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Ali MY, Naseem T, Zhang J, Pan M, Zhang F, Liu TX. Plant Volatiles and Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles from Chili Pepper Act as Attractant of the Aphid Parasitoid Aphelinus varipes (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101350. [PMID: 35631774 PMCID: PMC9145887 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a number of different chemical defenses, covering nearly all classes of (secondary) metabolites, that represent a major barrier to herbivory: some are constitutive; others are induced after attacks from herbivores (HIPVs) and may elicit the attraction of predators and parasitoids. Here, we studied how the female solitary endoparasitoid Aphelinus varipes responds to plant and host aphid volatiles in a series of experiments on five commercially important vegetables that were either healthy or infested with the aphid Myzus persicae: chili pepper, eggplant, crown daisy, Chinese cabbage and cabbage. The results for the olfactory responses of A. varipes showed that the presence of M. persicae increased the attraction of the endoparasitoid to the infested plants. In a second experiment, volatiles from highly attractive and repellent plants were obtained via headspace collection to investigate volatiles from healthy and aphid-damaged plants. The results for the differences in volatile profiles in response to aphid infestation in chili pepper cultivar were dominated by the volatile blends, including α-pinene, decanal and phthalic acid, while in cabbage they were dominated by isophorone. Moreover, when HIPVs with different concentrations were compared, α-pinene at a dose rate of 100 ng/μL attracted more parasitoids, and the comparison was useful to understand the mechanisms of plant secondary volatiles during aphid infestation and to provide new resources to control this insect pest. Overall our study shows how HIPVs can bolster tritrophic interactions by enhancing the attractiveness of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Tayyaba Naseem
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Jinping Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Mingzhen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (T.-X.L.)
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology and Molecular Biology, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (M.Y.A.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (T.-X.L.)
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Akotsen-Mensah C, Blaauw BR, Rivera MJ, Rodriguez-Saona C, Nielsen AL. Behavioral Response of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Its Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) to Host Plant Odors. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.696814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects use a range of cues to help them interact with each other and their host plants. Among these cues, olfaction plays a major role in host selection. The present study investigated the behavioral response of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), and its egg parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), to host plant-related odors. We used H. halys nymphs since their response to host odors is relatively unknown. In a Y-tube, we first evaluated the behavioral response of H. halys nymphs to whole-fruit odors of apple [Malus domestica (Borkh.)] and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)]. Subsequently, we tested the behavioral response of H. halys and T. japonicus to 18 selected synthetic volatiles previously identified from H. halys and its common host plants. In the greenhouse, we further tested H. halys attraction to the most promising of these volatiles individually and as blends. In single-choice tests, H. halys nymphs preferred odors from apple and peach over the control (no odor). In dual-choice tests, H. halys did not show any preference between apple and peach odors. Among the 18 volatiles tested, H. halys nymphs were attracted to ethyl salicylate (ES), undecane (UN), and ethyl acetate (EA) compared to the control. In the greenhouse, H. halys nymphs were similarly attracted to blends of 1:1 ratio of ES and EA but not to single compounds. Also in the Y-tube, female T. japonicus preferred the arm that had ES, β-caryophyllene, and decanal and a blend of these three compounds at a 1:1:1 ratio. Trissolcus japonicus was more attracted to the control arm than to the arm containing tridecane or α-pinene. These results indicate the potential of developing H. halys and T. japonicus attractants or/and repellents based on host plant volatiles and suggest possible adaptive responses of this pest and its egg parasitoid to similar host plant odors.
