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Shackleton D, Memon FA, Nichols G, Phalkey R, Chen AS. Mechanisms of cholera transmission via environment in India and Bangladesh: state of the science review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:313-329. [PMID: 36639850 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholera has a long history in India and Bangladesh, the region where six out of the past seven global pandemics have been seeded. The changing climate and growing population have led to global cholera cases remaining high despite a consistent improvement in the access to clean water and sanitation. We aim to provide a holistic overview of variables influencing environmental cholera transmission within the context of India and Bangladesh, with a focus on the mechanisms by which they act. CONTENT We identified 56 relevant texts (Bangladesh n = 40, India n = 7, Other n = 5). The results of the review found that cholera transmission is associated with several socio-economic and environmental factors, each associated variable is suggested to have at least one mediating mechanism. Increases in ambient temperature and coastal sea surface temperature support cholera transmission via increases in plankton and a preference of Vibrio cholerae for warmer waters. Increased rainfall can potentially support or reduce transmission via several mechanisms. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK Common issues in the literature are co-variance of seasonal factors, limited access to high quality cholera data, high research bias towards research in Dhaka and Matlab (Bangladesh). A specific and detailed understanding of the relationship between SST and cholera incidence remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Shackleton
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Fayyaz A Memon
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Gordon Nichols
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Revati Phalkey
- Climate Change and Health Group, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Albert S Chen
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
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2
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Ofek T, Trabelcy B, Izhaki I, Halpern M. Vibrio cholerae O1 Inhabit Intestines and Spleens of Fish in Aquaculture Ponds. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 87:20. [PMID: 38148362 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease that spreads locally and globally in epidemics and pandemics. Although it was discovered that fish harbor V. cholerae strains in their intestines, most investigations revealed non-toxic V. cholerae serogroups in fish. Due to the rarity of toxigenic V. cholerae serogroups, it is difficult to cultivate these strains from environmental samples. Hence, here we aimed to uncover evidence of the occurrence of toxigenic V. cholerae in the intestines and spleens of various fish species. By using molecular detection tools, we show that V. cholerae O1 and strains positive for the cholera toxin inhabit both healthy and diseased fish intestines and spleens, suggesting that fish may serve as intermediate vectors of toxigenic V. cholerae. No significant differences were found between the abundance of toxigenic V. cholerae (either O1 or cholera toxin positive strains) in the healthy and the diseased fish intestines or spleens. In conclusion, a variety of fish species may serve as potential vectors and reservoirs of toxigenic V. cholerae as they form a link between the other reservoirs of V. cholerae (chironomids, copepods, and waterbirds). Similarly, they may aid in the spread of this bacterium between water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Ofek
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Fishery and Aquaculture Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David, 1080300, Israel
| | - Beny Trabelcy
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, 3600600, Israel.
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3
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Ayala AJ, Ogbunugafor CB. When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-Analysis of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Wild and Domestic Birds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:295-336. [PMID: 36792882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Of the over 100 species in the genus Vibrio, approximately twelve are associated with clinical disease, such as cholera and vibriosis. Crucially, eleven of those twelve, including Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, have been isolated from birds. Since 1965, pathogenic Vibrio species have been consistently isolated from aquatic and ground-foraging bird species, which has implications for public health, as well as the One Health paradigm defined as an ecology-inspired, integrative framework for the study of health and disease, inclusive of environmental, human, and animal health. In this meta-analysis, we identified 76 studies from the primary literature which report on or examine birds as hosts for pathogenic Vibrio species. We found that the burden of disease in birds was most commonly associated with V. cholerae, followed by V. metschnikovii and V. parahaemolyticus. Meta-analysis wide prevalence of our Vibrio pathogens varied from 19% for V. parahaemolyticus to 1% for V. mimicus. Wild and domestic birds were both affected, which may have implications for conservation, as well as agriculturally associated avian species. As pathogenic Vibrios become more abundant throughout the world as a result of warming estuaries and oceans, susceptible avian species should be continually monitored as potential reservoirs for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Environmental Reservoirs of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. and Their Role in Disease: The List Keeps Expanding. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:99-126. [PMID: 36792873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are natural inhabitants of aquatic environments and have complex interactions with the environment that drive the evolution of traits contributing to their survival. These traits may also contribute to their ability to invade or colonize animal and human hosts. In this review, we attempt to summarize the relationships of Vibrio spp. with other organisms in the aquatic environment and discuss how these interactions could potentially impact colonization of animal and human hosts.
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5
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Hubálek Z. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with gulls and terns (Laridae). JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail:
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6
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Draft Genome Sequences of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Isolates from Common Tern Chicks ( Sterna hirundo) following a Mass Mortality Event. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/46/e01053-20. [PMID: 33184162 PMCID: PMC7661001 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01053-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is an inhabitant of aquatic environments worldwide. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of eight V. cholera non-O1, non-O139 isolates that were recovered from the corpses of two seabird chicks (common terns) following a mass mortality event in a German breeding colony in 2019. Vibrio cholerae is an inhabitant of aquatic environments worldwide. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of eight V. cholera non-O1, non-O139 isolates that were recovered from the corpses of two seabird chicks (common terns) following a mass mortality event in a German breeding colony in 2019.
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7
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Hirsch N, Kappe E, Gangl A, Schwartz K, Mayer-Scholl A, Hammerl JA, Strauch E. Phenotypic and Genotypic Properties of Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 Isolates Recovered from Domestic Ducks in Germany. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081104. [PMID: 32717968 PMCID: PMC7463538 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 bacteria are natural inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems and have been sporadically associated with human infections. They mostly lack the two major virulence factors of toxigenic V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 strains, which are the causative agent of cholera. Non-O1, non-O139 strains are found in water bodies, sediments, and in association with other aquatic organisms. Occurrence of these bacteria in fecal specimens of waterfowl were reported, and migratory birds likely contribute to the long-distance transfer of strains. We investigated four V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolates for phenotypic traits and by whole genome sequencing (WGS). The isolates were recovered from organs of domestic ducks with serious disease symptoms. WGS data revealed only a distant genetic relationship between all isolates. The isolates harbored a number of virulence factors found in most V. cholerae strains. Specific virulence factors of non-O1, non-O139 strains, such as the type III secretion system (TTSS) or cholix toxin, were observed. An interesting observation is that all isolates possess multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin toxins (MARTX) closely related to the MARTX of toxigenic El Tor O1 strains. Different primary sequences of the abundant OmpU proteins could indicate a significant role of this virulence factor. Phenotypic characteristics such as hemolysis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) were studied. Three isolates showed susceptibility to a number of tested antimicrobials, and one strain possessed AMR genes located in an integron. Knowledge of the environmental occurrence of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 in Germany is limited. The source of the infection of the ducks is currently unknown. In the context of the ‘One Health’ concept, it is desirable to study the ecology of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139, as it cannot be excluded that the isolates possess zoonotic potential and could cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Hirsch
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Eva Kappe
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Armin Gangl
- Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern, Bavarian Animal Health Service, 85586 Poing, Germany; (N.H.); (E.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Keike Schwartz
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Eckhard Strauch
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; (K.S.); (A.M.-S.); (J.A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Long-distance transmission of pathogenic Vibrio species by migratory waterbirds: a potential threat to the public health. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16303. [PMID: 31704994 PMCID: PMC6841736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential mechanism for the global distribution of waterborne pathogens is through carriage by the migratory waterbirds. However, this mode of transmission has yet been confirmed epidemiologically. Here, we conducted whole genome sequencing of Vibrio spp. collected from waterbirds, sediments, and mollusks in the estuary of the Liaohe River in China to investigate this transmission mode. We found that a V. parahaemolyticus strain isolated from a waterbird was clonally related to the other V. parahaemolyticus strains obtained from the sediments and mollusks, and three V. mimicus strains isolated from bird feces were genomically related to those found in the mollusks and upstream groundwater, suggesting that the bird-carried Vibrio strains were acquired through the direct predation of the local mollusks. Surprisingly, two bird-carried V. parahaemolyticus strains belonging to the same clone were identified in Panjin and Shanghai, which are over 1,150 km apart, and another two were found at two locations 50 km apart, further supporting that waterbirds are capable of carrying and disseminating these pathogens over long distances. Our results provide the first evidence of direct transmission from mollusks to waterbirds and confirm that waterbirds act as disseminating vehicles of waterborne pathogens. Effective surveillance of migratory waterbirds along their routes will be valuable for predicting future epidemics of infectious diseases.
