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Morales Medina WR, Eramo A, Fahrenfeld NL. Metabolically Active Prokaryotes and Actively Transcribed Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sewer Systems: Implications for Public Health and Microbially Induced Corrosion. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:583-595. [PMID: 34117524 PMCID: PMC8195243 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sewer systems are reservoirs of pathogens and bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, most recent high-throughput studies rely on DNA-based techniques that cannot provide information on the physiological state of the cells nor expression of ARGs. In this study, wastewater and sewer sediment samples were collected from combined and separate sanitary sewer systems. The metabolically active prokaryote community was evaluated using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and actively transcribed ARG abundance was measured using mRNA RT-qPCR. Three (sul1, blaTEM, tet(G)) of the eight tested ARGs were quantifiable in select samples. Sewer sediment samples had greater abundance of actively transcribed ARGs compared to wastewater. Microbiome analysis showed the presence of metabolically active family taxa that contain clinically relevant pathogens (Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteraceae, Streptococcaceae, Arcobacteraceae, and Clostridiaceae) and corrosion-causing prokaryotes (Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae) in both matrices. Spirochaetaceae and methanogens were more common in the sediment matrix while Mycobacteraceae were more common in wastewater. The microbiome obtained from 16S rRNA sequencing had a significantly different structure from the 16S rRNA gene microbiome. Overall, this study demonstrates active transcription of ARGs in sewer systems and provides insight into the abundance and physiological state of taxa of interest in the different sewer matrices and sewer types relevant for wastewater-based epidemiology, corrosion, and understanding the hazard posed by different matrices during sewer overflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Morales Medina
- Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 500 Bartholomew Dr, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Alessia Eramo
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 500 Bartholomew Dr, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - N L Fahrenfeld
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 500 Bartholomew Dr, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from river sources in Durban, South Africa. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shrivastava R, Upreti RK, Jain SR, Prasad KN, Seth PK, Chaturvedi UC. Suboptimal chlorine treatment of drinking water leads to selection of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2004; 58:277-83. [PMID: 15157584 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2002] [Revised: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the spectrum of bacteria present in the River Gomti water before and after chlorination for drinking purposes. We observed that the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that survived chlorination on three out of seven occasions were resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested. The chlorine-resistant bacteria had mucoid colonies and grew better at 24 degrees C. All attempts to isolate the plasmid responsible for chlorine resistance were unsuccessful. Laboratory experiments using different strains of the P. aeruginosa in distilled water showed that only the resistant strain survived chlorine treatment at a dose of < or =500 microg/L. Similar results were obtained when water collected from seven different sites on the River Gomti was treated with graded doses of chlorine. At the higher dose of chlorine, all the bacteria died in 30 min, whereas with lower doses all the bacteria survived. The present study underscores the importance of measuring water chlorine concentrations to assure they are sufficiently high to remove pathogenic bacteria from drinking water. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of the selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria by suboptimal chlorine treatment of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Shrivastava
- Biomembrane Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Papandreou S, Pagonopoulou O, Vantarakis A, Papapetropoulou M. Multiantibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water samples in southwest Greece. J Chemother 2000; 12:267-73. [PMID: 10949974 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2000.12.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we monitored the sensitivity of 239 gram-negative bacteria (of fecal and non-fecal origin), isolated from the old drinking water distribution network of Patras in southwestern Greece, to 20 antibiotic agents. Two methods were used to find the multiresistant bacteria (bacteria resistant to two or more antibiotics): the diffusion disk method and a serial dilution method. The gram-negative bacteria tested were: Enterobacteriaceae (62), Pseudomonas (145), Vibrionaceae (24), Chromobacter (3), Acinetobacter (2) and others (4). The highest levels of antibiotic resistance were obtained for cephalothin (86.7%), ampicillin (77.5%) and carbenicillin (71%) followed by cefoxitin (55.4%) and cefuroxime (51.2%). Intermediate resistance levels were found for ticarcillin (31.3%), ceftizoxime (31.2%), chloramphenicol (30.3%), and cefotetan (25.2%). Low resistance levels were obtained for cefotaxime (17.9%), sulfisoxazole (15.2%), ceftriaxone (12.5%), tetracycline (11.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (7.4%) and piperacillin (2.4%). Overall 91.3% of the gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water were multiresistant. No resistant strains were found to quinolones, aminoglycosides, imipenem, aztreonam, ceftazidime or cefoperazone. The high antibiotic resistance rate of the isolated microorganisms from the Patras drinking water supply is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Papandreou