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de Pedro L, Harbi A, Tormos J, Sabater-Muñoz B, Beitia F. A Minor Role of Host Fruit on the Parasitic Performance of Aganaspis daci (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) on Medfly Larvae. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040345. [PMID: 33924394 PMCID: PMC8069571 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The medfly, Ceratitis capitata, is one of the main pests of citrus and other fruits worldwide. One of the most promising parasitoids for the control of this pest is Aganaspis daci, which has been recently discovered in the Mediterranean Basin. The development of fruit pests is strongly affected by the host fruit and this is also expected to affect the parasitic performance of their natural enemies. Therefore, in this study, we measured both the olfactory and parasitic response of female Aganaspis daci to different fruit species that can host medfly larvae. This parasitoid was more attracted to apples and uninfested fruit and showed very similar parasitic activity among the different tested fruits. However, the parasitic performance differed significantly depending on the environmental conditions under which the assays were conducted, showing good results in the laboratory and a much poorer performance in greenhouse trials. We conclude that A. daci may be a good candidate to control the medfly in a range of different crops, but only when climatic conditions allow normal activity of this species. Abstract Host fruit is known to strongly affect the performance of both fruit pests and their potential natural enemies. This is particularly important in the control of tephritid fruit flies, whose larvae develop inside the fruit and thus create a set of foraging problems for parasitoids. In the present study, we assessed the response of female Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), one of the most promising parasitoids for tephritid biocontrol in the Mediterranean Basin, to different potential host fruit species. We measured the olfactory response to medfly-infested and uninfested fruits, and several biological parameters of A. daci when different infested fruits were offered under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Our results showed that this parasitoid was significantly more attracted to apples and uninfested fruit. Moreover, parasitic activity was similar among the tested fruits under both conditions, showing very high values in the laboratory and a much poorer performance when conditions were variable. This suggests that A. daci may be a good candidate to be included in mass releases against the medfly regardless of the affected crop, but only when climate conditions are not expected to hinder its normal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis de Pedro
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Crop Protection, Biological Control and Ecosystem Services, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-362-788
| | - Ahlem Harbi
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Chott-Mariem 4042, Tunisia
| | - José Tormos
- Unidad de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Sabater-Muñoz
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin2 D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland
- Integrative Systems Biology Group, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP) from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Beitia
- Unidad Asociada de Entomología IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Ctra. Moncada a Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain; (A.H.); (B.S.-M.); (F.B.)
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Vosteen I, van den Meiracker N, Poelman EH. Gone with the wind: low availability of volatile information limits foraging efficiency in downwind-flying parasitoids. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Aartsma Y, Bianchi FJJA, van der Werf W, Poelman EH, Dicke M. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles and tritrophic interactions across spatial scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:1054-1063. [PMID: 28195346 PMCID: PMC6079636 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are an important cue used in herbivore location by carnivorous arthropods such as parasitoids. The effects of plant volatiles on parasitoids have been well characterised at small spatial scales, but little research has been done on their effects at larger spatial scales. The spatial matrix of volatiles ('volatile mosaic') within which parasitoids locate their hosts is dynamic and heterogeneous. It is shaped by the spatial pattern of HIPV-emitting plants, the concentration, chemical composition and breakdown of the emitted HIPV blends, and by environmental factors such as wind, turbulence and vegetation that affect transport and mixing of odour plumes. The volatile mosaic may be exploited differentially by different parasitoid species, in relation to species traits such as sensory ability to perceive volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source. Understanding how HIPVs influence parasitoids at larger spatial scales is crucial for our understanding of tritrophic interactions and sustainable pest management in agriculture. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge on how volatiles influence the process of host location by parasitoids at the landscape scale. Future studies should bridge the gap between the chemical and behavioural ecology of tritrophic interactions and landscape ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavanna Aartsma
- Farming Systems EcologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | | | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityPO Box 430Wageningen6700 AKthe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityPO Box 16Wageningen6700 AAthe Netherlands
