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MacLeod CD, Luong LT. Navigating the landscape of fear: Fruit flies exhibit distinct antipredator and antiparasite defensive behaviors. Ecology 2024:e4397. [PMID: 39223438 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Most organisms are at risk of being consumed by a predator or getting infected by a parasite at some point in their life. Theoretical constructs such as the landscape of fear (perception of risk) and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs, costly responses sans predation or infection) have been proposed to describe and quantify antipredator and antiparasite responses. How prey/host species identify and respond to these risks determines their survival, reproductive success and, ultimately, fitness. Most studies to date have focused on either predator-prey or parasite-host interactions, yet habitats and ecosystems contain both parasitic and/or predatory species that represent a complex and heterogenous mosaic of risk factors. Here, we experimentally investigated the behavioral responses of a cactophilic fruit fly, Drosophila nigrospiracula, exposed to a range of species that include parasites (ectoparasitic mite), predators (jumping spiders), as well as harmless heterospecifics (nonparasitic mites, ants, and weevils). We demonstrate that D. nigrospiracula can differentiate between threat and non-threat species, increase erratic movements and decrease velocity in the presence of parasites, but decrease erratic movements and time spent grooming in the presence of predators. Of particular importance, flies could distinguish between parasitic female mites and nonparasitic male mites of the same species, and respond accordingly. We also show that the direction of these NCEs differs when exposed to parasitic mites (i.e., risk of infection) versus spiders (i.e., risk of predation). Given the opposing effects of predation versus infection risk on fly behavior, we discuss potential trade-offs between parasite and predator avoidance behaviors. Our findings illustrate the complexity of risk assessment in a landscape of fear and the fine-tuned NCEs that arise in response. Moreover, this study is the first to examine these behavioral NCEs in a terrestrial system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D MacLeod
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lien T Luong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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2
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Zeng LQ, Ling H, Fu SJ, Pu DY, Killen SS. Individual and group behavioral responses to nutritional state and context in a social fish. Behav Processes 2024; 220:105059. [PMID: 38878914 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how animal collectives and societies form and function is a fundamental goal in animal biology. To date, research examining fish shoaling behavior has focused mostly on the general principles and ecological relevance of the phenomeon, while the ways in which physiological state (e.g., nutrition) affects collective behavior remain overlooked. Here, we investigated the shoaling behavior of common minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) with three different nutritional states (control treatment: fasting for 24 h, fasting treatment: fasting for 7 days, and digestion treatment: 1 h after satiation feeding) across two ecological contexts (i.e., without and with food). No effects of either nutritional state or context were found on swimming speed, but the acceleration was greater in the digestion group than in the control group, with that in the fasting group being intermediate. Similar to change tendency in group length and group width of shoals, both interindividual distance and nearest neighbor distance were also greater in the fasting group than in the digestion group, suggesting that fasting and digestion may exert opposite driving forces on group cohesion. However, neither nutritional state nor context influenced the group area, group speed, group percent time moving, or group polarization. Both the foraging efficiency and the percentage of food items consumed by the fish shoals were greater in the fasting and control groups than in the digestion group. Our study suggested that one week of hunger and the energetically demanding stage of food digestion tend to have opposite influences on group shape, while the social foraging context does not influence the individual and group behavior of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Hong Ling
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China; Yuechi Middle School, Sichuan 638300, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - De-Yong Pu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Cao B, Luo H, Zeng LQ. Effects of external cues and group mate body size on the collective behavior of shoaling crucian carp. Behav Processes 2023; 208:104873. [PMID: 37023871 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical alarm cues (CACs) play a key role in the predatorprey relationship in fish. Chemical cues in the aquatic environment have an impact on the individual and group behavior of fish, and differences in these behavioral responses might be related to the body size of group members. Here, we used juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as an animal model to examine the effects of different cues and group mate body sizes on the individual and group behavior of shoaling fish. Three group mate body size (small, large, and mixed size) and three pheromone (rearing tank water, food, and CACs) treatments were combined in our study, with each treatment having 16 groups of five fish. We found that the individual swimming speed of the mixed group increased after injecting rearing water and food cues in the tank. After injecting CACs, the individual swimming speed of both the small and mixed groups increased, while that of the large group did not change. After the injection of CACs, the group speed of the small group was higher than that of the large and mixed groups. After the food cues were added to the tank, the synchronization of speed of the small group was higher than that of the mixed and large groups. Both the interindividual distance and nearest-neighbor distance of the mixed group remained unchanged after injecting CACs. Our study indicated that the impact of external cues on the individual and collective behavior of fish is related to the difference in body size of group mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ling-Qing Zeng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Key Laboratory of Animal Biology of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, China.