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9
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Laviad-Shitrit S, Izhaki I, Halpern M. Accumulating evidence suggests that some waterbird species are potential vectors of Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007814. [PMID: 31437258 PMCID: PMC6706228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a life-threatening diarrheal disease. Cholera causes epidemics and pandemics, but the ways this disease spreads worldwide is still unclear. This review highlights a relatively new hypothesis regarding the way V. cholerae can be globally dispersed. Copepods and chironomids are natural reservoirs of V. cholerae and are part of different fish species’ diet. Furthermore, V. cholerae inhabits marine and freshwater fish species. Waterbird species feed on fish or on small invertebrates such as copepods and chironomids. Waterbirds have also been found to carry living copepods and/or chironomids internally or externally from one waterbody to another. All of the above points to the fact that some waterbird species might be vectors of V. cholerae. Indeed, we and others have found evidence for the presence of V. cholerae non-O1 as well as O1 in waterbird cloacal swabs, feces, and intestine samples. Moreover, hand-reared cormorants that were fed on tilapia, a fish that naturally carries V. cholerae, became infected with this bacterial species, demonstrating that V. cholerae can be transferred to cormorants from their fish prey. Great cormorants as well as other waterbird species can cover distances of up to 1,000 km/day and thus may potentially transfer V. cholerae in a short time across and between continents. We hope this review will inspire further studies regarding the understanding of the waterbirds' role in the global dissemination of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad-Shitrit
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel
- * E-mail:
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10
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Laviad-Shitrit S, Izhaki I, Arakawa E, Halpern M. Wild waterfowl as potential vectors of Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas species. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:758-764. [PMID: 29733476 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the hypothesis that migratory waterfowl are possible disseminators of Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas. METHODS We monitored the presence of V. cholerae and Aeromonas in three wild waterfowl species. RESULTS V. cholerae and Aeromonas species were isolated and identified from intestine samples of little egrets and black-crowned night herons. Only Aeromonas species were isolated from black-headed gulls. The majority of Aeromonas isolates were A. veronii. Twenty-three V. cholerae serogroups were identified. V. cholerae serogroup O1 was found in the intestine DNA extractions from four little egrets and black-crowned night herons; six birds carried cholera toxin subunit A gene. CONCLUSION Wild waterfowl species may carry pathogenic V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 serogroups and Aeromonas species in their intestine. The migration of waterfowl is a potential mechanism for global distribution of V. cholerae and Aeromonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad-Shitrit
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ido Izhaki
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eiji Arakawa
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Tivon, Israel
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11
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Cardoso MD, Lemos LS, Roges EM, de Moura JF, Tavares DC, Matias CAR, Rodrigues DP, Siciliano S. A comprehensive survey of Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. in seabirds from southeastern Brazil: outcomes for public health. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1283-1293. [PMID: 29356247 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To perform a microbiological survey regarding the presence, prevalence and characterization of Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. in debilitated wrecked marine birds recovered from the centre-north coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS Swabs obtained from 116 alive and debilitated wrecked marine birds, comprising 19 species, from the study area were evaluated by biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests and pathogenicity gene screening were performed for bacterial strains of public health importance. Vibrio sp. and Aeromonas sp. were identified, as well as certain pathogenic genes and resistance to selected antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the identified bacteria, mainly Vibrio sp., are fairly prevalent and widespread among several species of seabirds and highlights the importance of migratory birds in bacterial dispersion. In addition, it demonstrates the importance of the bacterial strains regarding their pathogenic potential. Therefore, seabirds can act as bacterial reservoirs, and their monitoring is of the utmost importance in a public health context. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study comprehensively evaluates the importance of seabirds as bacteria of public health importance reservoirs, since birds comprising several pathogenic bacterial species were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L S Lemos
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Laboratory, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - E M Roges
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - J F de Moura
- Systems Ecology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research-ZMT, Bremen, Germany
| | - D C Tavares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - C A R Matias
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - D P Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S Siciliano
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) as potential vectors for the dispersal of Vibrio cholerae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7973. [PMID: 28801549 PMCID: PMC5554209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the cause of cholera, a devastating epidemic and pandemic disease. Despite its importance, the way of its global dissemination is unknown. V. cholerae is abundant in aquatic habitats and is known to be borne by copepods, chironomids and fishes. Our aim was to determine if fish-eating birds act as vectors in the spread of V. cholerae by consuming infected fish. We determined the existence of V. cholerae in the microbiome of 5/7 wild cormorants’ intestine. In three of these V. cholerae-positive wild cormorants, the presence of a gene for cholera toxin (ctxA) was detected. We subsequently tested eight captive, hand-reared cormorants, divided into two equal groups. Prior to the experiment, the feces of the cormorants were V. cholerae-negative. One group was fed exclusively on tilapias, which are naturally infected with V. cholerae, and the other was fed exclusively on goldfish or on koi that were V. cholerae-negative. We detected V. cholerae in the feces of the tilapia-fed, but not in the goldfish/koi-fed, cormorants. Hence, we demonstrate that fish-eating birds can be infected with V. cholerae from their fish prey. The large-scale movements of many fish-eating birds provide a potential mechanism for the global distribution of V. cholerae.
