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Rathbone P, Arango-Sabogal JC, De Mestre AM, Scott CJ. Antimicrobial resistance of endometrial bacterial isolates collected from UK Thoroughbred mares between 2014 and 2020. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2591. [PMID: 36809533 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important in equine reproduction, as antimicrobials have historically been widely used in the management of breeding mares. However, evidence of the characteristics of AMR in uterine isolates is limited in the UK. The objective of this retrospective study was therefore to describe temporal changes in AMR patterns of bacteria isolated from the endometrium of Thoroughbred broodmares in south-east England between 2014 and 2020. METHOD Endometrial swabs were processed for microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). For frequently isolated bacteria, changes in AMR patterns over time were assessed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS From 18,996 endometrial swabs, 30.5% were positive for microbial culture. AST was performed on 2091 isolates, representing 1924 swabs collected from 1370 mares located at 132 premises. Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus (BHS, 52.5%) and Escherichia coli (25.8%) were most frequently isolated. In BHS, resistance to enrofloxacin (p = 0.02), nitrofurazone (p < 0.001) and oxytetracycline (p < 0.01) increased significantly between 2014 and 2020, while resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001) decreased. In E. coli, resistance to nitrofurazone increased (p = 0.04) and resistance to gentamycin (p = 0.02) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (p < 0.001) decreased. LIMITATIONS Variations in the specimen collection protocols might have affected the frequency of isolates detected. CONCLUSION Between 2014 and 2020, AMR changed in this bacterial population. However, there was no significant increase in resistance to penicillin (99.6% BHS susceptible), gentamycin (81.7% E. coli susceptible) or ceftiofur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Rathbone
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Juan C Arango-Sabogal
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda M De Mestre
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Knuth RM, Woodruff KL, Hummel GL, Williams JD, Austin KJ, Stewart WC, Cunningham-Hollinger HC, Bisha B. Effects of management strategies during early lactation and weaning on etiological agents of ovine subclinical mastitis and antimicrobial susceptibility of milk-derived bacterial isolates. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6584487. [PMID: 35554546 PMCID: PMC9183199 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is a common intramammary disease in sheep production systems. Expenses associated with compromised animal performance, therapeutic interventions, and decreased ewe longevity make efforts to minimize its prevalence worthwhile. The objectives of this study were to (i) quantify the prevalence of subclinical mastitis throughout lactation, (ii) evaluate the impact of bedding treatments on subclinical mastitis during early lactation, (iii) evaluate the efficacy of prophylaxis and feed restriction during weaning on subclinical mastitis cure rates, (iv) and identify levels and types of antimicrobial resistance in milk-derived bacteria. Ewe milk samples were collected at d 1, 2, and 28 post-partum, weaning, and 3-d post-weaning for bacterial identification via culture-based methods. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. isolates were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis defined by culture growth ranged between 22 and 66% and differences were observed between post-weaning and d 1 and 28 milk samples. Commonly isolated bacteria include coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 59%), Bacillus spp. (35%), Mannheimia haemolytica (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%), Streptococcus spp. (5%), and Corynebacterium spp. (5%). Early milk samples (d 1 and 2) were compared between jug bedding treatment: jugs were recently vacated, cleaned, and dusted with barn lime before adding fresh straw (CLEAN) or jugs were previously vacated and fresh straw was added atop soiled bedding (SOILED). Jug bedding treatment did not affect the prevalence of subclinical mastitis, though CoNS had greater sulfadimethoxine resistance in SOILED isolates than CLEAN isolates (P = 0.03). Three different weaning treatments were used: ewes were injected with penicillin at weaning (PENN), ewes had restricted feed access 48 h prior to and 72 h post-weaning (FAST), or a combination of these treatments (COMBO). Weaning treatment did not affect the prevalence of subclinical mastitis or cure rate from weaning to 3-d post-weaning, though all PENN and no FAST milk S. aureus isolates were resistant against tetracycline (P = 0.08). Subclinical mastitis prevalence tended to decrease from weaning to post-weaning (P = 0.08). These data show subclinical mastitis is common throughout lactation and the levels of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from ewe milk are generally low against commonly used antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Knuth
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Kelly L Woodruff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
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3
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Torres RNS, Paschoaloto JR, Ezequiel JMB, da Silva DAV, Almeida MTC. Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oil as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle. Vet J 2021; 272:105659. [PMID: 33941330 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Additives used to improve feed efficiency of beef cattle on high-grain diets requires products that not only increase animal performance but also provide food safety for consumers. Since phytogenic additives such as essential oils (EO) are the main substitutes for monensin in the diet of cattle fed high-grain diets, this study aimed to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the effects of EO as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentative parameters. Ten peer-reviewed publications with 27 treatment means were included in the data set. These effects were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between EO treatment and control treatment (diets with monensin). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis. The substitution of EO for monensin did not affect methane production, ruminal pH values, average daily gain, feed efficiency or carcass weight. However, carcass dressing percentage (WMD = 0.38%; P = 0.03), ribeye area (WMD = 0.82 cm2; P < 0.0001) and subcutaneous fat thickness (WMD = 0.56 mm; P < 0.0001) values increased. Although the use of EO instead of monensin had no influence on the performance of beef cattle fed high-grain diets, the prevalence of hepatic abscesses increased 84.9% and the replacement of monensin by EO increased the risk ratio of hepatic abscess prevalence by 107%. Therefore, the use of EO in high-grain beef cattle diets was ineffective in protecting the liver against abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N S Torres