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Segura DF, Nussenbaum AL, Viscarret MM, Devescovi F, Bachmann GE, Corley JC, Ovruski SM, Cladera JL. Innate Host Habitat Preference in the Parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata: Functional Significance and Modifications through Learning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152222. [PMID: 27007298 PMCID: PMC4805301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids searching for polyphagous herbivores can find their hosts in a variety of habitats. Under this scenario, chemical cues from the host habitat (not related to the host) represent poor indicators of host location. Hence, it is unlikely that naïve females show a strong response to host habitat cues, which would become important only if the parasitoids learn to associate such cues to the host presence. This concept does not consider that habitats can vary in profitability or host nutritional quality, which according to the optimal foraging theory and the preference-performance hypothesis (respectively) could shape the way in which parasitoids make use of chemical cues from the host habitat. We assessed innate preference in the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata among chemical cues from four host habitats (apple, fig, orange and peach) using a Y-tube olfactometer. Contrary to what was predicted, we found a hierarchic pattern of preference. The parasitism rate realized on these fruit species and the weight of the host correlates positively, to some extent, with the preference pattern, whereas preference did not correlate with survival and fecundity of the progeny. As expected for a parasitoid foraging for generalist hosts, habitat preference changed markedly depending on their previous experience and the abundance of hosts. These findings suggest that the pattern of preference for host habitats is attributable to differences in encounter rate and host quality. Host habitat preference seems to be, however, quite plastic and easily modified according to the information obtained during foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Segura
- Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica, IGEAF, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana L. Nussenbaum
- Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica, IGEAF, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana M. Viscarret
- Insectario de Investigaciones para Lucha Biológica, IMyZA, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Francisco Devescovi
- Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica, IGEAF, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo E. Bachmann
- Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica, IGEAF, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Corley
- Grupo de Ecología de Poblaciones de Insectos. INTA EEA Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Sergio M. Ovruski
- PROIMI Biotecnología, CCT Tucumán CONICET, División Control Biológico de Plagas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Cladera
- Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica, IGEAF, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Argentina
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Stötefeld L, Holighaus G, Schütz S, Rohlfs M. Volatile-mediated location of mutualist host and toxic non-host microfungi by Drosophila larvae. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Auguste A, Fauvergue X. Intimate Rendezvous in a Tritrophic Context? Nothing but the Girls for MaleLysiphlebus testaceipes. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Auguste
- UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; INRA; Sophia Antipolis France
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Sophia Antipolis France
- UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; CNRS; Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Xavier Fauvergue
- UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; INRA; Sophia Antipolis France
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Sophia Antipolis France
- UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech; CNRS; Sophia Antipolis France
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Pashalidou FG, Gols R, Berkhout BW, Weldegergis BT, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Fatouros NE. To be in time: egg deposition enhances plant-mediated detection of young caterpillars by parasitoids. Oecologia 2014; 177:477-86. [PMID: 25273955 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animals use information from their environment while foraging for food or prey. When parasitic wasps forage for hosts, they use plant volatiles induced by herbivore activities such as feeding and oviposition. Little information is available on how wasps exploit specific plant volatiles over time, and which compounds indicate changes in host quality. In experiments investigating the role of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in wasp foraging, induction of plant response is usually achieved by placing larvae on clean plants instead of allowing the natural sequence of events: to let eggs deposited by the herbivore develop into larvae. We compared the attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata to volatiles emitted by black mustard (Brassica nigra) plants induced by eggs and successive larval stages of the Large Cabbage White butterfly (Pieris brassicae) to the attraction of this parasitoid to black mustard plant volatiles induced only by larval feeding in a wind tunnel setup. We show that wasps are attracted to plants infested with eggs just before and shortly after larval hatching. However, wasp preference changed at later time points towards plants induced only by larval feeding. These temporal changes in parasitoid attraction matched with changes in the chemical compositions of the blends of plant volatiles. Previous studies have shown that host quality/suitability decreases with caterpillar age and that P. brassicae oviposition induces plant defences that negatively affect subsequently feeding caterpillars. We investigated parasitoid performance in hosts of different ages. Wasp performance was positively correlated with preference. Moreover, parasitism success decreased with time and host stage. In conclusion, the behaviour of Cotesia glomerata is fine-tuned to exploit volatiles induced by eggs and early host stages that benefit parasitoid fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini G Pashalidou
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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Exploitation of chemical signaling by parasitoids: impact on host population dynamics. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:752-63. [PMID: 23689875 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical information mediates species interactions in a wide range of organisms. Yet, the effect of chemical information on population dynamics is rarely addressed. We designed a spatio-temporal parasitoid--host model to investigate the population dynamics when both the insect host and the parasitic wasp that attacks it can respond to chemical information. The host species, Drosophila melanogaster, uses food odors and aggregation pheromone to find a suitable resource for reproduction. The larval parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma, uses these same odors to find its hosts. We show that when parasitoids can respond to food odors, this negatively affects fruit fly population growth. However, extra parasitoid responsiveness to aggregation pheromone does not affect fruit fly population growth. Our results indicate that the use of the aggregation pheromone by D. melanogaster does not lead to an increased risk of parasitism. Moreover, the use of aggregation pheromone by the host enhances its population growth and enables it to persist at higher parasitoid densities.