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13
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Pretzer C, Druzhinina IS, Amaro C, Benediktsdóttir E, Hedenström I, Hervio-Heath D, Huhulescu S, Schets FM, Farnleitner AH, Kirschner AKT. High genetic diversity of Vibrio cholerae in the European lake Neusiedler See is associated with intensive recombination in the reed habitat and the long-distance transfer of strains. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:328-344. [PMID: 27871138 PMCID: PMC5718291 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coastal marine Vibrio cholerae populations usually exhibit high genetic diversity. To assess the genetic diversity of abundant V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 populations in the Central European lake Neusiedler See, we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on recA, toxR, gyrB and pyrH loci sequenced for 472 strains. The strains were isolated from three ecologically different habitats in a lake that is a hot-spot of migrating birds and an important bathing water. We also analyzed 76 environmental and human V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolates from Austria and other European countries and added sequences of seven genome-sequenced strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the lake supports a unique endemic diversity of V. cholerae that is particularly rich in the reed stand. Phylogenetic trees revealed that many V. cholerae isolates from European countries were genetically related to the strains present in the lake belonging to statistically supported monophyletic clades. We hypothesize that the observed phenomena can be explained by the high degree of genetic recombination that is particularly intensive in the reed stand, acting along with the long distance transfer of strains most probably via birds and/or humans. Thus, the Neusiedler See may serve as a bioreactor for the appearance of new strains with new (pathogenic) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pretzer
- Medical University Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Amaro
- ERI BioTecMed University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Benediktsdóttir
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Franciska M Schets
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, (www.waterandhealth.at), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Medical University Vienna, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Vienna, Austria.,Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water & Health, (www.waterandhealth.at), Vienna, Austria
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14
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Prevalence and Distribution of Vibrio spp. in Wild Aquatic Birds of the Southern Caribbean Sea, Venezuela, 2011-12. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:621-6. [PMID: 27224211 DOI: 10.7589/2015-06-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are associated with waterbirds mainly in temperate latitudes. We evaluated the prevalence and distribution of Vibrio spp. from fecal samples of resident and migratory aquatic birds collected during October 2011 and March 2012 at two coastal sites in the tropical southern Caribbean Sea. We amplified DNA by PCR in 40% of samples, resulting in 47% and 36% estimated prevalence for resident and migratory birds in Cuare Wildlife Refuge, and 33% and 44% in Margarita Island, respectively. We found nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Cuare Wildlife Refuge with a higher prevalence in resident birds (18%). Our PCR results for Vibrio and V. cholerae were not significantly different between sites or bird migratory status. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis sequences from fecal samples from Cuare Wildlife Refuge were highly similar to V. cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus , whereas sequences from Margarita Island samples formed clusters with species related to the Harveyi clade. Our findings indicate that several species of Vibrio are common in aquatic birds along the southern Caribbean Sea and contribute to our understanding of the role of birds as possible reservoirs of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
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15
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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is widely known to be the etiological agent of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera. Cholera remains a major scourge in many developing countries, infecting hundreds of thousands every year. Remarkably, V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters, and only a subset of strains are known to be pathogenic to humans. Recent studies have begun to uncover a very complex network of relationships between V. cholerae and other sea dwellers, and the mechanisms associated with the occurrence of seasonal epidemics in regions where cholera is endemic are beginning to be elucidated. Many of the factors required for the organism's survival and persistence in its natural environment have been revealed, as well as the ubiquitous presence of horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of pathogenic strains of V. cholerae. In this article, we will focus on the environmental stage of pathogenic V. cholerae and the interactions of the microorganism with other inhabitants of aquatic environments. We will discuss the impact that its environmental reservoirs have on disease transmission and the distinction between reservoirs of V. cholerae and the vectors that establish cholera as a zoonosis.
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Cardoso MD, de Moura JF, Tavares DC, Gonçalves RA, Colabuono FI, Roges EM, de Souza RL, Rodrigues DDP, Montone RC, Siciliano S. The Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) as a candidate sentinel of Atlantic Ocean health. AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:6. [PMID: 25191536 PMCID: PMC4154383 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seabirds have been historically used to monitor environmental contamination. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of a species belonging to the Procellariiformes group, the Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus, as a sentinel of environmental health, by determining contaminant levels (trace metals and organochlorine compounds) from carcass tissues and by isolating Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. from live specimens. To this end, 35 Puffinus puffinus carcasses wrecked on the north-central coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and two carcasses recovered in Aracruz, on the coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, were sampled, and fragments of muscle and hepatic tissues were collected for contaminant analyses. Swabs from eleven birds found alive at the north-central coast of Rio de Janeiro were collected for isolation of the aforementioned bacteria. RESULTS THE AVERAGE CONCENTRATION IN DRY WEIGHT (DW) OF THE TRACE METALS WERE: mercury 7.19 mg kg(-1)(liver) and 1.23 mg kg(-1) (muscle); selenium 34.66 mg kg(-1) (liver) and 7.98 mg kg(-1) (muscle); cadmium 22.33 mg kg(-1) (liver) and 1.11 mg kg(-1) (muscle); and lead, 0.1 mg kg(--1) (liver) and 0.16 mg kg(-1) (muscle). Organochlorine compounds were detected in all specimens, and hexachlorbiphenyls, heptachlorbiphenyls and DDTs presented the highest levels. Regarding microbiological contamination, bacteria from the Vibrio genus were isolated from 91% of the analyzed specimens. Vibrio harveyi was the predominant species. Bacteria from the Aeromonas genus were isolated from 18% of the specimens. Aeromonas sobria was the only identified species. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Puffinus puffinus seems to be a competent ocean health sentinel. Therefore, the monitoring of contaminant levels and the isolation of public health interest bacteria should proceed in order to consolidate this species importance as a sentinel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Duarte Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, ENSP/Fiocruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jailson Fulgencio de Moura
- Systems Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Davi C Tavares
- Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa – DENSP & Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos – GEMM-Lagos, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública /FICORUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, 6° andar, Sala 611, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, Rio de Janeiro 22453-900, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda I Colabuono
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brasil
| | - Emily M Roges
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brasil
| | - Roberta Laine de Souza
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brasil
| | - Dalia Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Enteroinfecções Bacterianas, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rosalinda C Montone
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brasil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa – DENSP & Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos – GEMM-Lagos, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública /FICORUZ, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1.480, 6° andar, Sala 611, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brasil
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Takemura AF, Chien DM, Polz MF. Associations and dynamics of Vibrionaceae in the environment, from the genus to the population level. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 24575082 PMCID: PMC3920100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vibrionaceae, which encompasses several potential pathogens, including V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, and V. vulnificus, the deadliest seafood-borne pathogen, are a well-studied family of marine bacteria that thrive in diverse habitats. To elucidate the environmental conditions under which vibrios proliferate, numerous studies have examined correlations with bulk environmental variables—e.g., temperature, salinity, nitrogen, and phosphate—and association with potential host organisms. However, how meaningful these environmental associations are remains unclear because data are fragmented across studies with variable sampling and analysis methods. Here, we synthesize findings about Vibrio correlations and physical associations using a framework of increasingly fine environmental and taxonomic scales, to better understand their dynamics in the wild. We first conduct a meta-analysis to determine trends with respect to bulk water environmental variables, and find that while temperature and salinity are generally strongly predictive correlates, other parameters are inconsistent and overall patterns depend on taxonomic resolution. Based on the hypothesis that dynamics may better correlate with more narrowly defined niches, we review evidence for specific association with plants, algae, zooplankton, and animals. We find that Vibrio are attached to many organisms, though evidence for enrichment compared to the water column is often lacking. Additionally, contrary to the notion that they flourish predominantly while attached, Vibrio can have, at least temporarily, a free-living lifestyle and even engage in massive blooms. Fine-scale sampling from the water column has enabled identification of such lifestyle preferences for ecologically cohesive populations, and future efforts will benefit from similar analysis at fine genetic and environmental sampling scales to describe the conditions, habitats, and resources shaping Vibrio dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Takemura
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana M Chien
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin F Polz
- Parsons Lab for Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Detection of cholera (ctx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 and non-O1 strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 11:572-7. [PMID: 24414916 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1995] [Accepted: 04/26/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 and V. cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from environmental samples collected in São Paulo, Brazil, during cholera epidemics and pre-epidemic periods were examined for the presence of toxin genes. V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from clinical samples in Peru and Mexico, and V. cholerae O139 strains from India were also examined for the presence of ctx (cholera toxin gene) and zot (zonula occludens toxin gene) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A modified DNA-extraction method applied in this study yielded satisfactory recovery of genomic DNA from vibrios. Results showed that strains of V. cholerae O1 isolated during the preepidemic period were ctx (-)/zot (-) whereas strains isolated during the epidemic were ctx (+)/zot (+). All V. cholerae non-O1 strains tested in the study were ctx (-)/zot (-), whereas all V. cholerae O139 strains were ctx (+)/zot (+). Rapid detection of the virulence genes (ctx and zot) can be achieved by PCR and this can serve as an important tool in the epidemiology and surveillance of V. cholerae.
