Effects of music on patients undergoing a C-clamp procedure after percutaneous coronary interventions

Effects of Perioperative Music Therapy on Patients with Postoperative Pain and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: As a mind-body therapy, music may have a positive effect on patients with postoperative pain and anxiety. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the effects of perioperative music therapy on postoperative pain and anxiety based on existing clinical trials. Methods: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase were searched from their inception to August 2022, selected the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and completed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3. Results: A total of 19 eligible randomized controlled trials were enrolled, including 1803 patients. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the scores of pain (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.26 to -0.53; p < 0.00001) and anxiety (SMD, -0.75; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.31; p = 0.0008) decreased in the music group on postoperative day 1. The blood pressure (mean difference [MD], -5.29; 95% CI, -9.53 to -1.06; p = 0.01) and heart rate (MD, -6.13; 95% CI, -11.69 to -0.58; p = 0.03) also decreased on the same day. Further, the score of change in pain (SMD, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.68; p = 0.04) and anxiety (SMD, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.01 to 2.69; p = 0.05) increased between preoperative and postoperative days in the music group. However, the scores of hospital satisfaction (MD, -0.07; 95% CI, -1.40 to 1.27; p = 0.92) and incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting (risk ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.34; p = 0.14) did not decrease in the music group. Conclusion: Perioperative music therapy can significantly reduce postoperative pain and anxiety and avoid fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate but does not improve patient hospital satisfaction or incidences of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Non-pharmacological analgesia strategies in adult and elderly endovascular procedures: a scoping review

OBJECTIVES

To identify the main non-pharmacological analgesia strategies used in clinical practice in adult and elderly endovascular procedures.

METHODS

scoping review, undertaken in July 2021, on 12 national and international data sources. The recommendations of the JBI and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist were followed. Thirteen studies were selected to compose the sample, with no time or language cut-off.

RESULTS

the main non-pharmacological strategies found were cold compress, use of music, and reflexology. The most prevalent procedures were coronary angiography, peripheral venous catheterization, and femoral catheter removal. Pain measurement by Visual Numeric Scale and Visual Analog Scale described pain reduction in adults and elderly.

CONCLUSIONS

the main non-pharmacological strategies found were cold compress, use of music, and reflexology, which reduce pain in adults and the elderly.

Estratégias não farmacológicas na analgesia de adultos e idosos em procedimentos endovasculares: revisão de escopo

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar as principais estratégias não farmacológicas utilizadas na prática clínica na analgesia de adultos e idosos em procedimentos endovasculares. Métodos: é uma revisão de escopo, realizada em julho de 2021, em 12 fontes de dados nacionais e internacionais. Seguiram-se as recomendações do JBI e do checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Foram selecionados 13 estudos para compor a amostra, sem recorte temporal ou de idioma. Resultados: as principais estratégias não farmacológicas encontradas foram: compressa com gelo, uso da música e reflexologia. Os procedimentos mais prevalentes foram: angiografia coronariana, cateterismo venoso periférico e retirada de cateter femoral. A mensuração da dor pela Escala Visual Numérica e Escala Visual Analógica descreveram redução da dor de adultos e idosos. Conclusões: as principais estratégias não farmacológicas encontradas foram compressa com gelo, uso da música e reflexologia, que reduzem a dor de adultos e idosos.

Neurology Telemusic Program at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Turning Hospital Time Into Aesthetic Time During Crisis

Strict precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic left patients isolated during already stressful hospital stays. Research indicates that listening to music recruits regions in the brain involved with social interaction and reduces feelings of loneliness. We formed a team of clinicians and clinical musicians to bring music to the bedside, as “psychological first aid.” Our goal was to reduce feelings of anxiety and isolation in patients admitted to the Northwestern Memorial Hospital's neurosciences unit. Participants were offered 30–40-min live music sessions over FaceTime by a violist in consultation with a music therapist and a certified music practitioner. Music used for the interventions was personalized. Participants were evaluated with the Music Assessment Tool where they indicated their musical preferences and music to which they objected. Following the intervention, participants answered a questionnaire assessing how music impacted their emotional state based on a 1–10 Likert scale. Scores were then averaged across all patients and were calculated as percentages. Eighty-seven sessions were completed during a 3-month period. Despite different degrees of disability, most patients engaged aesthetically with the music. The likelihood to recommend (LTR) for the program was 98%; participants tended to highly agree that the intervention improved their emotional state (92%); that it provided a pleasurable experience (92.4%); and that it reduced their stress and anxiety (89.5%). This pilot project showed that the telemusic intervention was feasible for our neurosciences patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results are consistent with previous in-person hospital-based music interventions and highlight the importance of such programs when in-person interventions are not possible. This pilot project serves as a prelude to further investigate mechanisms by which music interventions can support admitted neurology patients.