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Clavijo McCormick A, Unsicker SB, Gershenzon J. The specificity of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting herbivore enemies. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:303-10. [PMID: 22503606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by emitting complex mixtures of volatile compounds that attract herbivore enemies, both predators and parasitoids. Here, we explore whether these mixtures provide significant value as information cues in herbivore enemy attraction. Our survey indicates that blends of volatiles released from damaged plants are frequently specific depending on the type of herbivore and its age, abundance and feeding guild. The sensory perception of plant volatiles by herbivore enemies is also specific, according to the latest evidence from studies of insect olfaction. Thus, enemies do exploit the detailed information provided by plant volatile mixtures in searching for their prey or hosts, but this varies with the diet breadth of the enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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12
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Girling RD, Stewart-Jones A, Dherbecourt J, Staley JT, Wright DJ, Poppy GM. Parasitoids select plants more heavily infested with their caterpillar hosts: a new approach to aid interpretation of plant headspace volatiles. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2646-53. [PMID: 21270031 PMCID: PMC3136836 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack, and these VOCs can be used by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. We investigated the behavioural responses of the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to VOCs from a plant-herbivore complex consisting of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) and the parasitoids host caterpillar, Plutella xylostella. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the parasitoids' responses to VOCs produced as a result of different levels of attack by the caterpillar and equivalent levels of mechanical damage. Headspace VOC production by these plant treatments was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cotesia vestalis were able to exploit quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions, from the plant-herbivore complex, produced as a result of different numbers of herbivores feeding. Cotesia vestalis showed a preference for plants with more herbivores and herbivore damage, but did not distinguish between different levels of mechanical damage. Volatile profiles of plants with different levels of herbivores/herbivore damage could also be separated by canonical discriminant analyses. Analyses revealed a number of compounds whose emission increased significantly with herbivore load, and these VOCs may be particularly good indicators of herbivore number, as the parasitoid processes cues from its external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie D Girling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Rotheray TD, Chancellor M, Jones TH, Boddy L. Grazing by collembola affects the outcome of interspecific mycelial interactions of cord-forming basidiomycetes. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Maffei ME, Gertsch J, Appendino G. Plant volatiles: Production, function and pharmacology. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1359-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Adriaenssens B, Johnsson JI. Shy trout grow faster: exploring links between personality and fitness-related traits in the wild. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dynamic use of fruit odours to locate host larvae: individual learning, physiological state and genetic variability as adaptive mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 70:67-95. [PMID: 19773067 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(09)70003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents a series of behavioral studies designed to document how Leptopilina spp. learn fruit odours in order to find and explore host-infested fruits. Experimental analyses of conditioned responses explored individual learning, physiological changes and genetic variability as adaptive mechanisms of the host searching behavior. Both oriented walking and substrate probing can be easily observed and quantified in laboratory devices. We studied walking in a four-arm olfactometer and probing in an agar substrate in response to olfactory stimulation by fruit odours. We analyzed the odour learning process and the dynamics of the memory. We next investigated how odour memory is influenced by motivation factors such as mating or egg-load, and how much variation is due to inheritance, using isofemale lines. Next, we addressed the adaptive significance of innate and conditioned responses to fruit odour by comparing and crossing populations originating from areas with contrasted levels of host availability.