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4
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Atkinson E, Keller BG, Strait NS, Krist VL, Zimmermann MR. Differential Strigeid Infection Patterns in Male Morphotypes of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:21-31. [PMID: 36348179 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Behavioral variation among conspecific organisms can have substantial ecological impacts, particularly affecting parasite infection. Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) exhibit multiple male reproductive morphotypes that differ in their size, feeding dynamics, and reproductive behavior. This study investigated how these morphological and ecological differences contribute to the patterns of infection by strigeid trematodes. METHODS A total of 1961 L. macrochirus was collected from 14 lakes and ponds in northwestern Virginia, USA, and were necropsied to identify and enumerate three common strigeid parasites, white grub (Posthodiplostoum spp.), black grub (Uvulifer ambloplitis), and yellow grub (Clinostomum marginatum) infecting the fish and determine if there were different infection patterns among sexes and morphotypes. RESULTS Strigeid infections in L. macrochirus α-males were in greater abundance compared to females and β-males. Additionally, α-males had greater strigeid infection in the kidneys and fins, while females and β-males accumulated more parasites in the liver and body tissues. CONCLUSIONS Increased nesting responsibilities and potential interaction with snail intermediate hosts by α-males may lead to the differences in infection patterns. The distinction of morphotypes revealed significant differences in abundance and distribution of parasite infections between the sexes of L. macrochirus, trends that were masked when male morphotypes are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Atkinson
- Department of Biology, Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA
| | - Brandi Griffith Keller
- Department of Biology, Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA
| | - Nicholas S Strait
- Department of Biology, Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA
| | - Victoria L Krist
- Department of Biology, Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA
| | - Michael R Zimmermann
- Department of Biology, Shenandoah University, 1460 University Drive, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA.
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Ahn S, Goater CP. Nonhost species reduce parasite infection in a focal host species within experimental fish communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10155-10163. [PMID: 34367566 PMCID: PMC8328402 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dilution effect describes the negative association between host biodiversity and the risk of infectious disease. Tests designed to understand the relative roles of host species richness, host species identity, and rates of exposure within experimental host communities would help resolve ongoing contention regarding the importance and generality of dilution effects. We exposed fathead minnows to infective larvae of the trematode, Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus in minnow-only containers and in mixed containers that held 1-3 other species of fish. Parasite infection was estimated as the number of encysted worms (i.e., brainworms) present in minnows following exposure. The results of exposure trials showed that nonminnow fish species were incompatible with O. ptychocheilus larvae. There was no reduction in mean brainworm counts in minnows in mixed containers with brook sticklebacks or longnose dace. In contrast, brainworm counts in minnows declined by 51% and 27% in mesocosms and aquaria, respectively, when they co-occurred with emerald shiners. Dilution within minnow + shiner containers may arise from shiner-induced alterations in minnow or parasite behaviors that reduced encounter rates between minnows and parasite larvae. Alternatively, shiners may act as parasite sinks for parasite larvae. These results highlight the role of host species identity in the dilution effect. Our results also emphasize the complex and idiosyncratic effects of host community composition on rates of parasite infection within contemporary host communities that contain combinations of introduced and native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Ahn
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Cameron P. Goater
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of LethbridgeLethbridgeABCanada
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6
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Epidermal Club Cells in Fishes: A Case for Ecoimmunological Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031440. [PMID: 33535506 PMCID: PMC7867084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal club cells (ECCs), along with mucus cells, are present in the skin of many fishes, particularly in the well-studied Ostariophysan family Cyprinidae. Most ECC-associated literature has focused on the potential role of ECCs as a component of chemical alarm cues released passively when a predator damages the skin of its prey, alerting nearby prey to the presence of an active predator. Because this warning system is maintained by receiver-side selection (senders are eaten), there is want of a mechanism to confer fitness benefits to the individual that invests in ECCs to explain their evolutionary origin and maintenance in this speciose group of fishes. In an attempt to