 3 s for FB-One and TP-Fill produced the lowest ΔT values (0.9-1.7°C). No significant differences were found among composites. CONCLUSIONS Short 1- to 3-s exposures produced acceptable temperature rises, regardless of the composite. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The energy delivered to the tooth by the LCUs affects the temperature rise inside the pulp. The short 1-3 s exposure times used in this study delivered the least amount of energy and produced a lower temperature rise. However, the RBC may not have received sufficient energy to be adequately photo-cured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Maucoski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil.,Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Richard Bengt Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Braden Sullivan
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Bruno Gusso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
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Mouhat M, Stangvaltaite-Mouhat L, Finnäs E, Andersen A, Evertsen AL, Nilsen BW. How does indirect air-cooling influence pulp chamber temperature in different volume teeth and absence/presence of resin-based composite during light curing? BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:538. [DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Light-curing of materials during restorative dental procedures poses a risk for pulp tissue overheating. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of indirect air-cooling on pulp chamber temperatures during light-curing of varying volume teeth and absence/presence of resin-based composite (RBC) at different exposure time.
Methods
The volume of 11 human teeth was measured by micro computed tomograph. An experimental rig controlled the thermal environment of the teeth and a thermocouple inserted retrograde into the root canal measured temperature changes. Pulp chamber temperature was measured with and without air-cooling on teeth without and with RBC at 15 s, 30 s and 60 s intervals. Generalized estimating equations were used for statistical analysis.
Results
The temperature increase with air-cooling (versus no air-cooling) was lower in teeth despite absence/presence of RBC (β = − 4.26, 95%CI − 5.33 and β = − 4.47, 95%CI − 5.60, respectively). With air-cooling, the temperature increase in teeth with RBC was lower compared to teeth without RBC (β = − 0.42, 95%CI -0.79; − 0.05). Higher teeth volume resulted in lower temperature increase with air-cooling than without air-cooling (β = − 0.04, 95%CI -0.07; − 0.01 and β = − 0.17, 95%CI -0.30; − 0.05, respectively).
Conclusions
Air-cooling resulted in lower pulp chamber temperature increase. Using air-cooling, the temperature increase was lower in teeth with RBC compared to teeth without RBC. Lower volume teeth resulted in higher temperature increase, thus they seemed to benefit more from air-cooling compared to higher volume teeth. Air-cooling could be an effective tool in controlling pulp temperature increase during light-curing, especially when the tooth volume is small.
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Intrapulpal temperature changes during the cementation of ceramic veneers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12919. [PMID: 35902776 PMCID: PMC9334278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive cementation of ceramic veneers may increase pulpal temperature (PT) due to the combined effect of heat generated by the curing unit and the exothermic reaction of the luting agent (LA). PT increase may induce pulpal damage. The aim was to determine the PT rise during the luting of ceramic veneers (CV) of different thicknesses with light- or dual-curing (LC, DC) adhesive cements as well as pre-heated restorative resin-based composites (PH-RBC). For this a thermocouple sensor was positioned in the pulp chamber of a prepared maxillary central incisor. LC, DC adhesive cements and PH-RBCs heated to 55 °C were used for the luting of CVs of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 mm thicknesses. The exothermic reaction of LAs added significantly to the thermal effect of the curing unit. PT change ranged between 8.12 and 14.4 °C with the investigated combinations of LAs and ceramic thicknesses (p ≤ 0.01). The increase was inversely proportional to the increasing CV thicknesses. The highest rise (p ≤ 0.01) was seen with the polymerization of PH-RBCs. Temperature changes were predominantly influenced by the composition of the LA, which was followed by CV thickness.
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Zarpellon DC, Runnacles P, Maucoski C, Gross DJ, Coelho U, Rueggeberg FA, Arrais C. In Vivo Pulp Temperature Changes During Class V Cavity Preparation and Resin Composite Restoration in Premolars. Oper Dent 2021; 46:374-384. [PMID: 34370040 DOI: 10.2341/20-098-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This in vivo study evaluated the influence of the sequence of all restorative steps during Class V preparation and restoration in human premolars on pulp temperature (PT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Intact premolars with orthodontic extraction indication of 13 volunteers received infiltrative anesthesia and isolation with rubber dam. An occlusal preparation was made with a high-speed diamond bur under air-water spray until the pulp was minimally exposed, then a thermocouple probe was inserted within the pulp. A deep, 2.0-mm depth Class V preparation was made using a high-speed diamond bur under air-water spray. Three restorative techniques were performed (n=7): Filtek Z250 placed in two increments (10-second exposure, shade:A2, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), Filtek Z350 XT (40-second exposure, shade:A3D, 3M ESPE) and Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (10-second exposure, shade:IVA, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), both placed in a single layer. Bonding layer and resin composite were exposed to light from the same Polywave LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent). The peak PT and the difference between peak PT and baseline (ΔT) values were subjected to two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS Cavity preparation and etch & rinse procedures decreased the PT values (p<0.001). The 40-second exposure of Filtek Z350 caused the highest peak PT values (38.7±0.8°C) and the highest ΔT values (3.4±0.8°C), while Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill showed the lowest values (-1.6±1.3°C; p=0.009). CONCLUSION None of the evaluated procedures resulted in a PT rise near to values that could offer any risk of thermal damage to the pulp.