Nursing care factors influencing patients' outcomes in the intensive care unit: Findings from a rapid review

Aims

To examine the nursing care factors investigated regarding their influence on outcomes of critically ill patients.

Background

A large number of studies have considered patients' outcomes as sensitive to nursing practice in intensive care unit environments. However, no summary of nursing factors influencing these outcomes has been provided.

Design

Rapid review, following the seven‐stage process outlined by Tricco and colleagues.

Data Sources

Articles published up to March 2020 were identified in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scopus databases.

Review Methods

Eligibility of studies was first assessed at the title and abstracts level. Study inclusion was then established by two researchers by analysing the full texts.

Results

A total of 93 studies were included, with a total of 21 nursing care factors documented. At the structural level, nursing factors have been investigated at the organizational and at the personnel level. At the process level, nurse‐led programmes, independent nursing interventions and nurse behaviours have been investigated to date.

Conclusion

The set of nursing factors that emerged can be used in future research to improve poorly developed areas and to accumulate further evidence through additional studies, both at managerial and practice levels.

What is already known about this topic?

Thirty‐five nursing‐sensitive outcomes capable of being used to measure the quality of care in the intensive care unit have been identified to date.

Several nursing care factors in structural and process dimensions have been documented as having an influence on the outcomes of critically ill patients.

What this paper adds:

Many interventions have been assessed in relation to nursing outcomes, more often at the process than at structural levels.

Specifically, a total of 21 nursing factors have been studied to date in the context of intensive care units, divided into structure (organizational and personnel) and process (nurse‐led programmes, independent nursing interventions and behaviours) dimensions.

The implications of this paper

The set of nursing factors that emerged can be considered as a basis for further research, especially regarding poorly developed areas.

Emergent nursing care factors can be used as a blueprint to design and develop educational programmes both at under‐ and postgraduate levels.

At the managerial levels, both structure and process dimensions of nursing care are capable of affecting outcomes and could be used to inform decision‐making.

Music Intervention in Pain Relief of Cardiovascular Patients in Cardiac Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Numerous meta-analyses have been conducted on music and pain, but no studies have investigated music and cardiac procedural pain.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of music intervention on pain in cardiac procedures in the published randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. All the included randomized controlled studies were published between 1999 and 2016. Studies were obtained from electronic databases or by hand-searching of related journals and reference lists. The main outcome was pain intensity, and the secondary outcomes were vital signs such as heart rate, respiration rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines.

RESULTS

Analysis of 14 studies indicated that music interventions had statistically significant effects on decreasing pain scales (mean deviation [MD] = -1.84), heart rate (MD = -2.62), respiration rate (MD = -2.57), systolic blood pressure (MD = -5.11), and diastolic blood pressure (MD = 0.44). The subgroup analysis method was used in all five outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering all the possible benefits, music intervention may provide an effective complement for the relief of cardiac procedural pain.

Characteristics of Nonpharmacological Interventions for Pain Management in the ICU: A Scoping Review

Pain relief in the intensive care unit (ICU) is of particular concern since patients are exposed to multiple painful stimuli associated with care procedures. Considering the adverse effects of pharmacological approaches, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, the use of non-pharmacological interventions has recently been recommended in the context of critical care. The main goal of this scoping review was to systematically map the research done on non-pharmacological interventions for pain management in ICU adults and describe the characteristics of these interventions. A wide variety of non-pharmacological interventions have been tested, with music and massage therapies being the most frequently used. An interesting new trend is the use of combined or bundle interventions. Lastly, it was observed that these interventions have not been studied in specific subgroups, such as the elderly, women, and patients unable to self-report.

The effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods

A retrospective study of 99 patients after coronary artery bypass from January 2017 to January 2019 was conducted in a cardiac center in China. According to the different interventions, all the participants were divided into 3 groups: group A: music therapy; group B: rest without music therapy; and group C: conventional treatment. The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to measure the patient’s pain, anxiety and depression before and after 30 min of the intervention.