understand the fitness benefits that accrue from investment in ECCs, we reviewed the phylogenetic distribution of ECCs and their histochemical properties. ECCs are found in various forms in all teleost superorders and in the chondrostei inferring either early or multiple independent origins over evolutionary time. We noted that ECCs respond to several environmental stressors/immunomodulators including parasites and pathogens, are suppressed by immunomodulators such as testosterone and cortisol, and their density covaries with food ration, demonstrating a dynamic metabolic cost to maintaining these cells. ECC density varies widely among and within fish populations, suggesting that ECCs may be a convenient tool with which to assay ecoimmunological tradeoffs between immune stress and foraging activity, reproductive state, and predator-prey interactions. Here, we review the case for ECC immune function, immune functions in fishes generally, and encourage future work describing the precise role of ECCs in the immune system and life history evolution in fishes.
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7
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Nadler LE, Bengston E, Eliason EJ, Hassibi C, Helland‐Riise SH, Johansen IB, Kwan GT, Tresguerres M, Turner AV, Weinersmith KL, Øverli Ø, Hechinger RF. A brain‐infecting parasite impacts host metabolism both during exposure and after infection is established. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences Nova Southeastern University Dania Beach FL USA
| | - Erik Bengston
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Erika J. Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Cameron Hassibi
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Siri H. Helland‐Riise
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ida B. Johansen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Garfield T. Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Andrew V. Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | | | - Øyvind Øverli
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences Norwegian University of Life Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Ryan F. Hechinger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
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8
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Gopko M, Mironova E, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Parasite transmission in aquatic ecosystems under temperature change: effects of host activity and elimination of parasite larvae by filter‐feeders. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Ekaterina Mironova
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Center of Parasitology Moscow Russia
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology RAS, Plankton ecology laboratory Moscow Russia
| | - Victor Mikheev
- Severtsov Inst. of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Laboratory for Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates Moscow Russia
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Jyväskylän Yliopisto, Dept of Biological and Environmental Science Jyväskylä Finland
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9
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Mikheev VN, Pasternak AF, Morozov AY, Taskinen J. Innate antipredator behavior can promote infection in fish even in the absence of predators. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Natural enemies—predators and parasites—largely shape the dynamics of ecosystems. It is known that antipredator and antiparasite defense can be mutually conflicting, however consequences of this trade-off for the regulation of infection burden in animals are still poorly understood. We hypothesize that even in the absence of cues from predators, innate antipredator behavior (“ghost of predation past”) interferes with defense against parasites and can enhance the infection risk. As a case study, we explore interactions between a commercial species, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and its parasite, the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Fish–parasite interactions were tested in compartmentalized tanks where shelters and parasites were presented in different combinations providing various conditions for microhabitat choice and territorial behavior. Shelters were attractive and contestable despite the absence of predators and presence of parasites. The individuals fighting for shelters acquired more than twice the number of cercariae as compared to those in infected shelter-free compartments. Most infected were subordinate fish with a higher ventilation rate. Fish possessing shelters were less vulnerable to parasites than fighting fish. Grouping reduced the infection load, although less efficiently than sheltering. Our data demonstrate that the innate antipredator behavior can undermine antiparasite tactics of the fish and result in higher infection rates. Using our empirical results, we construct a mathematical model which predicts that enriching the environment in fish farming will be beneficial only when a large number of shelters is provided. Using insufficient number of shelters will increase the parasite burden in the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Mikheev
- Laboratory of Fish Behavior, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna F Pasternak
- Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, Institute of Oceanology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew Yu Morozov
- Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, Institute of Oceanology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä,, PL, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Behringer DC, Karvonen A, Bojko J. Parasite avoidance behaviours in aquatic environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0202. [PMID: 29866915 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites, including macroparasites, protists, fungi, bacteria and viruses, can impose a heavy burden upon host animals. However, hosts are not without defences. One aspect of host defence, behavioural avoidance, has been studied in the terrestrial realm for over 50 years, but was first reported from the aquatic environment approximately 20 years ago. Evidence has mounted on the importance of parasite avoidance behaviours and it is increasingly apparent that there are core similarities in the function and benefit of this defence mechanism between terrestrial and aquatic systems. However, there are also stark differences driven by the unique biotic and abiotic characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments. Here, we review avoidance behaviours in a comparative framework and highlight the characteristics of each environment that drive differences in the suite of mechanisms and cues that animals use to avoid parasites. We then explore trade-offs, potential negative effects of avoidance behaviour and the influence of human activities on avoidance behaviours. We conclude that avoidance behaviours are understudied in aquatic environments but can have significant implications for disease ecology and epidemiology, especially considering the accelerating emergence and re-emergence of parasites.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Behringer
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jamie Bojko
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Velkey AJ, Boles J, Betts TK, Kay H, Henenlotter R, Wiens KM. High fidelity: Assessing zebrafish (Danio rerio) responses to social stimuli across several levels of realism. Behav Processes 2019; 164:100-108. [PMID: 31022508 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral assays of zebrafish shoaling have recently been employed to investigate social behavior in zebrafish models of psychiatric disease. Many studies have developed simulated models of conspecifics to serve as alternatives to live shoals in order to examine specific cues that contribute to shoaling behavior. However, no studies have investigated the extent to which zebrafish prefer one stimulus over another when given the choice between two conspecific alternatives (live or simulated). In the present study, we employed a new, four-quadrant choice preference task that allowed zebrafish to swim freely between a live shoal and a motorized mobile shoal, a live shoal and playback of a video-recorded shoal, or a motorized mobile shoal and playback of a video-recorded shoal. Behavior tracking software was used to track subjects' movements in upper and lower quadrants on either side of the test arena. Subjects spent more time near the live shoal, especially in the lower quadrant, and exhibited different swim patterns in response to each simulated conspecific alternative, suggesting that zebrafish prefer a live shoal over models of lower fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Velkey
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Jake Boles
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Taylor K Betts
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Heather Kay
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Henenlotter
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Katie M Wiens
- Neuroscience Program, Christopher Newport University, 1 Avenue of the Arts, Newport News, VA, USA.
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12
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Klemme I, Karvonen A. Experience and dominance in fish pairs jointly shape parasite avoidance behaviour. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Removal of parasite free-living stages by predators has previously been suggested an important factor controlling parasite transmission in aquatic habitats. Experimental studies of zooplankton predation on macroparasite larvae are, however, scarce. We tested whether trematode cercariae, which are often numerous in shallow waters, are suitable prey for syntopic zooplankters. Feeding rates and survival of freshwater cyclopoids (Megacyclops viridis, Macrocyclops distinctus), calanoids (Arctodiaptomus paulseni), cladocerans (Sida crystallina) and rotifers Asplanchna spp., fed with cercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, a common fish trematode, were studied. In additional long-term experiments, we studied reproduction of cyclopoids fed with cercariae. All tested zooplankton species consumed cercariae. The highest feeding rates were observed for cyclopoids (33 ± 12 cercariae ind-1 h-1), which actively reproduced (up to one egg clutch day-1) when fed ad libitum with cercariae. Their reproductive characteristics did not change significantly with time, indicating that cercariae supported cyclopoids' dietary needs. Mortality of rotifers and cladocerans was high (25-28% individuals) when exposed to cercariae in contrast to cyclopoids and calanoids (<2%). Cercariae clogged the filtration apparatus of cladocerans and caused internal injuries in predatory rotifers, which ingested cercariae. Observed trophic links between common freshwater zooplankters and cercariae may significantly influence food webs and parasite transmission in lentic ecosystems.
