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Berezina OV, Rykov SV, Schwarz WH, Liebl W. Xanthan: enzymatic degradation and novel perspectives of applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:227. [PMID: 38381223 PMCID: PMC10881899 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular heteropolysaccharide xanthan, synthesized by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas, is widely used as a thickening and stabilizing agent across the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. Expanding the scope of its application, current efforts target the use of xanthan to develop innovative functional materials and products, such as edible films, eco-friendly oil surfactants, and biocompatible composites for tissue engineering. Xanthan-derived oligosaccharides are useful as nutritional supplements and plant defense elicitors. Development and processing of such new functional materials and products often necessitate tuning of xanthan properties through targeted structural modification. This task can be effectively carried out with the help of xanthan-specific enzymes. However, the complex molecular structure and intricate conformational behavior of xanthan create problems with its enzymatic hydrolysis or modification. This review summarizes and analyzes data concerning xanthan-degrading enzymes originating from microorganisms and microbial consortia, with a particular focus on the dependence of enzymatic activity on the structure and conformation of xanthan. Through a comparative study of xanthan-degrading pathways found within various bacterial classes, different microbial enzyme systems for xanthan utilization have been identified. The characterization of these new enzymes opens new perspectives for modifying xanthan structure and developing innovative xanthan-based applications. KEY POINTS: • The structure and conformation of xanthan affect enzymatic degradation. • Microorganisms use diverse multienzyme systems for xanthan degradation. • Xanthan-specific enzymes can be used to develop xanthan variants for novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana V Berezina
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Rykov
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Academician Kurchatov Sq. 1, 123182, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Wolfgang H Schwarz
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Liebl
- Chair of Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Muhammed NS, Haq MB, Al-Shehri D, Rahaman MM, Keshavarz A, Hossain SMZ. Comparative Study of Green and Synthetic Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2429. [PMID: 33096763 PMCID: PMC7589082 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several publications by authors in the field of petrochemical engineering have examined the use of chemically enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) technology, with a specific interest in polymer flooding. Most observations thus far in this field have been based on the application of certain chemicals and/or physical properties within this technique regarding the production of 50-60% trapped (residual) oil in a reservoir. However, there is limited information within the literature about the combined effects of this process on whole properties (physical and chemical). Accordingly, in this work, we present a clear distinction between the use of xanthan gum (XG) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) as a polymer flood, serving as a background for future studies. XG and HPAM have been chosen for this study because of their wide acceptance in relation to EOR processes. To this degree, the combined effect of a polymer's rheological properties, retention, inaccessible pore volume (PV), permeability reduction, polymer mobility, the effects of salinity and temperature, and costs are all investigated in this study. Further, the generic screening and design criteria for a polymer flood with emphasis on XG and HPAM are explained. Finally, a comparative study on the conditions for laboratory (experimental), pilot-scale, and field-scale application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasiru Salahu Muhammed
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.M.); (D.A.-S.)
| | - Md. Bashirul Haq
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.M.); (D.A.-S.)
| | - Dhafer Al-Shehri
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (N.S.M.); (D.A.-S.)
| | - Mohammad Mizanur Rahaman
- Center of Research Excellence in Corrosion, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alireza Keshavarz
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
| | - S. M. Zakir Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038 Zallaq, Bahrain;
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He X, Zhang R, Liu K, Cai S, Huang G. Rheological behaviors and molecular motions of semi-diluted Xanthan solutions under shear: Experimental studies. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x14050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Polymers for enhanced oil recovery: A paradigm for structure–property relationship in aqueous solution. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li B, Guo J, Chen W, Chen X, Chen L, Liu Z, Li X. Endoxanthanase, a Novel β-d-Glucanase Hydrolyzing Backbone Linkage of Intact Xanthan from Newly Isolated Microbacterium sp. XT11. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 159:24-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ruijssenaars HJ, de Bont JA, Hartmans S. A pyruvated mannose-specific xanthan lyase involved in xanthan degradation by Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2446-52. [PMID: 10347025 PMCID: PMC91360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2446-2452.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/1998] [Accepted: 03/24/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The xanthan-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus alginolyticus XL-1, isolated from soil, degrades approximately 28% of the xanthan molecule and appears to leave the backbone intact. Several xanthan-degrading enzymes were excreted during growth on xanthan, including xanthan lyase. Xanthan lyase production was induced by xanthan and inhibited by glucose and low-molecular-weight enzymatic degradation products from xanthan. A xanthan lyase with a molecular mass of 85 kDa and a pI of 7.9 was purified and characterized. The enzyme is specific for pyruvated mannosyl side chain residues and optimally active at pH 6.0 and 55 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Ruijssenaars
