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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Collins C, Saha SK, Major I, Murray P. Sustainable production and pharmaceutical applications of β-glucan from microbial sources. Microbiol Res 2023; 274:127424. [PMID: 37301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides found in abundant sources. Our dietary sources of β-glucans are cereals that include oats and barley, and non-cereal sources can consist of mushrooms, microalgae, bacteria, and seaweeds. There is substantial clinical interest in β-glucans; as they can be used for a variety of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular conditions. Suitable sources of β-glucans for biopharmaceutical applications include bacteria, microalgae, mycelium, and yeast. Environmental factors including culture medium can influence the biomass and ultimately β-glucan content. Therefore, cultivation conditions for the above organisms can be controlled for sustainable enhanced production of β-glucans. This review discusses the various sources of β-glucans and their cultivation conditions that may be optimised to exploit sustainable production. Finally, this article discusses the immune-modulatory potential of β-glucans from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland; PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland.
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Catherine Collins
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- PRISM Research Institute, Midlands Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- LIFE - Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Midwest Campus, Technological University of the Shannon, Limerick V94EC5T, Ireland
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Sabioni RE, Zanuzzo FS, Gimbo RY, Urbinati EC. β-Glucan enhances respiratory activity of leukocytes suppressed by stress and modulates blood glucose levels in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:629-640. [PMID: 31840217 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the immune response of pacu fed with a β-glucan diet (0.5%) for 10 days. After the feeding period, fish were subjected to handling and 3 h after, inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were sampled before handling (baseline condition), 3, 6, and 24 h and 1 week after inoculation. A higher level of blood glucose was found in fish treated with β-glucan in baseline conditions. Handling and bacterial inoculation increased the circulating levels of cortisol and glucose and promoted the acute inflammatory response (lymphopenia and neutrophilia). β-Glucan prevented the decrease in the respiratory activity of leukocytes observed in the control group at 3 h sampling. β-Glucan did not affect the complement and lysozyme, which were activated 24 h after the bacterial challenge in control fish. A reduction in the number of leukocytes was found in fish treated with β-glucan 1 week after the challenge. We suggest two plausible hypotheses for this event: (1) it could be attributed to a depletion of the immune responses or (2) it could be due to a mobilization of the leukocytes to the spleen for antigen presenting/processing. In general, β-glucan avoided the reduction of the activity of leukocytes after stress and the bacterial challenge and increased the baseline glucose levels. Our findings confirm the immunomodulatory action of glucan and add evidence showing that glucan can have a role in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Estevan Sabioni
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Sabbadin Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yukihiro Gimbo
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
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Muñoz AJ, Espínola F, Ruiz E, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Dekker RFH, Castro E. Assessment of By-Product from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 as an Effective Biosorbent of Pb(II). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183306. [PMID: 31514386 PMCID: PMC6767276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, two types of biomass preparations (VMSM and M3) from the filamentous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, which were previously used in a process of production of β-glucan, were assessed as biosorbents of lead. The operating conditions, optimized through response surface methodology and experimental design, were shown to be pH 5.29 and a biosorbent dose of 0.23 g/L for the VMSM biomass type; and pH 5.06 and a dose of biosorbent of 0.60 g/L for the M3 biomass type, at a constant temperature of 27 °C. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyzed the presence of functional groups on the biomass surface. In addition to give an extra value to the by-product biomass, the VMSM-type from B. rhodina MAMB-05 showed an excellent lead biosorption capacity (qm) with a value of 403.4 mg/g for the Langmuir model, comparing favorably with literature results, while the M3 subtype biomass showed a value of 96.05 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Muñoz
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Francisco Espínola
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment (CEAEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Ruiz
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment (CEAEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química, CCE - Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina - Paraná CEP: 86051-990, Brazil.