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Detection of ctx gene positive non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in shrimp aquaculture environments. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2011; 50:496-504. [PMID: 24425944 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Water and post-larvae samples from black tiger (Penaeus monodon) shrimp hatcheries; pond water, pond sediment and shrimp from aquaculture farms were screened for the presence of V. cholerae. A V. cholerae-duplex PCR method was developed by utilizing V. cholerae species specific sodB primers and ctxAB genes specific primers. Incidence of V. cholerae was not observed in shrimp hatchery samples but was noticed in aquaculture samples. The incidence of V. cholerae was higher in pond water (7.6%) than in pond sediment (5.2%). Shrimp head (3.6%) portion had relatively higher incidence than shrimp muscle (1.6%). All the V. cholerae isolates (n = 42) belonged to non-O1/non-O139 serogroup, of which 7% of the V. cholerae isolates were potentially cholera-toxigenic (ctx positive). All the ctx positive V. cholerae (n = 3) were isolated from the pond water. Since, cholera toxin (CT) is the major contributing factor for cholera gravis, it is proposed that the mere presence of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae need not be the biohazard criterion in cultured black tiger shrimp but only the presence of ctx carrying non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae may be considered as potential public health risk.
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Abstract
It is not appreciated by most physicians that vibrio infections can be acquired from freshwater exposure. A case of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae urinary tract infection associated with freshwater exposure is reported. The potential for vibrios to grow in brachish water and for summer heat to cause evaporation leading to relative increased salinity in freshwater bodies and the broad geographic range of these occurrences to include North American and both eastern and western Europe is noted. A literature review of vibrio infection acquired from freshwater exposure and the relationship to these epidemiologic and pathophysiologic events is discussed.
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Vezzulli L, Pruzzo C, Huq A, Colwell RR. Environmental reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and their role in cholera. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:27-33. [PMID: 23765995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, Vibrio cholerae has been reported to be associated with a variety of living organisms, including animals with an exoskeleton of chitin, aquatic plants, protozoa, bivalves, waterbirds, as well as abiotic substrates (e.g. sediments). Most of these are well-known or putative environmental reservoirs for the bacterium, defined as places where the pathogen lives over time, with the potential to be released and to cause human infection. Environmental reservoirs also serve as V. cholerae disseminators and vectors. They can be responsible for the start of an epidemic, may be critical to cholera endemicity, and affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. To date, in addition to the generally recognized role of zooplankton as the largest environmental reservoir for V. cholerae, other environmental reservoirs play some role in cholera epidemiology by favouring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods. Little is known about the ecological factors affecting V. cholerae survival in association with aquatic substrates. Studies aimed at these aspects, i.e. understanding how environmental reservoirs interact, are affected by climate, and contribute to disease epidemiology, will be useful for understanding global implications of V. cholerae and the disease cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vezzulli
- Department of Biology, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genoa, Italy. Maryland Pathogen Research Institute and Center of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Halpern M, Senderovich Y, Izhaki I. Waterfowl: the missing link in epidemic and pandemic cholera dissemination? PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000173. [PMID: 18974827 PMCID: PMC2565833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malka Halpern
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel.