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Comparison of temperature rise within pulp chamber during light curing of composite restoration. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yang J, Algamaiah H, Watts DC. Spatio-temporal temperature fields generated coronally with bulk-fill resin composites: A thermography study. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1237-1247. [PMID: 34144795 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of (i) a high-irradiance (3s) light-curing protocol versus (ii) two standard-irradiance (10s) protocols on 2D temperature maps during intra-dental photo-irradiation within a molar cavity restored with either Ultra-Rapid Photo-Polymerized Bulk Fill (URPBF) composites or a pre-heated thermo-viscous bulk-fill composite, compared to a standard bulk-fill resin-based-composite (RBC). The specific objectives included visual assessment of the temperature maps and quantitative assessment of several temperature/time plots at four different locations. METHODS A caries-free lower first molar cavity served as a natural tooth mold. Resin composites were placed without intermediary adhesive. Two URPBF composites (PFill; PFlow) and one pre-heated thermo-viscous bulk-fill composite (Viscalor: VC) were compared to a contemporary bulk-fill composite (One Bulk Fill: OBF). Two LED-LCU devices were used: Bluephase PowerCure (PC) and Elipar S10 (S10), with three light-irradiation protocols (PC-3s, PC-10s and S10-10s). 2D temperature maps over the entire coronal area were recorded for 120 s during and after irradiation using a thermal imaging camera. Changes at four different levels were selected from the data sets: (0, 2 and 4 mm from the cavity top and at 1 mm below the dentin cavity floor). The maximum temperature attained (Tmax), the mean temperature rise (ΔT), the time (s) to reach maximum temperature and the integrated areas (°C s) under the temperature/time (T/t) plots were identified. Data were analysed via three-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, independent t-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS All RBCs showed qualitatively similar temperature-time profiles. PFlow reached Tmax in the shortest time. PC-3s (3000 mW/cm2) generated comparable ΔT to S10-10s, except with PFill, where ΔT was greater. Despite the same irradiance (1200 mW/cm2), Elipar S10 led to higher Tmax and ΔT compared to PC-10s. The highest Tmax and ΔT were observed at the 2 mm level, and the lowest were at 1 mm depth into the underlying dentin. SIGNIFICANCE Coronal 2D temperature maps showed rises largely confined within the bulk-fill RBC materials, with maxima at 2 mm rather than 4 mm depth indicating some extent of thermal insulation for the underlying dentin and pulp. RBCs polymerized via different irradiation protocols showed similar temperature changes. With the PC-3s protocol - also with pre-heated VC - minimal temperature rises at 1 mm within dentin suggest their clinical safety when sufficient remaining dentin thickness is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hamad Algamaiah
- Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David C Watts
- Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Degree of conversion and in vitro temperature rise of pulp chamber during polymerization of flowable and sculptable conventional, bulk-fill and short-fibre reinforced resin composites. Dent Mater 2021; 37:983-997. [PMID: 33714623 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the degree of conversion (DC) and in vitro pulpal temperature (PT) rise of low-viscosity (LV) and high-viscosity (HV) conventional resin-based composites (RBC), bulk-fill and short-fibre reinforced composites (SFRC). METHODS The occlusal surface of a mandibular molar was removed to obtain dentine thickness of 2 mm above the roof of the pulp chamber. LV and HV conventional (2 mm), bulk-fill RBCs (2-4 mm) and SFRCs (2-4 mm) were applied in a mold (6 mm inner diameter) placed on the occlusal surface. PT changes during the photo-polymerization were recorded with a thermocouple positioned in the pulp chamber. The DC at the top and bottom of the samples was measured with micro-Raman spectroscopy. ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test, multivariate analysis and partial eta-squared statistics were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). RESULTS The PT changes ranged between 5.5-11.2 °C. All LV and 4 mm RBCs exhibited higher temperature changes. Higher DC were measured at the top (63-76%) of the samples as compared to the bottom (52-72.6%) in the 2 mm HV conventional and bulk-fill RBCs and in each 4 mm LV and HV materials. The SFRCs showed higher temperature changes and DC% as compared to the other investigated RBCs. The temperature and DC were influenced by the composition of the material followed by the thickness. SIGNIFICANCE Exothermic temperature rise and DC are mainly material dependent. Higher DC values are associated with a significant increase in PT. LV RBCs, 4 mm bulk-fills and SFRCs exhibited higher PTs. Bulk-fills and SFRCs applied in 4 mm showed lower DCs at the bottom.