- Environmental Microbiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece
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Goñi-Urriza M, Capdepuy M, Arpin C, Raymond N, Caumette P, Quentin C. Impact of an urban effluent on antibiotic resistance of riverine Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:125-32. [PMID: 10618213 PMCID: PMC91795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.1.125-132.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the impact of an urban effluent on antibiotic resistance of freshwater bacterial populations, water samples were collected from the Arga river (Spain), upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge of the city of Pamplona. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae (representative of the human and animal commensal flora) (110 isolates) and Aeromonas (typically waterborne bacteria) (118 isolates) were selected for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Most of the Aeromonas strains (72%) and many of the Enterobacteriaceae (20%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Singly nalidixic acid-resistant strains were frequent regardless of the sampling site for Aeromonas, whereas they were more common upstream from the discharge for enterobacteria. The most common resistances to antibiotics other than quinolones were to tetracycline (24.3%) and beta-lactams (20.5%) for Enterobacteriaceae and to tetracycline (27.5%) and co-trimoxazole (26.6%) for Aeromonas. The rates of these antibiotic resistances increased downstream from the discharge at similar degrees for the two bacterial groups; it remained at high levels for enterobacteria but decreased along the 30-km study zone for Aeromonas. Genetic analysis of representative strains demonstrated that these resistances were mostly (enterobacteria) or exclusively (Aeromonas) chromosomally mediated. Moreover, a reference strain of Aeromonas caviae (CIP 7616) could not be transformed with conjugative R plasmids of enterobacteria. Thus, the urban effluent resulted in an increase of the rates of resistance to antibiotics other than quinolones in the riverine bacterial populations, despite limited genetic exchanges between enterobacteria and Aeromonas. Quinolone resistance probably was selected by heavy antibiotic discharges of unknown origin upstream from the urban effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goñi-Urriza
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université de Bordeaux 2, France
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Parveen S, Murphree RL, Edmiston L, Kaspar CW, Portier KM, Tamplin ML. Association of multiple-antibiotic-resistance profiles with point and nonpoint sources of Escherichia coli in Apalachicola Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:2607-12. [PMID: 9212410 PMCID: PMC168557 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2607-2612.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 765 Escherichia coli isolates from point and nonpoint sources were collected from the Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve, and their multiple-antibiotic-resistance (MAR) profiles were determined with 10 antibiotics. E. coli isolates from point sources showed significantly greater resistance (P < 0.05) to antibiotics and higher MAR indices than isolates from nonpoint sources. Specifically, 65 different resistance patterns were observed among point source isolates, compared to 32 among nonpoint source isolates. Examples of this contrast in MAR profiles included percentages of isolates with resistance to chlortetracycline-sulfathiazole of 33.7% and to chlortetracycline-penicillin G-sulfathiazole of 14.5% for point source isolates versus 15.4 and 1.7%, respectively, for nonpoint source isolates. MAR profile homology, based on coefficient similarity, showed that isolates from point sources were markedly more diverse than isolates from nonpoint sources. Seven clusters were observed among point source isolates, with a coefficient value of approximately 1.8. In contrast, only four clusters were observed among nonpoint source isolates. Covariance matrices of data displayed six very distinct foci representing nonpoint source E. coli isolates. Importantly, E. coli isolates obtained directly from human and animal feces also clustered among point and nonpoint sources, respectively. We conclude that E. coli MAR profiles were associated with point and nonpoint sources of pollution within Apalachicola Bay and that this method may be useful in facilitating management of other estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parveen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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Massa S, Petruccioli M, Fanelli M, Gori L. Drug resistant bacteria in non carbonated mineral waters. Microbiol Res 1995; 150:403-8. [PMID: 8564367 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria was revealed among bacteria isolated from non carbonated mineral waters bottled in plastic (PVC) and in glass containers. Heterotrophic plate count values ranged between < 10 and 4.3 x 10(3) and between < 10 and 1.2 x 10(4) colony forming units/ml for the waters bottled in PVC and glass, respectively. The greatest resistance to a single antibiotic, 39.1% of 320 isolates from mineral waters, was found for nalidixic acid. Resistance to the other antibiotics was as follows: ampicillin (26.2%), bacitracin (19.7%), cotrimoxazole (18.7%), streptomycin (15.0%), tetracycline (14.4%), gentamycin (11.6%), chloramphenicol and rifampin (9.7%). The strains resistant to two or more antibiotics (multiple antibiotic resistant, MAR) provided 51% of the total isolates. Identification of 127 MAR strains showed that in the mineral waters gram-positive cocci dominated. The second, third and fourth group of identified MAR phenotypes were, in order to importance, gram-negative non-fermentative rods, gram-positive rods and gram-negative fermentative rods. The importance of the antibiotic resistant bacteria in mineral water is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Massa