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24
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Aulet O, Silva C, Fraga SG, Pichel M, Cangemi R, Gaudioso C, Porcel N, Jure MA, de Castillo MC, Binsztein N. Detection of viable and viable nonculturable Vibrio cholerae O1 through cultures and immunofluorescence in the Tucumán rivers, Argentina. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 40:385-90. [PMID: 17876456 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822007000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae has been sporadically isolated from rivers in Tucumán, Argentina, since the outbreak in 1991. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental reservoir of the bacterium in these rivers, assessing the presence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and O1 (the latter both in its viable culturable and non culturable state) and its relationship to environmental physicochemical variables. 18 water samplings were collected in the Salí River (in Canal Norte and Banda) and the Lules River between 2003 and 2005. Physical-chemical measurements (pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen) were examined. Vibrio cholerae was investigated with conventional culture methods and with Direct Immunofluorescence (DFA-VNC) in order to detect viable non culturable organisms. All isolated microorganisms corresponded to Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and non-O139 (Lules 26%, Canal Norte 33% and Banda 41%). The majority was found during spring and summer and correlated with temperature and pH. Non culturable Vibrio cholerae O1 was detected year round in 38 of the 54 water samples analyzed. Application of the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that there was no relationship between positive immunofluorescence results and environmental physicochemical parameters. Genes coding for somatic antigen O1 were confirmed in all DFA-VNC-positive samples, whereas the virulence-associated ctxA and tcpA genes were confirmed in 24 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Aulet
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad Bioquímica, Química, Farmacia y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
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25
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MIYASAKA J, YAHIRO S, ARAHIRA Y, TOKUNAGA H, KATSUKI K, HARA-KUDO Y. Isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus from wild aquatic birds in Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 134:780-5. [PMID: 16371182 PMCID: PMC2870456 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805005674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were isolated from faecal samples of wild aquatic birds in winter. Although V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were present in low numbers in seawater in the area where the faecal samples of the birds were collected, the pathogens were isolated from the faeces of the birds. This study demonstrates that wild aquatic birds are a vehicle for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus to survive in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. MIYASAKA
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - S. YAHIRO
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Y. ARAHIRA
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - H. TOKUNAGA
- Pharmaceutical Affairs Division, Department of Health and Social Services, Kumamoto Prefectural Government, Japan
| | - K. KATSUKI
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Y. HARA-KUDO
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Author for correspondence: Dr Y. Hara-Kudo, Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan. ()
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Abstract
Awareness is growing that fresh or minimally processed fruit and vegetables can be sources of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. Irrigation with poor-quality water is one way that fruit and vegetables can become contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Groundwater, surface water, and human wastewater are commonly used for irrigation. The risk of disease transmission from pathogenic microorganisms present in irrigation water is influenced by the level of contamination; the persistence of pathogens in water, in soil, and on crops; and the route of exposure. Groundwater is generally of good microbial quality, unless it is contaminated with surface runoff; human wastewater is usually of very poor microbial quality and requires extensive treatment before it can be used safely to irrigate crops; surface water is of variable microbial quality. Bacteria and protozoa tend to show the poorest survival outside a human host, whereas viruses and helminths can remain infective for months to years. Guidelines governing irrigation water quality and strategies to reduce the risk of disease transmission by foodborne pathogens in irrigation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Steele
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 8J7
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DePaola A, Nordstrom JL, Bowers JC, Wells JG, Cook DW. Seasonal abundance of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Alabama oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1521-6. [PMID: 12620838 PMCID: PMC150055 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.3.1521-1526.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2002] [Accepted: 11/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent Vibrio parahaemolyticus outbreaks associated with consumption of raw shellfish in the United States focused attention on the occurrence of this organism in shellfish. From March 1999 through September 2000, paired oyster samples were collected biweekly from two shellfish-growing areas in Mobile Bay, Ala. The presence and densities of V. parahaemolyticus were determined by using DNA probes targeting the thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) genes for confirmation of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in all samples with densities ranging from <10 to 12,000 g(-1). Higher V. parahaemolyticus densities were associated with higher water temperatures. Pathogenic strains were detected in 34 (21.8%) of 156 samples by direct plating or enrichment. Forty-six of 6,018 and 31 of 6,992 V. parahaemolyticus isolates from enrichments and direct plates, respectively, hybridized with the tdh probe. There was an apparent inverse relationship between water temperature and the prevalence of pathogenic strains. Pathogenic strains were of diverse serotypes, and 97% produced urease and possessed a tdh-related hemolysin (trh) gene. The O3:K6 serotype associated with pandemic spread and recent outbreaks in the United States was not detected. The efficient screening of numerous isolates by colony lift and DNA probe procedures may account for the higher prevalence of samples with tdh(+) V. parahaemolyticus than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo DePaola
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA.
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Dumontet S, Krovacek K, Svenson SB, Pasquale V, Baloda SB, Figliuolo G. Prevalence and diversity of Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. in coastal waters of Southern Italy. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 23:53-72. [PMID: 10660258 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(99)00059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A survey was undertaken to examine sea water and sediment for the presence of Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. along approximately 900 km of coast in Southern Italy during early and late summer. A quantitative analysis was also done to evaluate the water fecal contamination at the stations examined. The results indicate that all the investigated areas were submitted to a wide spatial fluctuation of fecal contamination and that Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. were present in both high and low fecal-contaminated stations. Sixty two percent of the investigated samples were positive for Aeromonas spp., while 42% of samples were positive for Vibrio spp. It was interesting to note that 38% of the positive stations for both Aeromonas and Vibrio spp. showed a fecal coliform contamination of water at < 10(2) cells 100 ml(-1). Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that the bacterial indicators (such as fecal coliforms) do not always satisfactorily reflect the hygienic quality of water. The presence of Vibrionaceae on copepods was also investigated. Copepods were sampled at a station located inside the harbour of the city of Naples and were found contaminated by V. cholerae non-O1, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis and A. caviae. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated bacteria showed the presence of a number of resistant strains among the isolates. In order to discriminate the isolates on the basis of their biochemical profiles and/or antibiotic resistance patterns, cluster analysis was carried out which showed that no unique assay could fully discern these isolates. However, the best discrimination resulted from complete pattern profile based on both biochemical profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dumontet
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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29
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Caldini G, Neri A, Cresti S, Boddi V, Rossolini GM, Lanciotti E. High Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Carrying Heat-Stable-Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes among Vibrio Isolates from a Temperate-Climate River Basin of Central Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2934-9. [PMID: 16535661 PMCID: PMC1389216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2934-2939.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio spp. of clinical interest from the Arno River basin (Tuscany, Italy) were investigated in this study. Vibrios were isolated from 70% of water samples. Vibrio cholerae non-O1 was the most prevalent species (82% of isolates), followed by Vibrio mimicus (10%) and Vibrio metschnikovii (8%). Recovery of vibrios was correlated with temperature, pH, and various indicators of municipal pollution. None of the 150 Vibrio isolates carried ctx-related genomic sequences, whereas 18 (14.6%) of the 123 V. cholerae non-O1 isolates and 1 (6.7%) of the 15 V. mimicus isolates carried sto alleles. These findings indicate that considerable circulation of sto-positive vibrios may occur in temperate-climate freshwater environments.
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Chakraborty S, Nair GB, Shinoda S. Pathogenic vibrios in the natural aquatic environment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 12:63-80. [PMID: 9273923 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.1997.12.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, members belonging to the genus Vibrio of the family Vibrionaceae have acquired increasing importance because of the association of several of its members with human disease. The most feared of the Vibrio species is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, a devastating disease of global significance. Other important vibrios of medical importance are V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, and to a lesser extent V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. hollisae, and V. damsela. Recent studies have also implicated V. alginolyticus and V. metschnikovii in human disease, although their complete significance has not yet been established. The virulence of all medically important vibrios is aided by a variety of traits that help breach human defenses. In this review, we provide an overview of the environmental distribution of the pathogenic vibrios and the important virulence traits that enable them to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chakraborty
- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India
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Abstract
In the past decade, outbreaks of human illness associated with the consumption of raw vegetables and fruits (or unpasteurized products produced from them) have increased in the United States. Changes in agronomic, harvesting, distribution, processing, and consumption patterns and practices have undoubtedly contributed to this increase. Pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, and Bacillus cereus are naturally present in some soil, and their presence on fresh produce is not rare. Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, parasites, and viruses are more likely to contaminate fresh produce through vehicles such as raw or improperly composted manure, irrigation water containing untreated sewage, or contaminated wash water. Contact with mammals, reptiles, fowl, insects, and unpasteurized products of animal origin offers another avenue through which pathogens can access produce. Surfaces, including human hands, which come in contact with whole or cut produce represent potential points of contamination throughout the total system of growing, harvesting, packing, processing, shipping, and preparing produce for consumption. Treatment of produce with chlorinated water reduces populations of pathogenic and other microorganisms on fresh produce but cannot eliminate them. Reduction of risk for human illness associated with raw produce can be better achieved through controlling points of potential contamination in the field; during harvesting; during processing or distribution; or in retail markets, food-service facilities, or the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Beuchat
- Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223, USA.