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Loumprinis N, Maier E, Belli R, Petschelt A, Eliades G, Lohbauer U. Viscosity and stickiness of dental resin composites at elevated temperatures. Dent Mater 2021; 37:413-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Buyukkok C, Kaptan A. Temperature increases in primary teeth pulp chamber during polymerization of glass ionomer-based restorative materials. Eur Oral Res 2021; 55:28-33. [PMID: 33937759 PMCID: PMC8055261 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20210024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the temperature changes in primary teeth pulp chambers of different dentin thicknesses during polymerization of four glass ionomer-based restorative materials. Materials and methods Eighty extracted, caries‑free, primary molars were prepared as standardized Class I occlusal cavities with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm. Four glass ionomerbased restorative materials, Dyract XP, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Fuji II LC, and GCP Glass Fill, were placed in the cavities and cured with two light-curing units. Temperature increases (initial temperature, 37°C) in the pulp chamber during polymerization were recorded by a J-type thermocouple in a pulpal microcirculation set-up. The data were analyzed with Variance analyses and Tukey tests. Results The temperatures recorded in samples with dentin thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm exhibited statistically significant differences (p<0.05). The GCP Glass Fill group exhibited the highest temperature increases for both dentin thicknesses (p<0.05). The other groups were not statistically different but the Dyract XP group exhibited the least temperature change. Conclusion The highest temperature changes were observed for 1 mm dentin thickness. All temperature increases during polymerizations and setting reactions were lower than the corresponding critical values 5.5°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Buyukkok
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas,Turkey
| | - Arife Kaptan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry,Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas,Turkey
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Ertuğrul C, Ertuğrul İ. The effect of current pulp capping materials against intrapulpal temperature increase in primary teeth. An in-vitro study by pulpal microcirculation simulation model. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:85-90. [PMID: 33384782 PMCID: PMC7770289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Widespread use of light-cured materials has raised the issue of possible thermal effects on pulp tissue. It was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of pulp capping materials (PCM) against intrapulpal temperature increases (ITI) in primary teeth during light-curing of compomers in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Class-I cavity was prepared on the primary mandibular second molar tooth. An experimental mechanism was used for pulpal microcirculation and temperature regulation of the tooth. There are eight groups in the study: in Groups 1-6: MTA-Angelus, Biodentine, TheraCal LC, Dycal, conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and resin-modified GIC were used as PCM, respectively. In Group-7 no PCM was used. In Group-8 only light was applied to the cavity without any PCM or compomer. Compomer restorations were applied in Groups 1-7 with the same material (Dyract XP, DENTSPLY, Weybridge, UK) and light cured for 10sec with the same light-curing unit (Kerr, Demi Plus, 1200 mW/cm2). Temperature changes (Δt) in the pulp chamber were measured and statistically analysed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. RESULTS The highest Δt-value (4.57 ± 0.11 °C) was measured in Group-4 and 7. The lowest Δt-value (3.94 ± 0.4 °C) was measured in Group-8. Δt-values measured in the Groups 2, 3 and 6 were significantly lower than the values measured in Group-4 and 7 (p = 0.001). ITI during the light-curing of the PCM used in Group-3 and 6 exceeded the critical value (5.5 °C) reported in the literature. CONCLUSION In protecting the pulp from the harmful thermal effects of restorative procedures Biodentine which is a self-cured material, may be most acceptable choice as an indirect PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.Ç. Ertuğrul
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - İ.F. Ertuğrul
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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16
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In vivo temperature rise and acute inflammatory response in anesthetized human pulp tissue of premolars having Class V preparations after exposure to Polywave® LED light curing units. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1201-1213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Palagummi SV, Hong T, Wang Z, Moon CK, Chiang MYM. Resin viscosity determines the condition for a valid exposure reciprocity law in dental composites. Dent Mater 2019; 36:310-319. [PMID: 31866065 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide conditions for the validity of the exposure reciprocity law as it pertains to the photopolymerization of dimethacrylate-based dental composites. METHODS Composites made from different mass ratios of resin blends (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA and UDMA/TEGDMA) and silanized micro-sized glass fillers were used. All the composites used camphorquinone and ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate as the photo initiator system. A cantilever beam-based instrument (NIST SRI 6005) coupled with NIR spectroscopy and a microprobe thermocouple was used to simultaneously measure the degree of conversion (DC), the polymerization stress (PS) due to the shrinkage, and the temperature change (TC) in real time during the photocuring process. The instrument has an integrated LED light curing unit providing irradiances ranging from 0.01W/cm2 to 4W/cm2 at a peak wavelength of 460nm (blue light). Vickers hardness of the composites was also measured. RESULTS For every dental composite there exists a minimum radiant exposure required for an adequate polymerization (i.e., insignificant increase in polymerization with any further increase in the radiant exposure). This minimum predominantly depends on the resin viscosity of composite and can be predicted using an empirical equation established based on the test results. If the radiant exposure is above this minimum, the exposure reciprocity law is valid with respect to DC for high-fill composites (filler contents >50% by mass) while invalid for low-fill composites (that are clinically irrelevant). SIGNIFICANCE The study promotes better understanding on the applicability of the exposure reciprocity law for dental composites. It also provides a guidance for altering the radiant exposure, with the clinically available curing light unit, needed to adequately cure the dental composite in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Vikram Palagummi
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Taeseung Hong