Results

There were no significant differences in the NRS, SDS and SAS scores between the three groups of patients before the intervention. After 30 min of music therapy, the NRS, SDS and SAS scores of patients in group A were significantly lower than those before music therapy, and the differences were statistically significant. However, before and after the intervention in groups B and C, the NRS, SDS and SAS scores were not statistically significant. By comparison among the three groups after 30 min of intervention, the NRS, SDS and SAS scores in patients in group A were significantly lower than those in groups B and C, and the differences were statistically significant. The scores were not significantly different between groups B and C.

Conclusion

Music therapy can effectively alleviate the pain, anxiety and depression of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.

What nursing sensitive outcomes have been studied to-date among patients cared for in intensive care units? Findings from a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Although many studies have considered mortality and adverse effects as outcomes sensitive to nursing practice, it seems that other outcomes of nursing care in intensive care units have been explored less commonly.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the state-of-science in research in the field of nursing sensitive outcomes in intensive care units and to synthesize outcomes that have been documented to date as being influenced by nursing care.

DESIGN

A scoping review study based on the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, further refined by the Levac and Joanna Briggs Institute was performed in 2019.

DATA SOURCES

The Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched. In addition, the reference list of included articles was screened.

REVIEW METHODS

Two researchers independently identified publications on the basis of the following criteria: (a) articles that reported nursing sensitive outcomes on critically-ill adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit, (b) as primary and secondary studies, (c) written in English, and (d) without any time frame limitation.

RESULTS

Of the 4,231 records, 112 fully met the inclusion criteria and were included. Publications were mainly authored in the US and Canada (n = 44, 39.2%), and the majority (n = 62, 55.3%) had an observational design. A total of 233 nursing sensitive outcomes emerged, categorized in 35 outcomes, with, on average, two per study included. The most often measured outcomes were pressure ulcers (20 studies) and ventilator-associated pneumonias (19 studies); the less studied outcomes were quality of life, secretion clearance, patient-ventilator dysynchrony, and post-extubation dysphagia. When categorizing outcomes, the ones concerning safety (n = 77, 33.1%) were represented the most, followed by those concerning the clinical (n = 72, 30.9%), functional (n = 70, 30.0%), and perceptual (n = 14, 6.0%) domains. The interdependent outcomes linked to multi-professional interventions (e.g., ventilator-associated pneumonias) were the most frequently studied nursing sensitive outcomes (n = 20, 57.1%), while independent outcomes resulting from autonomous interventions performed by nurses were less often studied (n = 8, 22.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

From a clinical point of view, a large heterogeneity of outcomes influenced by nursing care emerged. However, identified outcomes have been studied with different approaches and metrics, so that future efforts will need to establish homogeneous conceptual and operative definitions. Moreover, increasing efforts in establishing perceptual outcomes, or those close to the fundamentals of nursing care, are suggested in order to better depict the contribution of critical care nurses in the field.

Effects of environmental design on patient outcome: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this systematic review was to assess how inpatients were affected by the built environment design during their hospitalization.

BACKGROUND

Over the last decade, the healthcare system has become increasingly aware of how focus on healthcare environment might affect patient satisfaction. The focus on environmental design has become a field with great potential because of its possible impact on cost control while improving quality of care.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted to identify current and past studies about evidence-based healthcare design. The following databases were searched: Medline/PubMed, Cinahl, and Embase. Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of built environment design interventions such as music, natural murals, and plants in relation to patients' health outcome.

RESULTS

Built environment design aspects such as audio environment and visual environment had a positive influence on patients' health outcomes. Specifically the studies indicated a decrease in patients' anxiety, pain, and stress levels when exposed to certain built environment design interventions.

CONCLUSIONS

The built environment, especially specific audio and visual aspects, seems to play an important role in patients' outcomes, making hospitals a better healing environment for patients.

KEYWORDS

Built environment, evidence-based design, healing environments, hospitals, literature review.

Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients

BACKGROUND

Individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) often suffer from severe distress due to diagnosis, hospitalization, surgical procedures, uncertainty of outcome, fear of dying, doubts about progress in recovery, helplessness and loss of control. Such adverse effects put the cardiac patient at greater risk for complications, including sudden cardiac death. It is therefore of crucial importance that the care of people with CHD focuses on psychological as well as physiological needs.Music interventions have been used to reduce anxiety and distress and improve physiological functioning in medical patients; however its efficacy for people with CHD needs to be evaluated.