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14
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Killen SS, Marras S, Nadler L, Domenici P. The role of physiological traits in assortment among and within fish shoals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0233. [PMID: 28673911 PMCID: PMC5498295 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals of gregarious species often group with conspecifics to which they are phenotypically similar. This among-group assortment has been studied for body size, sex and relatedness. However, the role of physiological traits has been largely overlooked. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which physiological traits—particularly those related to metabolism and locomotor performance—may result in phenotypic assortment not only among but also within animal groups. At the among-group level, varying combinations of passive assortment, active assortment, phenotypic plasticity and selective mortality may generate phenotypic differences among groups. Even within groups, however, individual variation in energy requirements, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, neurological lateralization and tolerance to environmental stressors are likely to produce differences in the spatial location of individuals or associations between group-mates with specific physiological phenotypes. Owing to the greater availability of empirical research, we focus on groups of fishes (i.e. shoals and schools). Increased knowledge of physiological mechanisms influencing among- and within-group assortment will enhance our understanding of fundamental concepts regarding optimal group size, predator avoidance, group cohesion, information transfer, life-history strategies and the evolutionary effects of group membership. In a broader perspective, predicting animal responses to environmental change will be impossible without a comprehensive understanding of the physiological basis of the formation and functioning of animal social groups. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - Lauren Nadler
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
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15
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Klemme I, Karvonen A. Shoaling with infected conspecifics does not improve resistance to trematode infection. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyvaskyla; Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyvaskyla; Jyvaskyla Finland
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Abstract
Abstract
Social network models provide a powerful tool to estimate infection risk for individual hosts and track parasite transmission through host populations. Here, bringing together concepts from social network theory, animal personality, and parasite manipulation of host behaviour, I argue that not only are social networks shaping parasite transmission, but parasites in turn shape social networks through their effects on the behaviour of infected individuals. Firstly, I review five general categories of behaviour (mating behaviour, aggressiveness, activity levels, spatial distribution, and group formation) that are closely tied to social networks, and provide evidence that parasites can affect all of them. Secondly, I describe scenarios in which behaviour-altering parasites can modify either the role or position of individual hosts within their social network, or various structural properties (e.g., connectance, modularity) of the entire network. Experimental approaches allowing comparisons of social networks pre- versus post-infection are a promising avenue to explore the feedback loop between social networks and parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Parasitism, personality and cognition in fish. Behav Processes 2017; 141:205-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Koprivnikar J, Riepe TB, Calhoun DM, Johnson PTJ. Whether larval amphibians school does not affect the parasite aggregation rule: testing the effects of host spatial heterogeneity in field and experimental studies. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Koprivnikar
- Dept of Chemistry and Biology; Ryerson Univ., 350 Victoria Street; Toronto ON, M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Tawni B. Riepe
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO USA
| | - Dana M. Calhoun
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Colorado; Boulder CO USA
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19