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengzhi Wang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chang Kwon Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Y M Chiang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
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18
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Ertuğrul CÇ, Ertuğrul IF. Temperature change in pulp chamber of primary teeth during curing of coloured compomers: an in vitro study using pulpal blood microcirculation model. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7284. [PMID: 31328043 PMCID: PMC6622158 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An increase in the temperature of the pulp chamber occurs during polymerisation of all types of light-curing resin-containing restorative materials, due to both the exothermic reaction of the material and the energy absorbed during the curing process. Increase in temperature of the pulp chamber of primary teeth during the curing process or the thermal conductivity properties of coloured compomers (CCs) have not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of the present study was to investigate the increase in pulpal temperature in primary teeth during curing of CCs. Materials and Methods A Class-II cavity was prepared on the extracted primary mandibular second molar. Pulpal microcirculation of the tooth was performed using an experimental mechanism. The study included 15 groups and 10 experiments in each. Seven different CCs: pink, blue, gold, silver, orange, lemon, green, respectively from two different manufacturers (Groups 1–7: Twinky Star; VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany. Groups 8–14: Nova Rainbow; IMICRYL, Konya, Turkey.) and a tooth-CC (Group 15: Dyract XP; DENTSPLY, Weybridge, UK.) were applied in prepared cavity. In all groups the compomers were light cured for 40 s. Intrapulpal temperature changes (Δt) in 20th and 40th second were recorded. In Group-15 the Δt values in 10th second were also recorded as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney-U test were used for statistical analyses. Results At the end of 40-s irradiation time, the orange, lemon and green colours of Nova Rainbow resulted in significantly lower Δt values than the same colours of Twinky Star (p = 0.0001), and silver, blue, lemon, green, orange, and pink CCs of Nova Rainbow and the blue and silver shades of Twinky Star demonstrated lower Δt values than the reported critical temperature increase (5.5 °C). Conclusion An increase in the irradiation time consequently led to an increase in the intrapulpal temperature. Therefore, manufacturers should focus on production of new CCs with shorter polimerization time.
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Runnacles P, Arrais CAG, Maucoski C, Coelho U, De Goes MF, Rueggeberg FA. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro models to evaluate pulp temperature rise during exposure to a Polywave® LED light curing unit. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180480. [PMID: 31116279 PMCID: PMC6534370 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure and compare in vivo and in vitro pulp temperature (PT) increase (ΔTEMP) over baseline, physiologic temperature using the same intact upper premolars exposed to the same Polywave® LED curing light. METHODOLOGY After local Ethics Committee approval (#255,945), local anesthesia, rubber dam isolation, small occlusal preparations/minute pulp exposure (n=15) were performed in teeth requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons. A sterile probe of a temperature measurement system (Temperature Data Acquisition, Physitemp) was placed within the pulp chamber and the buccal surface was sequentially exposed to a LED LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) using the following exposure modes: 10-s low or high, 5-s Turbo, and 60-s high. Afterwards, the teeth were extracted and K-type thermocouples were placed within the pulp chamber through the original access. The teeth were attached to an assembly simulating the in vivo environment, being similarly exposed while real-time temperature (°C) was recorded. ΔTEMP values and time for temperature to reach maximum (ΔTIME) were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (pre-set alpha 0.05). RESULTS Higher ΔTEMP was observed in vitro than in vivo. No significant difference in ΔTIME was observed between test conditions. A significant, positive relationship was observed between radiant exposure and ΔTEMP for both conditions (in vivo: r2=0.917; p<0.001; in vitro: r2=0.919; p<0.001). CONCLUSION Although the in vitro model overestimated in vivo PT increase, in vitro PT rise was close to in vivo values for clinically relevant exposure modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Runnacles
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Cesar Augusto Galvão Arrais
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Maucoski
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Ulisses Coelho
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Mario Fernando De Goes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Departamento de Materiais Dentários, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Frederick Allen Rueggeberg
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental Materials Section, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Zarpellon DC, Runnacles P, Maucoski C, Coelho U, Rueggeberg FA, Arrais CAG. Controlling In Vivo, Human Pulp Temperature Rise Caused by LED Curing Light Exposure. Oper Dent 2019; 44:235-241. [DOI: 10.2341/17-364-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effectiveness of air spray to reduce pulp temperature rise during exposure of intact premolars to light emitted by a high-power LED light-curing unit (LCU).
Methods and Materials:
After local Ethics Committee approval (#255945), intact, upper first premolars requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons from five volunteers received infiltrative and intraligamental anesthesia. The teeth (n=9) were isolated using rubber dam, and a minute pulp exposure was attained. The sterile probe from a wireless, NIST-traceable, temperature acquisition system was inserted directly into the coronal pulp chamber. Real-time pulp temperature (PT) (°C) was continuously monitored, while the buccal surface was exposed to a polywave LED LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) for 30 seconds with simultaneous application of a lingually directed air spray (30s-H/AIR) or without (30s-H), with a seven-minute span between each exposure. Peak PT values were subjected to one-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and PT change from baseline (ΔT) during exposure was subjected to paired Student's t-test (α=0.05).
Results:
Peak PT values of the 30s-H group were significantly higher than those of 30s-H/AIR group and those from baseline temperature (p<0.001), whereas peak PT values in the 30s-H/AIR group were significantly lower than the baseline temperature (p=0.003). The 30s-H/AIR group showed significantly lower ΔT values than did the 30s-H group (p<0.001).