OBJECTIVES

To update the previously published review that examined the effects of music interventions with standard care versus standard care alone on psychological and physiological responses in persons with CHD.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library (2012, Issue 10), MEDLINE (OvidSP, 1950 to October week 4 2012), EMBASE (OvidSP, 1974 to October week 5 2012), CINAHL (EBSCOhost, 1982 to 9 November 2012), PsycINFO (OvidSP, 1806 to October week 5 2012), LILACS (Virtual Health Library, 1982 to 15 November 2012), Social Science Citation Index (ISI, 1974 to 9 November 2012), a number of other databases, and clinical trial registers. We also conducted handsearching of journals and reference lists. We applied no language restrictions.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included all randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for persons with confirmed CHD.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality, seeking additional information from the trial researchers when necessary. We present results using weighted mean differences for outcomes measured by the same scale, and standardized mean differences for outcomes measured by different scales. We used post-intervention scores. In cases of significant baseline difference, we used change scores (changes from baseline).

MAIN RESULTS

We identified four new trials for this update. In total, the evidence for this review rests on 26 trials (1369 participants). Listening to music was the main intervention used, and 23 of the studies did not include a trained music therapist.Results indicate that music interventions have a small beneficial effect on psychological distress in people with CHD and this effect is consistent across studies (MD = -1.26, 95% CI -2.30 to -0.22, P = 0.02, I² = 0%). Listening to music has a moderate effect on anxiety in people with CHD; however results were inconsistent across studies (SMD = -0.70, 95% CI -1.17 to -0.22, P = 0.004, I² = 77%). Studies that used music interventions in people with myocardial infarction found more consistent anxiety-reducing effects of music, with an average anxiety reduction of 5.87 units on a 20 to 80 point score range (95% CI -7.99 to -3.75, P < 0.00001, I² = 53%). Furthermore, studies that used patient-selected music resulted in greater anxiety-reducing effects that were consistent across studies (SMD = -0.89, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.36, P = 0.001, I² = 48%). Findings indicate that listening to music reduces heart rate (MD = -3.40, 95% CI -6.12 to -0.69, P = 0.01), respiratory rate (MD = -2.50, 95% CI -3.61 to -1.39, P < 0.00001) and systolic blood pressure (MD = -5.52 mmHg, 95% CI - 7.43 to -3.60, P < 0.00001). Studies that included two or more music sessions led to a small and consistent pain-reducing effect (SMD = -0.27, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.00, P = 0.05). The results also suggest that listening to music may improve patients' quality of sleep following a cardiac procedure or surgery (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.79, P = 0.04).We found no strong evidence for heart rate variability and depression. Only one study considered hormone levels and quality of life as an outcome variable. A small number of studies pointed to a possible beneficial effect of music on opioid intake after cardiac procedures or surgery, but more research is needed to strengthen this evidence.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review indicates that listening to music may have a beneficial effect on anxiety in persons with CHD, especially those with a myocardial infarction. Anxiety-reducing effects appear to be greatest when people are given a choice of which music to listen to.Furthermore, listening to music may have a beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, quality of sleep and pain in persons with CHD. However, the clinical significance of these findings is unclear. Since many of the studies are at high risk of bias, these findings need to be interpreted with caution. More research is needed into the effects of music interventions offered by a trained music therapist.

Music as an adjuvant therapy in control of pain and symptoms in hospitalized adults: a systematic review

The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence regarding the use of music as an adjuvant therapy for pain control in hospitalized adults. The search terms music, music therapy, pain, adults, inpatient, and hospitalized were used to search the Cochrane Library, Cinahl, Medline, Natural Standard, and Scopus databases from January 2005 to March 2011. (A systematic review conducted by the Cochrane Collaboration has extensively covered the time frame from 1966 to 2004.) Seventeen randomized controlled trials met criteria for review and inclusion. Seven of the research studies were conducted with surgical patients, three with medical patients, one with medical-surgical patients, four with intensive care patients, and two with pregnant patients. The combined findings of these studies provide support for the use of music as an adjuvant approach to pain control in hospitalized adults. The use of music is safe, inexpensive, and an independent nursing function that can be easily incorporated into the routine care of patients.

Patients and ICU nurses' perspectives of non-pharmacological interventions for pain management

BACKGROUND

Pain is a major stressor for critically ill patients. To maximize pain relief, non-pharmacological interventions are an interesting avenue to explore.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The study aim was to describe the perspectives of patients/family members and nurses about the usefulness, relevance and feasibility of non-pharmacological interventions for pain management in the intensive care unit (ICU).

DESIGN

A qualitative descriptive design was used.