- Animal Unit of Digestive and Metabolic Studies, Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - J M B Ezequiel
- Animal Unit of Digestive and Metabolic Studies, Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - D A V da Silva
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - M T C Almeida
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Animal Science, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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Yuen KY, Gibson JS, Hinrichsen S, Medina-Torres CE, Bertin FR, Stewart AJ. Cumulative antibiogram and multidrug-resistant organisms in a regional equine referral hospital. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:149-155. [PMID: 33252023 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720977478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prudent use of antimicrobials is paramount to slow the development of resistance and for successful treatment. The use of cumulative antibiograms will allow evidence-based antimicrobial selection with consideration of local resistance patterns. We generated a "first-isolate-per-patient" cumulative antibiogram for a regional equine referral hospital. Bacterial organisms cultured from horses between 2011 and 2018, sample origin, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) status were tabulated. Of 1,176 samples, 50% were culture positive. Overall, 93 of 374 (25%) were MDR. Of the MDR isolates, 11 (12%) were susceptible to high-importance antimicrobials only (as defined by the Australian Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on antimicrobial resistance). β-hemolytic streptococci were uniformly susceptible to penicillin (76 of 76); 17 of 20 (85%) non-β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. were susceptible to penicillin. Despite veterinary-specific challenges in constructing an antibiogram, our study provides an exemplar of the clinical utility of regional-, farm-, or hospital-specific cumulative antibiograms for evidence-based empirical antimicrobial selection by veterinarians prior to susceptibility result availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Y Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophia Hinrichsen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos E Medina-Torres
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francois-Rene Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Amani F, Hashemitabar G, Ghaniei A, Farzin H. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in the Escherichia coli isolates obtained from ostrich. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3501-3508. [PMID: 32929588 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a normal intestinal microflora of birds, including ostrich. However, some strains are pathogenic to ostrich. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the differences between commensal and pathogenic E.coli isolates of ostrich. This research aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence gene content of presumptive commensal and pathogenic E.coli isolates of ostrich. A total of 129 bacterial isolates (commensal strains no. = 45; pathogenic strains no. = 84) were obtained from ostriches. The resistance profile of these isolates was investigated by the disk diffusion method and PCR. Also, the strains were screened for virulence-associated genes of avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC). The study showed that the highest and the lowest antimicrobial resistance were against oxytetracycline and gentamicin, respectively. Oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and streptomycin resistance rate in pathogenic isolates were higher than commensal ones (p < 0.05). Also, tetA, blaTEM, and aac(3)-IV resistance genes were more prevalent in pathogenic than commensal isolates (p < 0.05). More than half of the isolates had no virulence-associated genes. The multiplex PCR results showed that irp2 gene was more prevalent in pathogenic than commensal E.coli (p < 0.05). Nevertheless this was not the case with the other genes. Our results indicated a low frequency of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in E.coli isolates of ostriches. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile and virulence gene content of E.coli isolates of ostriches differ between presumptive commensal and pathogenic strains. However, more analyses are needed to discriminate these isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hashemitabar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ghaniei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Farzin
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
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Torres R, Moura D, Ghedini C, Ezequiel J, Almeida M. Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oils on ruminal fermentation and performance of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Katongole P, Nalubega F, Florence NC, Asiimwe B, Andia I. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from clinical isolates in Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:453. [PMID: 32600258 PMCID: PMC7325280 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uropathogenic E. coli is the leading cause of Urinary tract infections (UTIs), contributing to 80-90% of all community-acquired and 30-50% of all hospital-acquired UTIs. Biofilm forming Uropathogenic E. coli are associated with persistent and chronic inflammation leading to complicated and or recurrent UTIs. Biofilms provide an environment for poor antibiotic penetration and horizontal transfer of virulence genes which favors the development of Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Understanding biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance determinants of Uropathogenic E. coli strains will provide insight into the development of treatment options for biofilm-associated UTIs. The aim of this study was to determine the biofilm forming capability, presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Uropathogenic E. coli isolates in Uganda. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study carried in the Clinical Microbiology and Molecular biology laboratories at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences. We randomly selected 200 Uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates among the stored isolates collected between January 2018 and December 2018 that had significant bacteriuria (> 105 CFU). All isolates were subjected to biofilm detection using the Congo Red Agar method and Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby disk diffusion method. The isolates were later subjected PCR for the detection of Urovirulence genes namely; Pap, Fim, Sfa, Afa, Hly and Cnf, using commercially designed primers. RESULTS In this study, 62.5% (125/200) were positive biofilm formers and 78% (156/200) of these were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The isolates were most resistant to Trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole and Amoxicillin (93%) followed by gentamycin (87%) and the least was imipenem (0.5%). Fim was the most prevalent Urovirulence gene (53.5%) followed by Pap (21%), Sfa (13%), Afa (8%), Cnf (5.5%) and Hyl (0%). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a high prevalence of biofilm-forming Uropathogenic E. coli strains that are highly associated with the MDR phenotype. We recommend routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation to understand the antibiotics suitable in the management of biofilm-associated UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Katongole
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Fatuma Nalubega
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Benon Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene Andia
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Obaidat MM, Bani Salman AE, Davis MA, Roess AA. Major diseases, extensive misuse, and high antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in large- and small-scale dairy cattle farms in Jordan. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2324-2334. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zwonitzer MR, Soupir ML, Jarboe LR, Smith DR. Quantifying Attachment and Antibiotic Resistance of from Conventional and Organic Swine Manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:609-617. [PMID: 27065408 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.05.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often administered to swine, contributing to the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in their manure. During land application, the bacteria in swine manure preferentially attach to particles in the soil, affecting their transport in overland flow. However, a quantitative understanding of these attachment mechanisms is lacking, and their relationship to antibiotic resistance is unknown. The objective of this study is to examine the relationships between antibiotic resistance and attachment to very fine silica sand in collected from swine manure. A total of 556 isolates were collected from six farms, two organic and four conventional (antibiotics fed prophylactically). Antibiotic resistance was quantified using 13 antibiotics at three minimum inhibitory concentrations: resistant, intermediate, and susceptible. Of the 556 isolates used in the antibiotic resistance assays, 491 were subjected to an attachment assay. Results show that isolates from conventional systems were significantly more resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and tylosin ( < 0.001). Results also indicate that isolated from conventional systems attached to very fine silica sand at significantly higher levels than those from organic systems ( < 0.001). Statistical analysis showed that a significant relationship did not exist between antibiotic resistance levels and attachment in from conventional systems but did for organic systems ( < 0.001). Better quantification of these relationships is critical to understanding the behavior of in the environment and preventing exposure of human populations to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Guimarães RA, Lugo Neto DF, Saraiva MDMS, Lima RP, Barros MR, Costa MMD, Oliveira CB, Stipp DT. CARACTERIZAÇÃO FILOGENÉTICA MOLECULAR E RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA DE Escherichia coli ISOLADAS DE CAPRINOS NEONATOS COM DIARREIA. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i433639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A diarreia neonatal determina alterações significativas na conversão alimentar, resultando na queda da produtividade de caprinos. A resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias caracteriza-se como importante problema de saúde pública, assim, a Escherichia coli pode ser caracterizada como importante patógeno por expressar mecanismos de virulência responsáveis por significativas afecções clínicas em seres humanos e animais. O presente estudo avaliou a presença de E. coli em 117 amostras fecais de caprinos e analisou a resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados. Colônias sugestivas foram submetidas a testes bioquímicos, seguido de determinação do grupo genotípico e análise filogenética; posteriormente foram submetidas à prova de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram identificados isolados de E. coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella sonnei e Enterobacter aerogenes. Isolados de E. coli foram classificados filogeneticamente em B2 (9/39), D (19/39), B1 (7/39) e A (4/29). Os fatores de virulência identificados foram K99 (04/39) e Stx (02/39). À prova de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, os isolados foram sensíveis a Cloranfenicol, Estreptomicina, Amoxicilina e Ciprofloxacina, sendo todos resistentes à Lincomicina, Vancomicina e Penicilina. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estabelecimento de protocolos criteriosos para o uso de antimicrobianos, medida fundamental para o aprimoramento da sanidade dos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros.