- Division of Industrial Microbiology, Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Hashimoto W, Momma K, Miki H, Mishima Y, Kobayashi E, Miyake O, Kawai S, Nankai H, Mikami B, Murata K. Enzymatic and genetic bases on assimilation, depolymerization, and transport of heteropolysaccharides in bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng 1999; 87:123-36. [PMID: 16232439 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)89001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/1998] [Accepted: 12/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When microorganisms utilize macromolecules for their growth, they commonly produce extracellular depolymerization enzymes and then incorporate the depolymerized low-molecular-weight products. Assimilation of heteropolysaccharides (gellan and xanthan) by Bacillus sp. GL1 depends on this generally accepted mechanism. On the other hand, Sphingomonas sp. A1 represents an unexplored specific and interesting system for macromolecule assimilation. In the presence of heteropolysaccharide (alginate), the bacterium forms a mouthlike pit on its cell surface and directly incorporates the macromolecule using a novel ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter). In this review, we discuss enzymatic and genetic bases on the depolymerization and assimilation routes of heteropolysaccharides in bacteria, with particular emphasis on the novel incorporation system for macromolecules, characteristic post-translational modification processes of polysaccharide lyases and on the mouthlike pit structure on the bacterial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hashimoto
- Research Institute for Food Science, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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Christakopoulos P, Goodenough PW, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Claeyssens M, Bhat MK. Purification and characterisation of an extracellular beta-glucosidase with transglycosylation and exo-glucosidase activities from Fusarium oxysporum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:379-85. [PMID: 7925351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular beta-glucosidase from Fusarium oxysporum was purified to homogeneity by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. The enzyme, a monomeric protein of 110 kDa, was maximally active at pH 5.0-6.0 and at 60 degrees C. It hydrolysed 1-->4-linked aryl-beta-glucosides and 1-->4-linked, 1-->3-linked and 1-->6-linked beta-glucosides. The apparent Km and kcat values for p-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside (4-NpGlcp) and cellobiose were 0.093 (Km), 1.07 mM (kcat) and 1802 (Km), 461.5 min-1 (kcat), respectively. Glucose and gluconolactone inhibited the enzyme competitively with Ki values of 2.05 mM and 3.03 microM, respectively. Alcohols activated the enzyme; butanol showed maximum effect (2.2-fold at 0.5 M) while methanol increased the activity by 1.4-fold at 1 M. The enzyme catalysed the synthesis of methylglucosides, ethylglucoside and propylglucosides, as well as trisaccharides in the presence of different alcohols and disaccharides, respectively. In addition, the enzyme hydrolysed the unsubstituted and methylumbelliferyl cello-oligosaccharides [MeUmb(Glc)n] but the rate of hydrolysis decreased with increasing chain length. Analysis of products released from MeUmb(Glc)n as a function of time revealed that the enzyme attacked these substrates in a stepwise manner and from both ends. Thus, beta-glucosidase from F. oxysporum, with the above interesting properties, could be of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christakopoulos
- Department of Protein Engineering, Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, England
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Ahlgren JA. Purification and properties of a xanthan depolymerase from a heat-stable salt-tolerant bacterial consortium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sutherland IW. Bacterial surface polysaccharides: structure and function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1988; 113:187-231. [PMID: 3068181 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I W Sutherland
- Department of Microbiology, Edinburgh University, Scotland
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HOU CHINGT, BARNABE NANCY. Xanthan-Degrading Enzymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hou CT, Barnabe N, Greaney K. Purification and Properties of a Novel Xanthan Depolymerase from a Salt-Tolerant Bacterial Culture, HD1. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:37-44. [PMID: 16347115 PMCID: PMC203389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.1.37-44.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel xanthan depolymerase (endo-β-1,4-glucanase) was isolated from a salt-tolerant bacteria culture (HD1) grown on xanthan. The depolymerase was purified 55-fold through chromatography on ion-exchange and molecular sieve columns, including high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme fraction was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of this enzyme is 60,000. Optimum pH and temperature for xanthan depolymerase activity were around 5 and 30 to 35°C, respectively. The enzyme was not stable at a temperature higher than 45°C. The activation energy calculated from an Arrhenius plot was 6.40 kcal (26.78 kJ). The enzyme molecule contains no sugar moiety. The amino acid composition of the enzyme protein was determined. Xanthan depolymerase cleaves the endo-β-1,4-glucosidic linkage of the xanthan molecule, freeing reducing groups of some sugars and decreasing viscosity of the polymer solution. Only the backbones of β-1,4-linked glucans with side chains or other substituents were cleaved. No monosaccharide was produced by the action of this enzyme. The oligosac-charide(s) in the low-molecular weight fraction consisted of 15 to 58 monosaccharide units. The enzymic reaction resulted in the decrease in weight-average molecular weight of xanthan from 6.5 × 10
6
to 8.0 × 10
5
in 0.5 h. This enzyme alone could not degrade xanthan to a single or multiple pentasaccharide unit(s). Results suggest that there may be regions inside the xanthan molecule that are susceptible to the attack of this enzyme. Xanthan depolymerase activity was not inhibited by many chemicals, including thiols, antioxidants, chlorinated hydrocarbons, metal-chelating agents, and inorganic compounds, except ferric chloride and arsenomolybdate. Many biocides were tested and found not to be inhibitory. Conditions used in enhanced oil recovery operations, i.e., the presence of formaldehyde, Na
2
S
2
O
4
, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, and an anaerobic environment, did not inhibit xanthan depolymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Hou
- Corporate Research Sciences Laboratory, Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Annandale, New Jersey 08801
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