METHODS

Patients/family members (n = 6) with a previous experience of ICU hospitalization and ICU nurses (n = 32) were recruited. Using a semi-structured discussion guide, participants were asked to share their perspective about non-pharmacological interventions that they found useful, relevant and feasible for pain management in the ICU. Interventions were clustered into five categories: a) cognitive-behavioural, b) physical, c) emotional support, d) helping with activities of daily living and, e) creating a comfortable environment.

RESULTS

A total of eight focus groups (FGs) with patients/family members (two FGs) and ICU nurses (six FGs) were conducted. Overall, 33 non-pharmacological interventions were discussed. The top four non-pharmacological interventions found to be useful, relevant and feasible in at least half of the FGs were music therapy and distraction (cognitive-behavioural category), simple massage (physical category) and family presence facilitation (emotional support category). Interestingly, patients/family members and nurses showed different interests towards some interventions. For instance, patients discussed more about active listening/reality orientation, while nurses talked mostly about teaching/positioning.

CONCLUSIONS

Four non-pharmacological interventions reached consensus in patients and nurses' FGs to be useful, relevant and feasible for pain management in the ICU. Other interventions seemed to be influenced by personal experience or professional role of the participants.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

While more evidence is required to conclude to their effectiveness, ICU nurses can use non-pharmacological interventions complementary to pharmacological treatment of pain as they are low cost and safe.

Sensory environment on health-related outcomes of hospital patients

BACKGROUND

Hospital environments have recently received renewed interest, with considerable investments into building and renovating healthcare estates. Understanding the effectiveness of environmental interventions is important for resource utilisation and providing quality care.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effect of hospital environments on adult patient health-related outcomes.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (last searched January 2006); MEDLINE (1902 to December 2006); EMBASE (January 1980 to February 2006); 14 other databases covering health, psychology, and the built environment; reference lists; and organisation websites. This review is currently being updated (MEDLINE last search October 2010), see Studies awaiting classification.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted times series of environmental interventions in adult hospital patients reporting health-related outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently undertook data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessment. We contacted authors to obtain missing information. For continuous variables, we calculated a mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each study. For dichotomous variables, we calculated a risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). When appropriate, we used a random-effects model of meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was explored qualitatively and quantitatively based on risk of bias, case mix, hospital visit characteristics, and country of study.

MAIN RESULTS

Overall, 102 studies have been included in this review. Interventions explored were: 'positive distracters', to include aromas (two studies), audiovisual distractions (five studies), decoration (one study), and music (85 studies); interventions to reduce environmental stressors through physical changes, to include air quality (three studies), bedroom type (one study), flooring (two studies), furniture and furnishings (one study), lighting (one study), and temperature (one study); and multifaceted interventions (two studies). We did not find any studies meeting the inclusion criteria to evaluate: art, access to nature for example, through hospital gardens, atriums, flowers, and plants, ceilings, interventions to reduce hospital noise, patient controls, technologies, way-finding aids, or the provision of windows. Overall, it appears that music may improve patient-reported outcomes such as anxiety; however, the benefit for physiological outcomes, and medication consumption has less support. There are few studies to support or refute the implementation of physical changes, and except for air quality, the included studies demonstrated that physical changes to the hospital environment at least did no harm.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Music may improve patient-reported outcomes in certain circumstances, so support for this relatively inexpensive intervention may be justified. For some environmental interventions, well designed research studies have yet to take place.

The theory of music, mood and movement to improve health outcomes

AIM

This paper presents a discussion of the development of a middle-range nursing theory of the effects of music on physical activity and improved health outcomes.

BACKGROUND

Due to the high rate of physical inactivity and the associated negative health outcomes worldwide, nurses need new evidence-based theories and interventions to increase physical activity.

DATA SOURCES

The theory of music, mood and movement (MMM) was developed from physical activity guidelines and music theory using the principles of statement and theory synthesis. The concepts of music, physical activity and health outcomes were searched using the CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases covering the years 1975-2008.

DISCUSSION

The theory of MMM was synthesized by combining the psychological and physiological responses of music to increase physical activity and improve health outcomes. It proposes that music alters mood, is a cue for movement, and makes physical activity more enjoyable leading to improved health outcomes of weight, blood pressure, blood sugar and cardiovascular risk factor management, and improved quality of life.

CONCLUSION

As it was developed from the physical activity guidelines, the middle-range theory is prescriptive, produces testable hypotheses, and can guide nursing research and practice. The middle-range theory needs to be tested to determine its usefulness for nurses to develop physical activity programmes to improve health outcomes across various cultures.