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Laroche-Ajzenberg E, Flores Ribeiro A, Bodilis J, Riah W, Buquet S, Chaftar N, Pawlak B. Conjugative multiple-antibiotic resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli
isolated from environmental waters contaminated by human faecal wastes. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:399-411. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Flores Ribeiro
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - J. Bodilis
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - W. Riah
- Agri'Terr Laboratory; ESITPA; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - S. Buquet
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - N. Chaftar
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
| | - B. Pawlak
- Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment Laboratory (LMSM) (EA 4312); University of Rouen; Mont Saint Aignan France
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Analysis of the structure of bacteria communities and detection of resistance genes of quinolones from pharmaceutical wastewater. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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13
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Resende JA, Silva VL, de Oliveira TLR, de Oliveira Fortunato S, da Costa Carneiro J, Otenio MH, Diniz CG. Prevalence and persistence of potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria during anaerobic digestion treatment of cattle manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 153:284-291. [PMID: 24374028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion figures as a sustainable alternative to avoid discharge of cattle manure in the environment, which results in biogas and biofertilizer. Persistence of potentially pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria during anaerobic digestion of cattle manure was evaluated. Selective cultures were performed for enterobacteria (ENT), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFR) and Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined and a decay of all bacterial groups was observed after 60days. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected both the influent and effluent. GPC, the most prevalent group was highly resistant against penicillin and levofloxacin, whereas resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam and chloramphenicol was frequently observed in the ENT and NFR groups. The data point out the need of discussions to better address management of biodigesters and the implementation of sanitary and microbiological safe treatments of animal manures to avoid consequences to human, animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alves Resende
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Tamara Lopes Rocha de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Samuel de Oliveira Fortunato
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cláudio Galuppo Diniz
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Harada K, Asai T, Kojima A, Sameshima T, Takahashi T. Contribution of Multi-Antimicrobial Resistance to the Population of Antimicrobial ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated from Apparently Healthy Pigs in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:493-9. [PMID: 17579258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the involvement of tetracycline usage in resistance rates against other antimicrobials. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out on 545 porcine Escherichia coli isolates throughout Japan. As the result of analyzing by regions, resistance rates against kanamycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim in the Kanto/Koshinetu district were higher than those in some other districts. High resistance rates against kanamycin or trimethoprim in oxytetracycline-resistant isolates were also observed in the Kanto/Koshinetu district. The prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistance through co-selection of resistances against kanamycin or trimethoprim by tetracycline usage could be the cause of regional differences in these resistances in porcine E. coli. By a communicative surveillance, kanamycin- and trimethoprim-resistance rates were likely to be elevated with tetracycline usage. Thus, usage of specific antimicrobial(s) is a remarkable viewpoint to control antimicrobial resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Harada
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kukubunji, Tokyo 185-8511, Japan.
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Johnston C, Byappanahalli MN, Gibson JM, Ufnar JA, Whitman RL, Stewart JR. Probabilistic analysis showing that a combination of Bacteroides and Methanobrevibacter source tracking markers is effective for identifying waters contaminated by human fecal pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13621-8. [PMID: 24182330 DOI: 10.1021/es403753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking assays to identify sources of waterborne contamination typically target genetic markers of host-specific microorganisms. However, no bacterial marker has been shown to be 100% host-specific, and cross-reactivity has been noted in studies evaluating known source samples. Using 485 challenge samples from 20 different human and animal fecal sources, this study evaluated microbial source tracking markers including the Bacteroides HF183 16S rRNA, M. smithii nifH, and Enterococcus esp gene targets that have been proposed as potential indicators of human fecal contamination. Bayes' Theorem was used to calculate the conditional probability that these markers or a combination of markers can correctly identify human sources of fecal pollution. All three human-associated markers were detected in 100% of the sewage samples analyzed. Bacteroides HF183 was the most effective marker for determining whether contamination was specifically from a human source, and greater than 98% certainty that contamination was from a human source was shown when both Bacteroides HF183 and M. smithii nifH markers were present. A high degree of certainty was attained even in cases where the prior probability of human fecal contamination was as low as 8.5%. The combination of Bacteroides HF183 and M. smithii nifH source tracking markers can help identify surface waters impacted by human fecal contamination, information useful for prioritizing restoration activities or assessing health risks from exposure to contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnston
- Jardon and Howard Technologies Incorporated , Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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Use of 'natural' products as alternatives to antibiotic feed additives in ruminant production. Animal 2012; 1:1443-66. [PMID: 22444918 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The banning in 2006 of the use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters in the European Union has increased demand from producers for alternative feed additives that can be used to improve animal production. This review gives an overview of the most common non-antibiotic feed additives already being used or that could potentially be used in ruminant nutrition. Probiotics, dicarboxylic acids, enzymes and plant-derived products including saponins, tannins and essential oils are presented. The known modes of action and effects of these additives on feed digestion and more especially on rumen fermentations are described. Their utility and limitations in field conditions for modern ruminant production systems and their compliance with the current legislation are also discussed.