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, Londrina - Paraná CEP: 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy and Environment (CEAEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Bauermeister A, Amador IR, Pretti CP, Giese EC, Oliveira ALM. β-(1 → 3)-Glucanolytic yeasts from Brazilian grape microbiota: production and characterization of β-glucanolytic enzymes by Aureobasidium pullulans 1WA1 cultivated on fungal Mycelium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:269-278. [PMID: 25559084 DOI: 10.1021/jf504333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 95 yeast strains were isolated from the microbiota of different grapes collected at vineyards in southern Brazil. The yeasts were screened for β-(1 → 3)-glucanases using a newly developed zymogram method that relies upon the appearance of clearance zones around growing colonies cultured on agar–botryosphaeran medium and also by submerged fermentation on nutrient medium containing botryosphaeran, a (1 → 3),(1 → 6)-β-d-glucan. Among 14 β-(1 → 3)-glucanase-positive yeasts identified, four strains produced the highest β-glucanolytic activities and were evaluated for enzyme production on cellobiose, botryosphaeran, and mycelial biomass from Botryosphaeria rhodina (MAMB-05). Yeast strain 1WA1 produced the highest β-(1 → 3)-glucanase and β-glucosidase activities and was identified by molecular characterization as Aureobasidium pullulans. The physicochemical properties of the crude β-glucanolytic enzyme preparation were characterized, and the preparation was used to hydrolyze several β-d-glucans (laminarin, botryosphaeran, lasiodiplodan, pustulan, and curdlan). The production and physicochemical properties of the β-glucanolytic preparation enable its potential applications in wine enology and production of prebiotics through hydrolysis of β-d-glucans.
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Weng BBC, Lin YC, Hu CW, Kao MY, Wang SH, Lo DY, Lai TY, Kan LS, Chiou RYY. Toxicological and immunomodulatory assessments of botryosphaeran (β-glucan) produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina RCYU 30101. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:910-6. [PMID: 21185904 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological and immunomodulatory activities of botryosphaeran (BR), a newly emerged β-glucan that comprises a β-(1 → 3) backbone and β-(1 → 6) branched glucose residues were assessed. BR was 1.82 × 10(6) Da (M.W.) estimated by reversely-linear equation constructed by regression of logarithms of standard polysaccharides and their retention times of gel permeation chromatography. Sprague-Dawley rats were daily gavage-administered with BR at doses of 0, 1.25, 12.5, and 125 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 28 d. Serum hematological and biochemical analysis of all treatment were all within normal ranges. Mitogen-stimulated lymphoblastogenesis of spleno-lymphocytes was enhanced by BR at doses of 1.25 and 12.5 mg/kg BW. Through in vitro comparative assessments, RAW 264.7 macrophage (RAW) cells were treated with BR and two commercial β-glucans, zymosan (ZY) and barley β-glucan (GB), to characterize their relative immunomodulatory properties. All three β-glucans stimulated phagocytosis on fluorescence-labeled Escherichia coli. At dose levels from 5 to 200 μg/mL for 24h, nitric oxide produced by BR- and ZY-treated cells were higher than those produced by GB-treated and control groups. BR, ZY but GB also stimulated RAW cells in producing TNF-α. The results demonstrate that BR is toxicologically accepted and features as a potent immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bor-Chun Weng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
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Fariña JI, Viñarta SC, Cattaneo M, Figueroa LIC. Structural stability of Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126 beta-glucan with fermentation time: a chemical, infrared spectroscopic and enzymatic approach. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 106:221-32. [PMID: 19054236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126 exopolysaccharides (EPSs) recovered at 48 h (EPS I) and 72 h (EPS II) of fermentation, with differences in rheological parameters, hydrogel topography, salt tolerance, antisyneresis, emulsifying and suspending properties, were subjected to a polyphasic characterization in order to detect structural divergences. METHODS AND RESULTS Fermenter-scale production led to productivity (P(r)) and yield (Y(P/C)) values higher at 48 h (P(r) = 0.542 g l(-1) h(-1); Y(P/C) = 0.74) than at 72 h (P(r) = 0.336 g l(-1) h(-1); Y(P/C) = 0.50). Both EPSs were neutral glucose-homopolysaccharides with a beta-(1,3)-glycosidic backbone and single beta-(1,6)-glucopyranosyl sidechains regularly attached every three residues in the main chain, as revealed by chemical analyses. The infra-red diagnostic peak at 890 cm(-1) confirmed beta-glycosidic linkages, while gentiobiose released by beta-(1,3)-glucanases confirmed single beta-1,6-glycosidic branching for both EPSs. CONCLUSIONS The true modular repeating unit of S. rolfsii ATCC 201126 scleroglucan could be resolved. Structural stability was corroborated and no structural differences could be detected as to account for the variations in EPSs behaviour. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Recovery of S. rolfsii ATCC 201126 scleroglucan at 48 h might be considered based on better fermentation kinetic parameters and no detrimental effects on EPS structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Fariña
- PROIMI-CONICET (Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos), Tucumán, Argentina.
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Fazenda ML, Seviour R, McNeil B, Harvey LM. Submerged Culture Fermentation of “Higher Fungi”: The Macrofungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 63:33-103. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(07)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Crognale S, Bruno M, Moresi M, Petruccioli M. Enhanced production of β-glucan from Botryosphaeria rhodina using emulsified media or fan impellers. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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