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32
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McCarthy SA. Effects of temperature and salinity on survival of toxigenicVibrio cholerae O1 in seawater. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1996; 31:167-175. [PMID: 24185740 DOI: 10.1007/bf00167862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/1995] [Revised: 05/03/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In 1991 and 1992, the Latin American epidemic strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 was isolated from ballast water, bilge water, and sewage taken from cargo ships docked in Mobile Bay, Alabama. The findings raised questions regarding the organism's ability to survive long-term aboard ships and to withstand the exchange of ballast at sea. The effects of temperature (6, 18, and 30°C) and salinity (8, 16, and 32 ppt) on survival of V. cholerae O1 strains C6706 and C6707 and a ballast water isolate in sterile seawater were determined. The ballast water isolate, which had a D-value (number of days required to produce a 1 log10 reduction in colony-forming units per milliliter) of 240 days at 18°C, 32 ppt salinity, had the longest survival time. The range of D-values was 36-240 days at 18°C, 60-120 days at 30°C, and 5-20 days at 6°C. In sterile seawater short-term survival was temperature dependent, whereas long-term survival was salinity dependent. In raw seawater, survival time of the ballast water isolate was reduced to 12-27 days, implying the existence of biological influences. As also shown in our previous work, the organism appeared to be able to survive for several months under relatively stable conditions in ballast water aboard ships; however, viability may be reduced to only a few weeks after the organism is introduced into estuarine or marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A McCarthy
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, P.O. Box 158, 36528, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
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Patel M, Isaäcson M, Gouws E. Effect of iron and pH on the survival of Vibrio cholerae in water. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:175-7. [PMID: 7778142 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many physicochemical factors affect the survival of Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment. An attempt was made to study the combined effect of pH and iron on the survival of V. cholerae in water in a laboratory environment. None of the 6 strains of V. cholerae used survived at pH 5.0; survival of all strains increased with increasing pH. The effect of ferric oxide on survival was significant for V. cholerae O1 only, not for non O1 strains. The longest survival of V. cholerae non O1 was 82 d, of El Tor V. cholerae 68 d, and of classical V. cholerae 56 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patel
- Department of Tropical Diseases, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Islam MS, Miah MA, Hasan MK, Sack RB, Albert MJ. Detection of non-culturable Vibrio cholerae O1 associated with a cyanobacterium from an aquatic environment in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:298-9. [PMID: 7974666 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
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Seasonality and toxigenicity ofVibrio cholerae non-01 isolated from different components of pond ecosystems of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 8:160-3. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01195838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1991] [Accepted: 08/24/1991] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mossel DA, Struijk CB, Jansen JT. Control of the transmission of Vibrio cholerae and other enteropathogens by foods originating from endemic areas in South America and elsewhere as a model situation. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 15:1-11. [PMID: 1622746 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90131-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholera-pandemic raging in South and Middle America and endemic cholera in other countries call for measures of health protection of the local population, but particularly with respect to the young, old, pregnant and immunocompromised citizens of countries importing food from the areas where the disease has struck. Instead of harshly barring importation, a more humanitarian policy is recommended, relying on assistance of areas presenting risks, with the introduction of and adherence to rigorous measures of longitudinally integrated microbiological safety assurance. This model is equally applicable to other enteric diseases transmitted by food. Examples are given of how canned foods of neutral pH, fishery products, vegetables and certain fruits should be processed for safety. Importation monitoring strategies, linked to this proactive approach to consumer protection, are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mossel
- Eijkman Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nishikawa Y, Hase A, Ishii E, Kishi T. Screening of aquatic samples for Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 by a dot-blot method and a latex agglutination test. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1547-50. [PMID: 2200338 PMCID: PMC184469 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1547-1550.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A dot-blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent method and a latex agglutination test were studied for their abilities to detect Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 in aquatic samples by testing artificially contaminated water as well as samples from natural potential sources. Water samples were preenriched with alkaline peptone and then enriched with Monsur peptone water. For the dot-blot test, enriched cultures of organisms in a small portion of the Monsur peptone water were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane with a microfiltration apparatus. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed by using biotin-labeled antibodies and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex; brown dots developed in the wells that contained serotype O1 vibrios. Latex agglutination tests were performed by mixing 1 drop of the culture in Monsur with 1 drop of reagent coated with monoclonal antibody specific for antigen A. The sensitivities and specificities of the methods were compared with those of the colony-blot method, which identified individual colonies of V. cholerae O1 in mixed bacterial cultures on isolation media. Our results indicate that the dot-blot method is as sensitive as the colony-blot method and is useful for screening for V. cholerae serotype O1 even in specimens that are heavily contaminated with non-O1 vibrios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan
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Venkateswaran K, Kiiyukia C, Takaki M, Nakano H, Matsuda H, Kawakami H, Hashimoto H. Characterization of toxigenic vibrios isolated from the freshwater environment of Hiroshima, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2613-8. [PMID: 2690736 PMCID: PMC203132 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2613-2618.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and characterization of toxigenic vibrios in surface water and sediment samples of the fresh water environment of the Ohta River were studied. The membrane filter, pad preenrichment technique, followed by the placement of membranes onto thiosulfate citrate-bile salt-sucrose agar, was used for the enumeration of total vibrios. Qualitative examination of pathogenic vibrios was also attempted. In addition, a survey was conducted to determine the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in sediment samples of the Ohta River and the Hiroshima coast. In the identification of 361 strains, 12 species of Vibrio and two species of Listonella were observed. Non-01 Vibrio cholerae was prevalent among the members of the genus Vibrio. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (serotype 04:K34), isolated in fresh water, is significant and suggests that some still unknown conditions promote the survival of these organisms in fresh water. An estimated 132 strains were hemolytic by a simple agar method, and further characterization revealed that 82% of the hemolytic vibrios (107 strains) produced various toxins. About 71% (93 strains) elaborated cytotoxin, 55% (72 strains) produced hemolysin, and 44% (58 strains) responded for both cytotoxin and hemolysin in the crude toxin extracts. All the non-01 V. cholerae showed cytotoxic activity, and the virulent strains of Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio spp. showed cytotonic responses in RK-13 cells. Of 36 sediment samples tested, 10 harbored C. botulinum spores (28%) and were isolated invariably in all the regions of the Hiroshima coast and in the Ohta River, except the upper region of the Ohta River.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkateswaran
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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39
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West PA. The human pathogenic vibrios--a public health update with environmental perspectives. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103:1-34. [PMID: 2673820 PMCID: PMC2249492 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio species are naturally-occurring bacteria in freshwater and saline aquatic environments. Counts of free-living bacteria in water are generally less than required to induce disease. Increases in number of organisms towards an infective dose can occur as water temperatures rise seasonally followed by growth and concentration of bacteria on higher animals, such as chitinous plankton, or accumulation by shellfish and seafood. Pathogenic Vibrio species must elaborate a series of virulence factors to elicit disease in humans. Activities which predispose diarrhoeal and extraintestinal infections include ingestion of seafood and shellfish and occupational or recreational exposure to natural aquatic environments, especially those above 20 degrees C. Travel to areas endemic for diseases due to pathogenic Vibrio species may be associated with infections. Host risk factors strongly associated with infections are lack of gastric acid and liver disorders. Involvement of pathogenic Vibrio species in cases of diarrhoea should be suspected especially if infection is associated with ingestion of seafood or shellfish, raw or undercooked, in the previous 72 h. Vibrio species should be suspected in any acute infection associated with wounds sustained or exposed in the marine or estuarine environment. Laboratories serving coastal areas where infection due to pathogenic Vibrio species are most likely to occur should consider routine use of TCBS agar and other detection regimens for culture of Vibrio species from faeces, blood and samples from wound and ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A West