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Sahoo KC, Tamhankar AJ, Sahoo S, Sahu PS, Klintz SR, Lundborg CS. Geographical variation in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from stool, cow-dung and drinking water. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:746-59. [PMID: 22690160 PMCID: PMC3367274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available on relationships between the biophysical environment and antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli isolated from child stool samples, cow-dung and drinking water from the non-coastal (230 households) and coastal (187 households) regions of Odisha, India. Susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates (n = 696) to the following antibiotics: tetracycline, ampicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefixime, cotrimoxazole, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid was performed by the disk diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (n = 83). Resistance to at least one antibiotic was detected in 90% or more of the E. coli isolates. Ciprofloxacin MIC values ranged from 8 to 32 µg/mL. The odds ratio (OR) of resistance in E. coli isolates from children’s stool (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.18–8.01), cow-dung (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.59–8.03, P = 0.002) and drinking water (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.00–14.44, P = 0.049) were higher in non-coastal compared to coastal region. Similarly, the co-resistance in cow-dung (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.39–4.37, P = 0.002) and drinking water (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.36–7.41, P = 0.008) as well as the multi-resistance in cow-dung (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.12–4.34, P = 0.022) and drinking water (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.06–7.07, P = 0.036) were also higher in the non-coastal compared to the coastal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krushna Chandra Sahoo
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; ; Tel.: +46-0-8-524-83366; Fax: +46-8-311-590
| | - Ashok J. Tamhankar
- Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance (IIMAR), Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456 006, India;
| | - Soumyakanta Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, Super Religare Laboratories Limited, Kalinga Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India;
| | - Priyadarshi Soumyaranjan Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences and School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751 024, India;
| | - Senia Rosales Klintz
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 9, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (S.R.K.); (C.S.L.)
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Walczak JJ, Bardy SL, Feriancikova L, Xu S. Comparison of the Transport of Tetracycline-Resistant and Tetracycline-Susceptible Escherichia coli Isolated from Lake Michigan. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2011; 222:305-314. [PMID: 22121301 PMCID: PMC3223934 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-011-0825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It was recently reported that tetracycline could enhance the mobility of manure-derived Escherichia coli within saturated porous media (Walczak et al. (Water Research 45:1681-1690, 2011)). It was also shown, however, that E. coli from various sources could display marked variation in their mobility (Bolster et al. (Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1018-1025, 2009)). The focus of this research was to examine if the observed difference in the mobility of manure-derived tetracycline-resistant (tet(R)) and tetracycline-susceptible (tet(S)) E. coli strains was source-dependent. Specifically, E. coli were isolated from Lake Michigan, and the influence of tetracycline resistance on Lake Michigan-derived E. coli was investigated through column transport experiments. Additionally, a variety of cell morphology and surface properties were determined and related to the observed bacterial transport behavior. Our experimental results showed that, consistent with previous observations, the deposition rate coefficients of the tet(R)E. coli strain was ~20-100% higher than those of the tet(S)E. coli strain. The zeta potential of the tet(R)E. coli cells was ~25 mV more negative than the tet(S)E. coli cells. Because the surfaces of the E. coli cells and the quartz sands were negatively charged, the repulsive electrostatic double-layer interaction between the tet(R)E. coli cells and the quartz sands was stronger, and the mobility of the tet(R)E. coli cells in the sand packs was thus higher. The tet(R)E. coli cells were also more hydrophilic than the tet(S)E. coli cells. Results from migration to hydrocarbon phase (MATH) tests showed that about ~35% more tet(S)E. coli cells partitioned to the hydrocarbon phase. As it was previously shown that cell hydrophobicity could enhance the attachment of bacterial cells to quartz sand, the difference in cell hydrophobicity could also have contributed to the observed higher mobility of the tet(R)E. coli cells. The size of the tet(R) and tet(S)E. coli cells were similar, suggesting that the observed difference in their mobility was not size-related. Characterization of cell surface properties also showed that tet(R) and tetS E. coli cells differed slightly in cell-bound lipopolysaccharide contents and had distinct outer membrane protein profiles. Such difference could alter cell surface properties which in turn led to changes in cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Walczak
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sonia L. Bardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3209 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Lucia Feriancikova
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shangping Xu