- Istituto di Protezione e Preparazione Alimentare, University of Foggia, Italy
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de Vicente A, Avilés M, Codina JC, Borrego JJ, Romero P. Resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from natural waters. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 68:625-32. [PMID: 2118131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb05228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from freshwater and seawater to different antimicrobial agents and heavy metals were studied. It was found that resistance in these environments is linked to the level of faecal pollution. All strains were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to carbenicillin, amikacin, tobramycin, and colistin, and to the assayed concentrations of silver, cadmium, lead, and molybdenum. Resistance to gentamicin, sulphadiazine, mercury, arsenic, and chromium was variable, so their use as epidemiological markers was considered. There was a close relationship between the degree of pollution and the frequency of heavy metal resistant strains of Ps. aeruginosa. The highest frequencies of resistance to mercury and arsenic were obtained from marine environments with little faecal pollution, where the highest incidence of multi-resistant strains was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Vicente
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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Ibiebele DD, Sokari TG. Occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria in communal well water around Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103:193-202. [PMID: 2776852 PMCID: PMC2249474 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 108 raw water samples was collected from 36 wells at nine shanty settlements around Port Harcourt, Nigeria, over a period of 7 months. Samples were analysed for their bacteriological quality. Selected bacterial strains isolated from the samples were tested for their susceptibility to ten commonly used antibiotics. The organisms isolated include Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium spp., Flavobacterium spp., and Serratia spp. Out of 300 strains tested, 23 (6.9%) were susceptible to all the antibiotics, 277 (92.3%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 232 (77.3%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics. The epidemiological significance of these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Ibiebele
- Institute of Pollution Studies, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Sokari TG, Ibiebele DD, Ottih RM. Antibiotic resistance among coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. from bodies of water around Port Harcourt, Nigeria. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1988; 64:355-9. [PMID: 3049502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Samples from municipal waste water, the Bonny River estuary and wells in and around Port Harcourt were examined for bacteriological quality over a 9 month period. A total of 157 Pseudomonas spp., 133 Escherichia coli and 282 other coliforms were isolated and tested for the incidence of resistance to 10 antibiotics. All of the Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics while 96.2% were resistant to two or more. Most (83.5%) of the E. coli and other coliforms (91.8%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. All strains were susceptible to gentamicin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and tetracycline for E. coli ranged from 6.25 to 50 and 6.25 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and tetracycline were 1000 and 25 micrograms/ml for the Pseudomonas strains. The high incidence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is discussed in relation to the widespread use of antibiotics, and possible public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Sokari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Al-Jebouri MM, Al-Meshhadani NS. A note on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in adult man, raw sewage and sewage-polluted River Tigris in Mosul, Nineva. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1985; 59:513-8. [PMID: 3913659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb03354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 600 isolates of Escherichia coli were isolated, over a 9 month period during 1984, from healthy human adults, raw sewage and the sewage-polluted River Tigris in Nineva. Over 90% of these organisms were E. coli type 1, but only 8.3% could be serogrouped as enteropathogenic E. coli. Resistance of these organisms to 11 antimicrobial drugs was assessed. Over 40% were antibiotic-resistant and of these 77.1% were resistant to more than one antibiotic. The minimal inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for 193 selected strains from the various sources was determined and ranged from less than 0.625-greater than 160 micrograms/ml. The high incidence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in this locality and the possible implications to human health are discussed.
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