Conclusion:
Applying air flow simultaneously with LED exposure prevents in vivo pulp temperature rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- DC Zarpellon
- Driellen Christine Zarpellon, DDS, MS, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - P Runnacles
- Patricio Runnacles, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - C Maucoski
- Cristiane Maucoski, DDS, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - U Coelho
- Ulisses Coelho, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - FA Rueggeberg
- Frederick Allen Rueggeberg, DDS, MS, Dental Materials Section, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - CAG Arrais
- Cesar Augusto Galvao Arrais, DDS, MS, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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Braga SSL, Oliveira LRS, Ribeiro MTH, Vilela ABF, da Silva GR, Price RB, Soares CJ. Effect of Simulated Pulpal Microcirculation on Temperature When Light Curing Bulk Fill Composites. Oper Dent 2019; 44:289-301. [DOI: 10.2341/17-351-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of light curing bulk fill resin composite restorations on the increase in the temperature of the pulp chamber both with and without a simulated pulpal fluid flow.
Methods and Materials:
Forty extracted human molars received a flat occlusal cavity, leaving approximately 2 mm of dentin over the pulp. The teeth were restored using a self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) and two different bulk fill resin composites: a flowable (SDR, Dentsply) and a regular paste (AURA, SDI) bulk fill. The adhesive was light cured for 20 seconds, SDR was light cured for 20 seconds, and AURA was light cured for 40 seconds using the Bluephase G2 (Ivoclar Vivadent) or the VALO Cordless (Ultradent) in the standard output power mode. The degree of conversion (DC) at the top and bottom of the bulk fill resin composite was assessed using Fourier-Transform Infra Red spectroscopy. The temperature in the pulp chamber when light curing the adhesive system and resin composite was measured using a J-type thermocouple both with and without the presence of a simulated microcirculation of 1.0-1.4 mL/min. Data were analyzed using Student t-tests and two-way and three-way analyses of variance (α=0.05 significance level).
Results:
The irradiance delivered by the light-curing units (LCUs) was greatest close to the top sensor of the MARC resin calibrator (BlueLight Analytics) and lowest after passing through the 4.0 mm of resin composite plus 2.0 mm of dentin. In general, the Bluephase G2 delivered a higher irradiance than did the VALO Cordless. The resin composite, LCU, and region all influenced the degree of cure. The simulated pulpal microcirculation significantly reduced the temperature increase. The greatest temperature rise occurred when the adhesive system was light cured. The Bluephase G2 produced a rise of 6°C, and the VALO Cordless produced a lower temperature change (4°C) when light curing the adhesive system for 20 seconds without pulpal microcirculation. Light curing SDR produced the greatest exothermic reaction.
Conclusions:
Using simulated pulpal microcirculation resulted in lower temperature increases. The flowable composite (SDR) allowed more light transmission and had a higher degree of conversion than did the regular paste (AURA). The greatest temperature rise occurred when light curing the adhesive system alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- SSL Braga
- Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - LRS Oliveira
- Laís Rani Sales Oliveira, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - MTH Ribeiro
- Maria Tereza Hordones Ribeiro, undergraduate student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - ABF Vilela
- Andomar Bruno Fernandes Vilela, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - GR da Silva
- Gisele Rodrigues da Silva, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - RB Price
- Richard Bengt Price, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - CJ Soares
- Carlos José Soares, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor and chair, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Par M, Repusic I, Skenderovic H, Milat O, Spajic J, Tarle Z. The effects of extended curing time and radiant energy on microhardness and temperature rise of conventional and bulk-fill resin composites. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:3777-3788. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shear bond strength and interface analysis between a resin composite and a recent high-viscous glass ionomer cement bonded with various adhesive systems. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2599-2608. [PMID: 30317399 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the shear bond strength (SBS) and interface between a resin composite and a new high-viscous glass ionomer cement (HV-GIC), a HV-GIC, a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RM-GIC), a bulk-fill flowable composite, and a regular flowable composite bonded with various adhesive systems. METHODS AND MATERIALS A resin composite (Filtek Z350) was bonded to a new HV-GIC (EQUIA Forte Fil) using various adhesive systems, including a universal adhesive in self-etch and etch-and-rinse mode (Scotchbond Universal), a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Scotchbond 1-XT), a one-step self-etch adhesive (Optibond All-in-one) tested also after silane application (Monobond Plus), and a coating material (EQUIA Forte Coat). The resin composite was also bonded to a HV-GIC (Fuji IX GP), a RM-GIC (Fuji II LC), a bulk-fill flowable composite (SDR), and a regular flowable composite (Tetric Evo Flow) with the universal adhesive in self-etch mode (Scotchbond Universal). Two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test was used to investigate the difference in SBS. Failures were analyzed by chi-square test. Bonding interfaces were examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM). RESULTS SBS to EQUIA Forte Fil was significantly lower with Scotchbond 1-XT than with all other adhesive systems. By using Scotchbond Universal with the self-etch technique, the SBS to EQUIA Forte Fil was significantly higher than the SBS to Fuji IX GP and significantly lower than the SBS to Fuji II LC, SDR, and Tetric Evo Flow. E-SEM images showed an intimate contact at all interfaces examined. CONCLUSION EQUIA Forte Fil showed satisfactory SBS and interfaces with all adhesives tested. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bonding between the resin composite and HV-GIC can be achieved using a universal adhesive in self-etch mode, an easy-to-use adhesive system.