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Inflexible wasps: the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes does not track multiple changes in habitat profitability. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Holopainen JK. Importance of olfactory and visual signals of autumn leaves in the coevolution of aphids and trees. Bioessays 2008; 30:889-96. [PMID: 18693267 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Deciduous trees remobilize the nitrogen in senescing leaves during the process of autumn colouration, which in many species is associated with increased concentrations of anthocyanins. Archetti and Hamilton and Brown observed that autumn colouration is stronger in tree species facing a high diversity of specialist aphids. They proposed a coevolution theory that the bright colours in autumn might provide an honest signal of defence commitment, thus deterring migrant aphids from settling on the leaves. So far, there have been very few experimental results to support the hypothesis, and tree commitment to phenolics-based defences has not shown direct protection against aphids. Predators and parasitoids have been found to be the major controllers of arboreal aphids. Indirect defences involve the emission of attractive volatile compounds that enhance the effectiveness of carnivorous enemies. The indirect defence hypothesis is presented to explain low aphid diversity on tree species that are green during autumn. The hypothesis suggests that green foliage can continue to produce herbivore-inducible plant volatiles and maintain volatile-based indirect plant defences against aphids until leaf abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Girling RD, Madison R, Hassall M, Poppy GM, Turner JG. Investigations into plant biochemical wound-response pathways involved in the production of aphid-induced plant volatiles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3077-3085. [PMID: 18583348 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Feeding damage to plants by insect herbivores induces the production of plant volatiles, which are attractive to the herbivores natural enemies. Little is understood about the plant biochemical pathways involved in aphid-induced plant volatile production. The aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae can detect and respond to aphid-induced volatiles produced by Arabidopsis thaliana. When given experience of those volatiles, it can learn those cues and can therefore be used as a novel biosensor to detect them. The pathways involved in aphid-induced volatile production were investigated by comparing the responses of D. rapae to volatiles from a number of different transgenic mutants of A. thaliana, mutated in their octadecanoid, ethylene or salicylic acid wound-response pathways and also from wild-type plants. Plants were either undamaged or infested by the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae. It is demonstrated that the octadecanoid pathway and specifically the COI1 gene are required for aphid-induced volatile production. The presence of salicylic acid is also involved in volatile production. Using this model system, in combination with A. thaliana plants with single point gene mutations, has potential for the precise dissection of biochemical pathways involved in the production of aphid-induced volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie D Girling
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Tentelier C, Guillemaud T, Ferry S, Fauvergue X. Microsatellite-based parentage analysis reveals non-ideal free distribution in a parasitoid population. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2300-9. [PMID: 18373534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Tentelier
- UMR INRA, CNRS, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis 1301, Interactions Biotiques en Santé Végétale, BP 167 400, Routes des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
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cis-Jasmone induces Arabidopsis genes that affect the chemical ecology of multitrophic interactions with aphids and their parasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4553-8. [PMID: 18356298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710305105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of adaptive value for a plant to prepare its defenses when a threat is detected, and certain plant volatiles associated with insect damage, such as cis-jasmone (CJ), are known to switch-on defense metabolism. We used aphid and aphid parasitoid responses to Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system for studying gene expression and defense chemistry and its impact at different trophic levels. Differential responses to volatiles of induced Arabidopsis occurred for specialist and generalist insects: the generalist aphid, Myzus persicae, was repelled, whereas the specialist, Lipaphis erysimi, was attracted; the generalist aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi was attracted, but the specialist parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae was not affected. A. ervi also spent longer foraging on induced plants than on untreated ones. Transcriptomic analyses of CJ-induced Arabidopsis plants revealed that a limited number of genes, including a gene for a cytochrome P450, CYP81D11, were strongly up-regulated in the treated plants. We examined transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively overexpressing this gene in bioassays and found insect responses similar to those obtained for wild-type plants induced with CJ, indicating the importance of this gene in the CJ-activated defense response. Genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis and catabolism are unaffected by CJ and, because these genes relate to interactions with herbivores and parasitoids specific to this family of plants (Brassicaceae), this finding may explain the differences in behavioral response of specialist and generalist insects.
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