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Walczak JJ, Bardy SL, Feriancikova L, Xu S. Influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived Escherichia coli in saturated porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1681-90. [PMID: 21211813 PMCID: PMC3030193 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(R)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(S)) Escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of E. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. Experimental results showed that tet(R)E. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(S) strains in saturated porous media. Measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(R)E. coli strains exhibited lower zeta potentials than the tet(S) strains. Because the surface of clean quartz sands is negatively charged, the repulsive electrostatic double layer (EDL) interaction between the tet(R) cells and the surface of sands was stronger and thus facilitated the transport of the tet(R) cells. Although no difference was observed in surface acidity, cell size, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) sugar content and cell-bound protein levels between the tet(R) and tet(S) strains, they displayed distinct outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. It was likely that the difference in OMPs, some potentially related to drug efflux pumps, between the tet(R) and tet(S) strains led to alteration in cell surface properties which in turn affected cell transport in saturated porous media. Findings from this research suggested that manure-derived tet(R)E. coli could spread more widely in the groundwater system and pose serious public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Walczak
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Sonia L. Bardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Lucia Feriancikova
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Shangping Xu
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
- Corresponding author, , phone: 414-229-6148
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Chen B, Zheng W, Yu Y, Huang W, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Guan X, Zhuang Y, Chen N, Topp E. Class 1 integrons, selected virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the Minjiang River, Fujian Province, China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:148-55. [PMID: 21057021 PMCID: PMC3019739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01676-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread fecal pollution of surface waters in developing countries is a threat to public health and may represent a significant pathway for the global dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The Minjiang River drainage basin in Fujian Province is one of China's most intensive livestock and poultry production areas and is home to several million people. In the study reported here, Escherichia coli isolates (n = 2,788) were sampled (2007 and 2008) from seven surface water locations in the basin and evaluated by PCR for carriage of selected genes encoding virulence factors, primarily for swine disease. A subset of isolates (n = 500) were evaluated by PCR for the distribution and characteristics of class 1 integrons, and a subset of these (n = 200) were evaluated phenotypically for resistance to a range of antibiotics. A total of 666 (24%) E. coli isolates carried at least one of the virulence genes elt, fedA, astA, fasA, estA, stx(2e), paa, and sepA. Forty-one percent of the isolates harbored class 1 integrons, and these isolates had a significantly higher probability of resistance to tobramycin, cefoperazone, cefazolin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, azitromycin, and rifampin than isolates with no class 1 integron detected. Frequencies of resistance to selected antibiotics were as high as or higher than those in fecal, wastewater, and clinical isolates in published surveys undertaken in China, North America, and Europe. Overall, E. coli in the Minjiang River drainage basin carry attributes with public health significance at very high frequency, and these data provide a powerful rationale for investment in source water protection strategies in this important agricultural and urban setting in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Weiwen Zheng
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Siping Zheng
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiong Guan
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yiting Zhuang
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Edward Topp
- Biotech Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada, Fujian Environment Monitoring Central Station, Fujian Environment Protection Bureau, Fuzhou 350003, China
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Levin PD, Simor AE, Moses AE, Sprung CL. End-of-life treatment and bacterial antibiotic resistance: a potential association. Chest 2010; 138:588-94. [PMID: 20472860 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great variability exists in the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ICUs around the world. The contribution of specific ICU care variables to these geographic variations is unknown. METHODS ICU patients from two ICUs (in Jerusalem and Toronto) who were admitted for > 48 h and who grew a resistant bacteria in any culture during ICU admission were compared with those without resistant organisms across a range of demographic and ICU care interventions. Significant variables were investigated with logistic regression to identify factors predictive of infection/colonization with a resistant organism. RESULTS Resistant organisms were acquired by 82/423 (19%) patients. Patients acquiring a resistant organism had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (21/82, 26% vs 52/341, 15%; P = .026), were more frequently admitted from another ICU (17/82, 21% vs 33/341, 10%; P = .005), received more antibiotics in the ICU (19 +/- 17 vs 14 +/- 14 days; P = .005), and had more ventilator (10 +/- 10 vs 7 +/- 8; P = .031) and central line days (10 +/- 8 vs 7 +/- 8; P < .001). These patients had a lower incidence of limitation-of-therapy orders (9/82, 11% vs 78/341, 23%; P = .015). Only the absence of a limitation-of-therapy order (odds ratio, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.21-5.68; P = .014) was independently associated with the acquisition of resistant organisms. Further, among ICU fatalities, 5/45 (11%) patients acquired a resistant organism prior to withdrawal vs 17/44 (39%) nonwithdrawal fatalities (P = .003). Nonwithdrawal fatalities received significantly more third-line antibiotics (7 +/- 14 vs 2 +/- 4; P = .031) despite similar ICU lengths of stay (15 +/- 21 days for nonwithdrawal fatalities vs 10 +/- 11 for withdraw fatalities; P = .210) CONCLUSIONS End-of-life treatment is independently associated with acquisition of resistant bacteria. Patients dying without withdraw orders receive more antibiotics and develop more resistant organisms. These patients may represent a reservoir of resistant bacteria in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Levin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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22