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Zarpellon DC, Runnacles P, Maucoski C, Gross DJ, Coelho U, Rueggeberg FA, Arrais CAG. Influence of Class V preparation on in vivo temperature rise in anesthetized human pulp during exposure to a Polywave ® LED light curing unit. Dent Mater 2018; 34:901-909. [PMID: 29606368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This in vivo study evaluated pulp temperature (PT) rise in human premolars having deep Class V preparations during exposure to a light curing unit (LCU) using selected exposure modes (EMs). METHODS After local Ethics Committee approval, intact first premolars (n=8) requiring extraction for orthodontic reasons, from 8 volunteers, received infiltrative and intraligamental anesthesia and were isolated using rubber dam. A minute pulp exposure was attained and sterile probe from a wireless, NIST-traceable, temperature acquisition system was inserted into the coronal pulp chamber to continuously monitor PT (°C). A deep buccal Class V preparation was prepared using a high speed diamond bur under air-water spray cooling. The surface was exposed to a Polywave® LED LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) using selected EMs, allowing 7-min span between each exposure: 10-s in low (10-s/L), 10-s (10-s/H), 30-s (30-s/H), or 60-s (60-s/H) in high mode; and 5-s-Turbo (5-s/T). Peak PT values and PT increases over physiologic baseline levels (ΔT) were subjected to 1-way, repeated measures ANOVAs, and Bonferroni's post-hoc tests (α=0.05). Linear regression analysis was performed to establish the relationship between applied radiant exposure and ΔT. RESULTS All EMs produced higher peak PT than the baseline temperature (p<0.001). Only 60-s/H mode generated an average ΔT of 5.5°C (p<0.001). A significant, positive relationship was noted between applied radiant exposure and ΔT (r2=0.8962; p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE In vivo exposure of deep Class V preparation to Polywave® LED LCU increases PT to values considered safe for the pulp, for most EMs. Only the longest evaluated EM caused higher PT increase than the critical ΔT, thought to be associated with pulpal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driellen Christine Zarpellon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patrício Runnacles
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maucoski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Dayane Jaqueline Gross
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Coelho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Frederick Allen Rueggeberg
- Dental Materials Section, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Room GC 4344, Augusta University, 1430 John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cesar Augusto Galvão Arrais
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Rua General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Uvaranas 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil.
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Abstract
The ability to light cure resins 'on demand' in the mouth has revolutionized dentistry. However, there is a widespread lack of understanding of what is required for successful light curing in the mouth. Most instructions simply tell the user to 'light cure for xx seconds' without describing any of the nuances of how to successfully light cure a resin. This article provides a brief description of light curing. At the end, some recommendations are made to help when purchasing a curing light and how to improve the use of the curing light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B T Price
- Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M, Arrais CAG, Price RBT. Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: a literature review. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e61. [PMID: 28902241 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary dentistry literally cannot be performed without use of resin-based restorative materials. With the success of bonding resin materials to tooth structures, an even wider scope of clinical applications has arisen for these lines of products. Understanding of the basic events occurring in any dental polymerization mechanism, regardless of the mode of activating the process, will allow clinicians to both better appreciate the tremendous improvements that have been made over the years, and will also provide valuable information on differences among strategies manufacturers use to optimize product performance, as well as factors under the control of the clinician, whereby they can influence the long-term outcome of their restorative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Allen Rueggeberg
- Augusta University, Dental College of Georgia, Department of Restorative Sciences, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Atalayın Ç, Yaşa E, Karaçolak G, Sarı T, Türkün LŞ. Farklı modlarda kullanılan ışık kaynağı ile sertleştirilen bulk-fill kompozit rezinlerin pulpa odasında oluşturduğu sıcaklık değişimlerinin değerlendirilmesi: ex vivo. ACTA ODONTOLOGICA TURCICA 2016. [DOI: 10.17214/gaziaot.277974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mouhat M, Mercer J, Stangvaltaite L, Örtengren U. Light-curing units used in dentistry: factors associated with heat development-potential risk for patients. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1687-1696. [PMID: 27695955 PMCID: PMC5442227 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how heat development in the pulp chamber and coronal surface of natural teeth with and without cusps subjected to irradiance using light-emitting diode (LED)–light-curing units (LCUs) is associated with (i) irradiance, (ii) time, (iii) distance, and (iv) radiant exposure. Materials and methods Three different LED-LCUs were used. Their irradiance was measured with a calibrated spectrometer (BlueLight Analytics Inc., Halifax, Canada). An experimental rig was constructed to control the thermal environment of the teeth. The LED-LCU tip position was accurately controlled by a gantry system. Tooth surface temperature was measured by thermography (ThermaCAM S65 HS, FLIR Systems, Wilsonville, USA) and pulp chamber temperature with a thermocouple. LED-LCU tip distance and irradiation times tested were 0, 2, and 4 mm and 10, 20, and 30 s, respectively. Ethical permission was not required for the use of extracted teeth. Results Maximum surface and pulp chamber temperatures were recorded in tooth without cusps (58.1 °C ± 0.9 °C and 43.1 °C ± 0.9 °C, respectively). Radiant exposure explained the largest amount of variance in temperature, being more affected by time than irradiance. Conclusions At all combinations of variables tested, repeated measurements produced consistent results indicating the reliability of the method used. Increased exposure time seems to be the factor most likely to cause tissue damage. Clinical relevance Risk of superficial tissue damage at irradiances >1200 mW/cm2 is evident. There is a risk of pulp damage when only thin dentin is left at higher irradiances (>1200 mW/cm2). Clinicians should be aware of LED-LCU settings and possible high temperature generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mouhat