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Pan T, Gladen K, Duncan EC, Cotner S, Cotner JB, McEwen DC, Wisenden BD. Bold, Sedentary Fathead Minnows Have More Parasites. Zebrafish 2016; 13:248-55. [PMID: 27093037 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites that rely on trophic transmission can manipulate the behavior of an intermediate host to compromise the host's antipredator competence and increase the probability of reaching the next host. Selection for parasite manipulation is diminished when there is significant risk of host death to causes other than consumption by a suitable definitive host for the parasite. Consequently, behavioral manipulation by parasites can be expected to be subtle. Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Op) is a trematode parasite that has a bird-snail-fish host life cycle. Fathead minnows are a common intermediate host of Op, where metacercariae encyst in the minnow brain. In this study, we report a link between metacercarial intensity and behavior in fathead minnows. In the field, we found that roaming distance by free-living minnows over 24 h was negatively correlated with parasite intensity. In the laboratory, we found that boldness in an open field test was positively correlated with parasite intensity. These parasite-induced behavioral changes may render infected minnows more susceptible to predators, which would serve to facilitate trophic transmission of parasites to the bird host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Pan
- 1 Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelsey Gladen
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth C Duncan
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sehoya Cotner
- 2 Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James B Cotner
- 1 Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel C McEwen
- 3 Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead , Moorhead, Minnesota
| | - Brian D Wisenden
- 3 Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University Moorhead , Moorhead, Minnesota
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Hockley FA, Wilson CAME, Graham N, Cable J. Combined effects of flow condition and parasitism on shoaling behaviour of female guppies Poecilia reticulata.. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014; 68:1513-1520. [PMID: 25152559 PMCID: PMC4133018 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Group living in fish can provide benefits of protection from predators and some parasites, more efficient foraging for food, increased mating opportunities and enhanced energetic benefit when swimming. For riverine species, shoaling behaviour can be influenced by various environmental stressors, yet little is known how flow rate might influence the shoaling of diseased fish shoals. In view of the increasingly unpredictable flow rates in streams and rivers, this study aimed to assess the combined effect of flow condition and parasitism on the shoaling behaviour of a model fish species. Shoal size, shoal cohesion and time spent shoaling of female guppies Poecilia reticulata were compared when infected with the directly transmitted ectoparasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli under flow and static conditions. Flow condition was an important factor in influencing shoaling behaviour of guppies with the fish forming larger shoals in the absence of flow. When a shoal member was infected with G. turnbulli, shoal cohesion was reduced, but the magnitude of this effect was dependent on flow condition. In both flow and static conditions, bigger fish formed larger shoals than smaller counterparts. Future changes to stream hydrology with more frequent flooding and drought events will affect the shoaling tendency of fish. During high-flow events, diseased fish may not be able to keep up with shoal mates and therefore have a higher risk of predation. Additionally, these findings may be important for aquaria and farmed species where an increase in flow rate may reduce aggregation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Hockley
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C A M E Wilson
- Hydro-environmental Research Centre, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - N Graham
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Mikheev VN, Pasternak AF, Valtonen ET, Taskinen J. Increased ventilation by fish leads to a higher risk of parasitism. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:281. [PMID: 24954703 PMCID: PMC4071152 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fish are common intermediate hosts of trematode cercariae and their gills can potentially serve as important sites of penetration by these larval stages. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that volume of ventilation flow across the gills contributes to acquisition of these parasites by fish. We manipulated the intensity of ventilation by using different oxygen concentrations. Methods Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss were individually exposed for 10 minutes to a standard dose of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum cercariae at three levels of oxygen concentration, 30, 60 and 90%. Ventilation amplitude (measured as a distance between left and right operculum), operculum beat rate, and the number of cercariae established in the eyes of fish were recorded. Results Fish reacted to low oxygen concentration with wider expansion of opercula (but not with increasing beat rate), leading to an increase in ventilation volume. As expected, the intensity of infection increased with decreasing oxygen saturation—probably due to a higher exposure to cercariae caused by increased ventilation under low oxygen concentrations. The number of cercariae acquired by an individual fish was positively correlated with ventilation amplitude and with ventilation volume, but not with operculum beat rate. However, even though the infection rate increased under these circumstances, the proportion of larval trematodes