- North West Water Authority, Warrington, United Kingdom
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40
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Venkateswaran K, Takai T, Navarro IM, Nakano H, Hashimoto H, Siebeling RJ. Ecology of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and Salmonella spp. and role of zooplankton in their seasonal distribution in Fukuyama coastal waters, Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1591-8. [PMID: 2764569 PMCID: PMC202910 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.6.1591-1598.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal variation of human pathogens such as Vibrio Cholerae non-01 and Salmonella spp. in Fukuyama coastal waters and the role of zooplankton in their distribution were studies for a period of 1 year. Comparison of two established methods, viz., the elevated temperature method and the two-step enrichment method of enumerating V. cholerae, showed that the former is superior in the recoveries of V. cholerae non-01. Isolation of this pathogen on a wider range of salinities (0.4 to 32.5%) revealed that these organisms are apparently an autochthonous component of the aquatic environment. Temperature appears to be the most crucial element in governing the distribution of V. cholerae non-01. Among the 69 isolates serotyped, 22 different serovars were identified, while one isolate failed to react with any of the known Louisiana State University antisera tested. Zooplankton samples did not harbor more V. Cholerae non-01 than the water column did. Better isolation of an allochthonous pathogen, viz., Salmonella spp., was noticed from the water samples when swabs were employed. Of the 251 isolates serotyped, 18 serotypes with three variants of Salmonella spp. were identified. A high amount of nutrients in the water column increased the survival rate of these pathogens in saline waters as evidenced by a higher incidence of various serotypes in polluted Fukuyama port than in clean marine waters. Salmonella spp. association between V. cholerae non-01 of Salmonella spp. with zooplankton could be noticed as influencing their seasonal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkateswaran
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Hiroshima University, Japan
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41
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Venkateswaran K, Nakano H, Okabe T, Takayama K, Matsuda O, Hashimoto H. Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio spp., Listonella spp., and Clostridium botulinum in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:559-67. [PMID: 2648988 PMCID: PMC184160 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.3.559-567.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of Vibrio species in samples of surface water, bottom water (water 2 m above the sediment), and sediment from the Seto Inland Sea was studied. A simple technique using a membrane filter and short preenrichment in alkaline peptone water was developed to resuscitate the injured cells, followed by plating them onto TCBS agar. In addition, a survey was conducted to determine the incidence of Clostridium botulinum in sediment samples. Large populations of heterotrophs were found in surface water, whereas large numbers of total vibrios were found in bottom water. In samples from various water sampling regions, high counts of all bacterial populations were found in the inner regions having little exchange of seawater when compared with those of the open region of the inland sea. In the identification of 463 isolates, 23 Vibrio spp. and 2 Listonella spp. were observed. V. harveyi was prevalent among the members of the Vibrio genus. Vibrio species were categorized into six groups; an estimated 20% of these species were in the so-called "pathogenic to humans" group. In addition, a significant proportion of this group was hemolytic and found in the Bisan Seto region. V. vulnificus, V. fluvialis, and V. cholerae non-O1 predominated in the constricted area of the inland sea, which is eutrophic as a result of riverine influence. It was concluded that salinity indirectly governs the distribution of total vibrios and analysis of variance revealed that all bacterial populations were distributed homogeneously and the variance values were found to be significant in some water sampling regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Venkateswaran
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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42
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Ogg JE, Ryder RA, Smith HL. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae from aquatic birds in Colorado and Utah. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:95-9. [PMID: 2705773 PMCID: PMC184060 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.1.95-99.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae was isolated from cloacal swabs and freshly voided feces collected from 20 species of aquatic birds in Colorado and Utah during 1986 and 1987. About 17% (198 of 1,131) fecal specimens collected from July 1986 through August 1987 contained the organism. Both O1 and non-O1 V. cholerae strains were isolated from the fecal specimens. Isolates from eight birds (representing five species) agglutinated in O group 1 antiserum. Supernatants of broth cultures from three isolates which typed as V. cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa gave reactions typical of cholera toxin when tested on Y-1 mouse adrenal cell cultures. Several serovars of non-O1 V. cholerae were isolated from the fecal specimens; serovar 22 was the most prevalent type. All non-O1 isolates were cytotoxic to Y-1 mouse adrenal cells. Only non-O1 V. cholerae was detected in water samples collected from the habitat of the birds. The results of this study suggest that aquatic birds serve as carriers and disseminate V. cholerae over a wide area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Ogg
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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43
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Nair GB, Sarkar BL, De SP, Chakrabarti MK, Bhadra RK, Pal SC. Ecology ofVibrio cholerae in the freshwater environs of Calcutta, India. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1988; 15:203-215. [PMID: 24203001 DOI: 10.1007/bf02011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal incidence ofVibrio cholerae was monitored for a year in a man-made freshwater lake, an open sewage canal, and a pond composed of rainwater accumulations, located in Calcutta.V. cholerae was found in all sites. It exhibited a distinct bimodal seasonal cycle in the lake with a primary peak in August-September and a secondary peak in May-June. Correlation with environmental parameters revealed that temperature and, to a certain extent, pH were the important factors governing the densities ofV. cholerae. In the lake, sediment samples harbored high densities ofV. cholerae immediately after months when peak counts were observed in plankton, suggesting a cycle of cells between sediment and water. At the other sampling areas, no defined seasonality was observed. Instead, high counts ofV. cholerae were observed at these severely polluted sites throughout the study period, including the winter months. All the 15 water samples passed via the ligated loop of rabbits yielded pure cultures ofV. cholerae, indicating that the rabbit intestine selects outV. cholerae from a mixed flora. Uniformly high isolation rates ofV. cholerae were observed from brackish water and freshwater species of export quality prawns.V. cholerae was found to be abundant and was represented by 32 individual Louisiana State University (LSU) serovars, including two new serovars. The 01 serovar could not be isolated from any of the samples examined in this study. It was concluded thatV. cholerae non-01 is common in the freshwater environs of Calcutta.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, 700 010, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
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44
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Huq A, Huq SA, Grimes DJ, O'Brien M, Chu KH, Capuzzo JM, Colwell RR. Colonization of the gut of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) by Vibrio cholerae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:586-8. [PMID: 3767362 PMCID: PMC203579 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.3.586-588.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of Vibrio cholerae to the mucosal surface of the intestine is considered to be an important virulence characteristic. Vibrio cholerae, an autochthonous member of brackish water and estuarine bacterial communities, also attaches to crustacea, a significant factor in multiplication and survival of V. cholerae in nature. The ability of V. cholerae to attach to the gut wall of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) was examined, and attachment was observed only in the hindgut and not the midgut of crabs, confirming a requirement for chitin in the attachment of V. cholerae to invertebrate and zooplankton surfaces. The new finding of attachment of V. cholerae to the hindgut of crabs may be correlated with the epidemiology and transmission of cholera in the aquatic environment. The crab model may also prove useful in elucidating the mechanism(s) of ion transport in crustacea.