- Department for Clinical Dentistry/Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway (UIT), Tromsø, Norway
| | - James Mercer
- Department of Medical Biology/Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway (UIT), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lina Stangvaltaite
- Department for Clinical Dentistry/Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway (UIT), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulf Örtengren
- Department for Clinical Dentistry/Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway (UIT), Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Odontology/Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Polymerization stress evolution of a bulk-fill flowable composite under different compliances. Dent Mater 2016; 32:578-86. [PMID: 26861171 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a compliance-variable instrument to simultaneously measure and compare the polymerization stress (PS) evolution, degree of conversion (DC), and exotherm of a bulk-fill flowable composite to a packable composite. METHODS A bulk-fill flowable composite (Filtek Bulk-fill, FBF) and a conventional packable composite (Filtek Z250, Z250) purchased from 3M ESPE were investigated. The composites were studied using a cantilever-beam based instrument equipped with an in situ near infrared (NIR) spectrometer and a microprobe thermocouple. The measurements were carried out under various instrumental compliances (ranging from 0.3327μm/N to 12.3215μm/N) that are comparable to the compliances of clinically prepared tooth cavities. Correlations between the PS and temperature change as well as the DC were interpreted. RESULTS The maximum PS of both composites at 10min after irradiation decreased with the increase in the compliance of the cantilever beam. The FBF composite generated a lower final stress than the Z250 sample under instrumental compliances less than ca. 4μm/N; however, both materials generated statistically similar PS values at higher compliances. The reaction exotherm and the DC of both materials were found to be independent of compliance. The DC of the FBF sample was slightly higher than that of the packable Z250 composite while the peak exotherm of FBF was almost double that of the Z250 composite. For FBF, a characteristic drop in the PS was observed during the early stage of polymerization for all compliances studied which was not observed in the Z250 sample. This drop was shown to relate to the greater exotherm of the less-filled FBF sample relative to the Z250 composite. SIGNIFICANCE While the composites with lower filler content (low viscosity) are generally considered to have lower PS than the conventional packable composites, a bulk-fill flowable composite was shown to produce lower PS under a lower compliance of constraint as would be experienced if the composite was used as the base material in clinical procedures.
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Kim RJY, Son SA, Hwang JY, Lee IB, Seo DG. Comparison of photopolymerization temperature increases in internal and external positions of composite and tooth cavities in real time: Incremental fillings of microhybrid composite vs. bulk filling of bulk fill composite. J Dent 2015; 43:1093-1098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Baroudi K, Rodrigues JC. Flowable Resin Composites: A Systematic Review and Clinical Considerations. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZE18-24. [PMID: 26266238 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/12294.6129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about flowable composite materials. Most literature mentions conventional composite materials at large, giving minimal emphasis to flowables in particular. This paper briefly gives an in depth insight to the multiple facets of this versatile material. AIM To exclusively review the most salient features of flowable composite materials in comparison to conventional composites and to give clinicians a detailed understanding of the advantages, drawbacks, indications and contraindications based on composition and physical/mechanical properties. METHODOLOGY DATA SOURCES A thorough literature search from the year 1996 up to January 2015 was done on PubMed Central, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. Grey literature (pending patents, technical reports etc.) was also screened. The search terms used were "dental flowable resin composites". SEARCH STRATEGY After omitting the duplicates/repetitions, a total of 491 full text articles were assessed. As including all articles were out of the scope of this paper. Only relevant articles that fulfilled the reviewer's objectives {mentioning indications, contraindications, applications, assessment of physical/mechanical/biological properties (in vitro/ in vivo /ex vivo)} were considered. A total of 92 full text articles were selected. CONCLUSION Flowable composites exhibit a variable composition and consequently variable mechanical/ physical properties. Clinicians must be aware of this aspect to make a proper material selection based on specific properties and indications of each material relevant to a particular clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusai Baroudi
- Associate Professor of Pedodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean C Rodrigues