successfully establishing in fish eyes decreased with increasing ventilation volume, suggesting that the high flow velocity, although increasing host exposure to cercarial parasites, may interfere with the ability of these parasites to penetrate their hosts. There was no difference in the behaviour of trematode cercariae exposed to low and high oxygen concentrations. Conclusion A reduction in oxygen saturation resulted in an increase in ventilation volume across the gills and in doing so an increase in the exposure of fish to cercariae. A significant correlation between ventilation volume and parasitism represents the first experimental evidence that this physiological mechanism generates variation in transmission of parasites to fish hosts. Other factors that modify ventilation flow, e.g. physiological or social stressors, are expected to produce similar effects on the transmission success of the parasites penetrating fish hosts using the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Mikheev
- Laboratory of Behaviour of Lower Vertebrates, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskii pr, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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Pinlaor S, Onsurathum S, Boonmars T, Pinlaor P, Hongsrichan N, Chaidee A, Haonon O, Limviroj W, Tesana S, Kaewkes S, Sithithaworn P. Distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinid fish in Northeastern Thailand. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 51:703-10. [PMID: 24516277 PMCID: PMC3916461 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To increase public health awareness for prevention of opisthorchiasis caused by eating raw freshwater fish, the distribution and abundance of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae (OV MC) was investigated in freshwater fish obtained from 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand between April 2011 and February 2012. A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 12,890 fish consisting of 13 species randomly caught from 26 rivers, 10 dams, and 38 ponds/lakes. Fish, were collected in each of the rainy and winter seasons from each province. Fish were identified, counted, weighed, and digested using pepsin-HCl. Samples were examined for OV MC by a sedimentation method, and metacercariae were identified under a stereomicroscope. OV MC were found in 6 species of fish; i.e., Cyclocheilichthys armatus, Puntius orphoides, Hampala dispar, Henicorhynchus siamensis, Osteochilus hasselti, and Puntioplites proctozysron from localities in 13 provinces. Among the sites where OV MC-infected fish were found, 70.0% were dams, 23.7% were ponds/lakes, and 7.7% were rivers. The mean intensity of OV MC ranged from 0.01 to 6.5 cysts per fish (or 1.3-287.5 cysts per kg of fish). A high mean intensity of OV MC per fish (>3 cysts) was found in 5 provinces: Amnat Charoen (6.5 cysts), Nakhon Phanom (4.3), Mukdahan (4.1), Khon Kaen, (3.5) and Si Sa Ket (3.4). In conclusion, OV MC are prevalent in natural cyprinid fish, with the infection rate varying according to fish species and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Onsurathum
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Pinlaor
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nuttanan Hongsrichan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apisit Chaidee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ornuma Haonon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wutipong Limviroj
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Smarn Tesana
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. ; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Dargent F, Torres-Dowdall J, Scott ME, Ramnarine I, Fussmann GF. Can mixed-species groups reduce individual parasite load? A field test with two closely related poeciliid fishes (Poecilia reticulata and Poecilia picta). PLoS One 2013; 8:e56789. [PMID: 23437237 PMCID: PMC3577744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation and parasitism are two of the most important sources of mortality in nature. By forming groups, individuals can gain protection against predators but may increase their risk of being infected with contagious parasites. Animals might resolve this conflict by forming mixed-species groups thereby reducing the costs associated with parasites through a relative decrease in available hosts. We tested this hypothesis in a system with two closely related poeciliid fishes (Poecilia reticulata and Poecilia picta) and their host-specific monogenean ectoparasites (Gyrodactylus spp.) in Trinidad. Fish from three different rivers were sampled from single and mixed-species groups, measured and scanned for Gyrodactylus. The presence and abundance of Gyrodactylus were lower when fish of both species were part of mixed-species groups relative to single-species groups. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mixed-species groups provide a level of protection against contagious parasites. We discuss the importance of potentially confounding factors such as salinity and individual fish size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dargent
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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