Predictors and use of nonpharmacologic interventions for procedural pain associated with turning among hospitalized adults

Many hospitalized adults cannot reposition themselves in their beds. Therefore, they are regularly turned by their nurses, primarily to prevent pressure ulcer formation. Earlier research indicates that turning is painful and that patients are rarely premedicated with analgesics. Nonpharmacologic interventions may be used to help with this painful procedure. However, no published research was found on the use of nonpharmacologic interventions for turning of hospitalized patients. The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe patient pain characteristics during turning and their association with patient demographic and clinical characteristics; 2) to determine the frequency of use of various nonpharmacologic interventions for hospitalized adult patients undergoing the painful procedure of turning; and 3) to identify factors that predict the use of specific nonpharmacologic interventions for pain associated with turning. Hospitalized adult patients who experienced turning, the nurses caring for them, and others who were present at the time of turning were asked if they used various nonpharmacologic interventions to manage pain during the turning. Out of 1,395 patients, 92.5% received at least one nonpharmacologic intervention. Most frequently used were calming voice (65.7%), information (60.6%), and deep breathing (37.9%). Critical-care patients were more likely to receive a calming voice (odds ratio [OR] 1.66, p < .01), receive information (OR 1.62, p < .001), and use deep breathing (OR= 1.36, p < .05) than those who were not critical-care patients. Those reporting higher pain were consistently more likely to receive each of the three interventions (OR 1.01, p < .05 for all 3). In conclusion, nonpharmacologic interventions are used frequently during a turning procedure. The specific interventions used most often are ones that can be initiated spontaneously. Our data suggest that patients, nurses, and family members respond to patients' turning-related pain by using nonpharmacologic interventions.

The Effect of Music Intervention in Relation to Gender During Coronary Angiographic Procedures: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Several studies have evaluated music interventions prior and after coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but there is no clear evidence showing that music has an effect on patients during these procedures. The purpose was to investigate the effects of music on anxiety, angina, pain, relaxation, and comfort in patients during angiographic procedures and to evaluate gender differences. The study was a four-armed, prospective randomized controlled trial included 240 patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or PCI. Patients were allocated to receive relaxing music, MusiCure® or standard care during the procedure. Outcome measures were; puncture pain and the discomfort related to it, angina and the discomfort related to it, anxiety, experience of the sound environment, discomfort of lying still, and the doses of anxiolytics and analgesics during the procedure. No differences were found between the music and control groups regarding any of the trial endpoints or gender-related differences. The overall rating of the sound environment and feeling of relaxation was high. In conclusion, music intervention in patients undergoing angiographic procedures was highly feasible, but not effective in this study though the delivery of music went smoothly and did not disturb the examination and patients and staff alike looked favorably on it.

Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients

BACKGROUND

Individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) often suffer from severe distress putting them at greater risk for complications. Music interventions have been used to reduce anxiety and distress and improve physiological functioning in medical patients, however its efficacy for CHD patients needs to be evaluated.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the effects of music interventions with standard care versus standard care alone on psychological and physiological responses in persons with CHD.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PSYCINFO, LILACS, Science Citation Index, www.musictherapyworld.net, CAIRSS for Music, Proquest Digital Dissertations, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, and the National Research Register (all to May 2008). We handsearched music therapy journals and reference lists, and contacted relevant experts to identify unpublished manuscripts. There was no language restriction.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included all randomized controlled trials that compared music interventions and standard care with standard care alone for persons with CHD.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were extracted, and methodological quality was assessed, independently by the two reviewers. Additional information was sought from the trial researchers when necessary. Results are presented using weighted mean differences for outcomes measured by the same scale and standardized mean differences for outcomes measured by different scales. Posttest scores were used. In cases of significant baseline difference, we used change scores.

MAIN RESULTS

Twenty-three trials (1461 participants) were included. Music listening was the main intervention used, and 21 of the studies did not include a trained music therapist.Results indicated that music listening has a moderate effect on anxiety in patients with CHD, however results were inconsistent across studies. This review did not find strong evidence for reduction of psychological distress. Findings indicated that listening to music reduces heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure. Studies that included two or more music sessions led to a small and consistent pain-reducing effect.No strong evidence was found for peripheral skin temperature. None of the studies considered hormone levels and only one study considered quality of life as an outcome variable.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Music listening may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and pain in persons with CHD. However, the quality of the evidence is not strong and the clinical significance unclear.Most studies examined the effects of listening to pre-recorded music. More research is needed on the effects of music offered by a trained music therapist.