- Lecturer of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Alfarabi Colleges , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Runnacles P, Arrais CAG, Pochapski MT, dos Santos FA, Coelho U, Gomes JC, De Goes MF, Gomes OMM, Rueggeberg FA. In vivo temperature rise in anesthetized human pulp during exposure to a polywave LED light curing unit. Dent Mater 2015; 31:505-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Selig D, Haenel T, Hausnerová B, Moeginger B, Labrie D, Sullivan B, Price RBT. Examining exposure reciprocity in a resin based composite using high irradiance levels and real-time degree of conversion values. Dent Mater 2015; 31:583-93. [PMID: 25804190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure reciprocity suggests that, as long as the same radiant exposure is delivered, different combinations of irradiance and exposure time will achieve the same degree of resin polymerization. This study examined the validity of exposure reciprocity using real time degree of conversion results from one commercial flowable dental resin. Additionally a new fitting function to describe the polymerization kinetics is proposed. METHODS A Plasma Arc Light Curing Unit (LCU) was used to deliver 0.75, 1.2, 1.5, 3.7 or 7.5 W/cm(2) to 2mm thick samples of Tetric EvoFlow (Ivoclar Vivadent). The irradiances and radiant exposures received by the resin were determined using an integrating sphere connected to a fiber-optic spectrometer. The degree of conversion (DC) was recorded at a rate of 8.5 measurements a second at the bottom of the resin using attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR). Five specimens were exposed at each irradiance level. The DC reached after 170s and after 5, 10 and 15 J/cm(2) had been delivered was compared using analysis of variance and Fisher's PLSD post hoc multiple comparison tests (alpha=0.05). RESULTS The same DC values were not reached after the same radiant exposures of 5, 10 and 15 J/cm(2) had been delivered at an irradiance of 3.7 and 7.5 W/cm(2). Thus exposure reciprocity was not supported for Tetric EvoFlow (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE For Tetric EvoFlow, there was no significant difference in the DC when 5, 10 and 15J/cm(2) were delivered at irradiance levels of 0.75, 1.2 and 1.5 W/cm(2). The optimum combination of irradiance and exposure time for this commercial dental resin may be close to 1.5 W/cm(2) for 12s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Selig
- Dalhousie University, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Halifax, Canada; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany; FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Haenel
- Dalhousie University, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Halifax, Canada; Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany; Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, Zlin, Czech Republic; Tomas Bata University in Zlin, University Institute, Centre of Polymer Systems, Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Berenika Hausnerová
- Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Faculty of Technology, Department of Production Engineering, Zlin, Czech Republic; Tomas Bata University in Zlin, University Institute, Centre of Polymer Systems, Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard Moeginger
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Daniel Labrie
- Dalhousie University, Department of Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Halifax, Canada
| | - Braden Sullivan
- Dalhousie University, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Halifax, Canada
| | - Richard B T Price
- Dalhousie University, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Halifax, Canada.
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Abstract
This review article will help clinicians understand the important role of the light curing unit (LCU) in their offices. The importance of irradiance uniformity, spectral emission, monitoring the LCU, infection control methods, recommended light exposure times, and learning the correct light curing technique are reviewed. Additionally, the consequences of delivering too little or too much light energy, the concern over leachates from undercured resins, and the ocular hazards are discussed. Practical recommendations are provided to help clinicians improve their use of the LCU so that their patients can receive safe and potentially longer lasting resin restorations.
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Rassaei M, Thelen M, Abumuaileq R, Hescheler J, Lüke M, Schneider T. Effect of high-intensity irradiation from dental photopolymerization on the isolated and superfused vertebrate retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:751-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Santini A, Miletic V, Koutsaki D. Degree of conversion of three fissure sealants cured by different light curing units using micro-Raman spectroscopy. J Dent Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mank S, Steineck M, Brauchli L. Influence of various polishing methods on pulp temperature : an in vitro study. J Orofac Orthop 2011; 72:348-57. [PMID: 21971572 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-011-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After orthodontic debonding, adhesive removal can lead to rises in pulp temperature, causing histological changes or pulp necrosis. The objective of this study was to measure increases in pulp temperature during adhesive removal using different instruments and various cooling procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thermoelement was introduced into the pulp chamber of 10 human incisors. The teeth were immersed in a 36°C water bath up to the cementoenamel junction. Two carbide burs, one polishing disk and two rubber points were used for polishing. All measurements were taken over a 10 s period by a single investigator, under slight pressure and with constant motion. Three cooling procedures were examined: no cooling, air cooling and water cooling. Pulp temperatures were measured before polishing and after 10 s of polishing. RESULTS Without cooling, the two rubber points revealed clinically relevant temperature increases of 6.1°C and 12.4°C. Cooling with air and with water reduced pulp temperature in conjunction with all polishing methods. Air cooling was most efficient, except in combination with the polishing disk. CONCLUSION Under these study conditions, carbide burs and polishing disks can be used safely and without risk to the pulp, even without cooling. On the other hand, rubber points cause a marked increase in pulp temperature when used without cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mank
- Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Seelbach P, Finger WJ, Ferger P, Balkenhol M. Temperature rise on dentin caused by temporary crown and fixed partial denture materials: Influencing factors. J Dent 2010; 38:964-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Lohbauer U, Zinelis S, Rahiotis C, Petschelt A, Eliades G. The effect of resin composite pre-heating on monomer conversion and polymerization shrinkage. Dent Mater 2009; 25:514-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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