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45
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Rhodes JB, Smith HL, Ogg JE. Isolation of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae serovars from surface waters in western Colorado. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:1216-9. [PMID: 3729397 PMCID: PMC239047 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.6.1216-1219.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from rivers, creeks, washes, irrigation canals, and ditches in western Colorado during the summer of 1985. The organism occurred in fresh water (less than or equal to 5 mmol of Na+ per liter) as well as in water of higher salinity (approximately equal to 17 mmol per liter). Sixteen serovars of non-O1 V. cholerae were Sixteen serovars of non-O1 V. cholerae were identified among the environmental isolates. All of the isolates were cytotoxic to Y-1 mouse adrenal cells.
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46
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Bourke AT, Cossins YN, Gray BR, Lunney TJ, Rostron NA, Holmes RV, Griggs ER, Larsen DJ, Kelk VR. Investigation of cholera acquired from the riverine environment in Queensland. Med J Aust 1986; 144:229-34. [PMID: 3587092 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb115883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since February 1977, five patients with cholera apparently acquired the infection from the riverine environment in Queensland. A total of 13 rivers have now yielded at least one isolate of Vibrio cholerae 01 biovar El Tor. Investigations indicate that the organism, including toxigenic strains, can survive and multiply in the riverine environment. No human or animal reservoirs and no ecological niches were identified and no route of importation or dissemination of the organism was discovered. The microbiological examination of faeces in all medical laboratories in Australia should include methods for detecting the cholera organism as a routine. When confronted with a cholera infection, medical practitioners should obtain a history of recent travel, both in Australia and overseas.
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47
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Rhodes JB, Schweitzer D, Ogg JE. Isolation of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae associated with enteric disease of herbivores in western Colorado. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:572-5. [PMID: 4077968 PMCID: PMC268469 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.22.4.572-575.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from a horse (Equus caballus), a lamb (genus Ovis), and two American buffalo (Bison bison) suffering from enteric disease in the western part of Colorado. In 1981, a foal died of apparent respiratory failure. Necropsy findings included heart failure and gastroenteritis. V. cholerae serovar 347 (Smith) was isolated from the colon of this animal. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated in 1983 from the intestine of a feedlot lamb suffering from pneumonia and severe watery diarrhea. In 1984, an enteric disease occurred in a herd of American bison. The sick animals were depressed and separated from the herd, dying in about 3 days. Of approximately 100 adult bison, 7 died. Necropsy of one animal revealed that gross lesions were limited to the gastrointestinal tract. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated from the abomasum, duodenum, and colon of this animal. A swab specimen from the intestine of another dead bison also yielded V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith).
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48
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Garay E, Arnau A, Amaro C. Incidence of Vibrio cholerae and related vibrios in a coastal lagoon and seawater influenced by lake discharges along an annual cycle. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:426-30. [PMID: 4051487 PMCID: PMC238637 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.2.426-430.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most probable numbers of Vibrio cholerae and related vibrios were determined in Albufera Lake, Valencia, Spain, and in coastal waters under the influence of the lake discharges over the course of an annual cycle. The influence of temperature, kind of water, and characteristics of the different sampling sites on the numbers of vibrios recovered was evaluated. Maximum recovery of vibrios reached 10(3)/ml in both types of waters analyzed. V. cholerae numbers reached 10(3)/ml in the lake and 10(2) in one of the coastal sites. Frequently during the warm season, all vibrios isolated were identified as V. cholerae. Occasionally, no V. cholerae was recovered. The recovery of vibrios was significantly influenced by the temperature of the water and the type of water analyzed. Most of the V. cholerae isolates were included in Heiberg groups I and II, and nearly 50% of the strains used chitin as sole carbon source. Indole was not produced by 100% of the strains. All strains tested were non-O1 serovars.
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Dawson CA, Sneath PH. A probability matrix for the identification of vibrios. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1985; 58:407-23. [PMID: 3997693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A probability matrix for computer-assisted identification of vibrios has been constructed, based on the API 20E system. Data were gathered from 173 strains representing 31 taxa of vibrios and related organisms, from a variety of sources. The matrix was tested internally by four statistical programs. Program OVERMAT tested the separation and program MOSTTYP the discretion and homogeneity of the taxa. Most of the taxa were satisfactory but a few were less so; reasons for this are discussed. Program CHARSEP and program DIACHAR tested the separation and diagnostic values, respectively, of the characters used. The overall test error was 4.5%. The matrix was assessed externally by its performance in the identification of vibrio-like strains isolated from freshwater. Of 243 wild strains, 79.4% were identified with ten taxa, with a Willcox score of greater than or equal to 0.99.
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Sarkar BL, Nair GB, Banerjee AK, Pal SC. Seasonal distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater environs and in association with freshwater fishes in Calcutta. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:132-6. [PMID: 3977307 PMCID: PMC238357 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.1.132-136.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The seasonal distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater environs and in association with freshwater fishes was studied in 1982 and 1983. The occurrence of this organism in water and sediments at the three sites studied was very infrequent and was restricted to the summer months, although it was not always isolated during these months. The association of V. parahaemolyticus with plankton was chiefly confined to the summer months and progressively declined with the onset of monsoons, remaining below detectable levels during the postmonsoon and winter months. The incidence and counts of V. parahaemolyticus were consistently higher in association with plankton than with water and sediment samples. V. parahaemolyticus could be recovered throughout the period of investigation from freshly caught and market samples of freshwater fishes. The highest recovery rate of this halophile from fishes was invariably from fecal samples. Most of the strains isolated in this study were untypable, and those which could be typed were predominantly serotypes encountered in the environment. All the isolates were Kanagawa negative. From this study, it could be concluded that the survival of V. parahaemolyticus in freshwater ecosystems is transient and dependent on a biological host.
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