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Costa M, Drescher G, Maboni F, Weber S, Schrank A, Vainstein M, Schrank I, Vargas A. Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and plasmid content of Escherichia coli isolated in swine commercial farms. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates were evaluated. A total of 80 E. coli isolates were evaluated, being 64 from clinical samples (intestinal content and fragments of organs from diarrheic piglets), seven from feces of clinically healthy piglets and sows, and nine environmental samples (five from facilities, two from feed, one from insect, and one from waste). Molecular characterization was performed by PCR detection of fimbriae and toxin genes and plasmid content determination. The isolates were also characterized according to their resistance or sensitivity to the following drugs: ampicillin, trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, amikacine, colistin, norfloxacin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, cefalexin, trimethoprim, neomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. From 80 E. coli isolates, 53.8% were classified as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 2.5% were shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), and 43.8% showed a non specific pattern and were unclassified. One fecal isolate from non-diarrheic piglet was classified as ETEC by PCR. Clinical isolates showed resistance mainly for tetracycline and trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole. Plasmidial DNA was observed in 70 isolates, being 78.5% of clinical isolates, 8.57% of non-diarrheic feces, and 12.8% of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Costa
- UFRGS; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
| | - G. Drescher
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco
| | - F Maboni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
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Yang WZ, Ametaj BN, Benchaar C, Beauchemin KA. Dose response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers: Ruminal and intestinal digestion1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:680-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Molecular indicators used in the development of predictive models for microbial source tracking. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1789-95. [PMID: 20118380 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02350-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of chemical, microbial, and eukaryotic indicators have been proposed as indicators of fecal pollution sources in water bodies. No single one of the indicators tested to date has been able to determine the source of fecal pollution in water. However, the combined use of different indicators has been demonstrated to be the best way of defining predictive models suitable for determining fecal pollution sources. Molecular methods are promising tools that could complement standard microbiological water analysis. In this study, the feasibility of some proposed molecular indicators for microbial source tracking (MST) was compared (names of markers are in parentheses): host-specific Bacteroidetes (HF134, HF183, CF128, and CF193), Bifidobacterium adolescentis (ADO), Bifidobacterium dentium (DEN), the gene esp of Enterococcus faecium, and host-specific mitochondrial DNA associated with humans, cattle, and pigs (Humito, Bomito, and Pomito, respectively). None of the individual molecular markers tested enabled 100% source identification. They should be combined with other markers to raise sensitivity and specificity and increase the number of sources that are identified. MST predictive models using only these molecular markers were developed. The models were evaluated by considering the lowest number of molecular indicators needed to obtain the highest rate of identification of fecal sources. The combined use of three molecular markers (ADO, Bomito, and Pomito) enabled correct identification of 75.7% of the samples, with differentiation between human, swine, bovine, and poultry sources. Discrimination between human and nonhuman fecal pollution was possible using two markers: ADO and Pomito (84.6% correct identification). The percentage of correct identification increased with the number of markers analyzed. The best predictive model for distinguishing human from nonhuman fecal sources was based on 5 molecular markers (HF134, ADO, DEN, Bomito, and Pomito) and provided 90.1% correct classification.
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Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapac IG, Lin YF, Yannarell AC, Maxwell S, Aminov RI. Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2009; 38:1086-108. [PMID: 19398507 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used in animal livestock production for therapeutic treatment of disease and at subtherapeutic levels for growth promotion and improvement of feed efficiency. It is estimated that approximately 75% of antibiotics are not absorbed by animals and are excreted in waste. Antibiotic resistance selection occurs among gastrointestinal bacteria, which are also excreted in manure and stored in waste holding systems. Land application of animal waste is a common disposal method used in the United States and is a means for environmental entry of both antibiotics and genetic resistance determinants. Concerns for bacterial resistance gene selection and dissemination of resistance genes have prompted interest about the concentrations and biological activity of drug residues and break-down metabolites, and their fate and transport. Fecal bacteria can survive for weeks to months in the environment, depending on species and temperature, however, genetic elements can persist regardless of cell viability. Phylogenetic analyses indicate antibiotic resistance genes have evolved, although some genes have been maintained in bacteria before the modern antibiotic era. Quantitative measurements of drug residues and levels of resistance genes are needed, in addition to understanding the environmental mechanisms of genetic selection, gene acquisition, and the spatiotemporal dynamics of these resistance genes and their bacterial hosts. This review article discusses an accumulation of findings that address aspects of the fate, transport, and persistence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments, with emphasis on mechanisms pertaining to soil environments following land application of animal waste effluent.
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Abstract
Observational studies of cattle production systems usually find that cattle from conventional dairies harbor a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) enteric bacteria compared to organic dairies or beef-cow operations; given that dairies usually use more antimicrobials, this result is not unexpected. Experimental studies have usually verified that application of antimicrobials leads to at least a transient expansion of AMR bacterial populations in treated cattle. Nevertheless, on dairy farms the majority of antibiotics are used to treat mastitis and yet AMR remains relatively low in mastitis pathogens. Other studies have shown no correlation between antimicrobial use and prevalence of AMR bacteria including documented cases where the prevalence of AMR bacteria is non-responsive to antimicrobial applications or remains relatively high in the absence of antimicrobial use or any other obvious selective pressures. Thus, there are multi-factorial events and pressures that influence AMR bacterial populations in cattle production systems. We introduce a heuristic model that illustrates how repeated antimicrobial selection pressure can increase the probability of genetic linkage between AMR genes and niche- or growth-specific fitness traits. This linkage allows persistence of AMR bacteria at the herd level because subpopulations of AMR bacteria are able to reside long-term within the host animals even in the absence of antimicrobial selection pressure. This model highlights the need for multiple approaches to manage herd health so that the total amount of antimicrobials is limited in a manner that meets animal welfare and public health needs while reducing costs for producers and consumers over the long-term.
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Dai L, Lu LM, Wu CM, Li BB, Huang SY, Wang SC, Qi YH, Shen JZ. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli isolates from chickens in China between 2001 and 2006. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 286:178-83. [PMID: 18680521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a common commensal bacterium and is regarded as a good indicator organism for antimicrobial resistance for a wide range of bacteria in the community and on farms. Antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from chickens from 49 farms in China between 2001 and 2006 was studied. A total of 536 E. coli isolates were collected, and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of eight antimicrobials were determined by the broth microdilution method. Isolates exhibited high levels of resistance to ampicillin (80.2%), doxycycline (75.0%) and enrofloxacin (67.5%). Relatively lower resistance rates to cephalothin (32.8%), cefazolin (17.0%) and amikacin (6.5%) were observed. Strains were comparatively susceptible to colistin (MIC(50) = 1 microg mL(-1)). A marked increase in isolates with elevated MICs for florfenicol was observed over the study period. Therefore, five resistance genes leading to the dissemination of phenicol resistance in the isolates (n = 113) with florfenicol MICs > or = 32 microg mL(-1) were analyzed. The gene floR was the most prevalent resistance gene and was detected in 92% of the 113 isolates, followed by the cmlA (53%), catA1 (23%) and catA2 (10%) genes. catA3 was not detected in these isolates. Eight isolates with florfenicol MICs = 32 microg mL(-1) and one with MIC = 64 microg mL(-1) were negative for the floR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Mohapatra BR, Broersma K, Mazumder A. Differentiation of fecal Escherichia coli from poultry and free-living birds by (GTG)5-PCR genomic fingerprinting. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:245-52. [PMID: 17572150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the non-point sources of fecal pollution is essential for the assessment of potential public health risk and development of appropriate management practices for prevention of further contamination. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR coupled with (GTG)(5) primer [(GTG)(5)-PCR] was performed on 573 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from the feces of poultry (chicken, duck and turkey) and free-living (Canada goose, hawk, magpie, seagull and songbird) birds to evaluate the efficacy of (GTG)(5)-PCR genomic fingerprinting in the prediction of the correct source of fecal pollution. A discriminant analysis with the jack-knife algorithm of (GTG)(5)-PCR DNA fingerprints revealed that 95%, 94.1%, 93.2%, 84.6%, 79.7%, 76.7%, 75.3% and 70.7% of magpie, hawk, turkey, seagull, Canada goose, chicken, duck and songbird fecal E. coli isolates classified into the correct host source, respectively. The results of this study indicate that (GTG)(5)-PCR can be considered to be a complementary molecular tool for the rapid determination of E. coli isolates identity and tracking the non-point sources of fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut R Mohapatra
- Water and Watershed Research Program, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Petch Building 116, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P5C2.
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