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Wu C, Chen H, Mei Y, Yang B, Zhao J, Stanton C, Chen W. Advances in research on microbial conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101257. [PMID: 37898352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a functional food ingredient with prebiotic properties that provides health benefits for various human pathologies and disorders. However, limited natural CLA sources in animals and plants have led microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to emerge as new CLA sources. Microbial conversion of linoleic acid to CLA is mediated by linoleic acid isomerase and multicomponent enzymatic systems, with CLA production efficiency dependent on microbial species and strains. Additionally, complex factors like LA concentration, growth status, culture substrates, precursor type, prebiotic additives, and co-cultured microbe identity strongly influence CLA production and isomer composition. This review summarizes advances in the past decade regarding microbial CLA production, including bacteria and fungi. We highlight CLA production and potential regulatory mechanisms and discuss using microorganisms to enhance CLA content and nutritional value of fermented products. We also identify primary microbial CLA production bottlenecks and provide strategies to address these challenges and enhance production through functional gene and enzyme mining and downstream processing. This review aims to provide a reference for microbial CLA production and broaden the understanding of the potential probiotic role of microbial CLA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
| | - Yongchao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Catherine Stanton
- International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; International Joint Research Centre for Probiotics & Gut Health, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Roux E, Nicolas A, Valence F, Siekaniec G, Chuat V, Nicolas J, Le Loir Y, Guédon E. The genomic basis of the Streptococcus thermophilus health-promoting properties. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:210. [PMID: 35291951 PMCID: PMC8925076 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus thermophilus is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used as starter in the dairy industry as well as in many traditional fermented products. In addition to its technological importance, it has also gained interest in recent years as beneficial bacterium due to human health-promoting functionalities. The objective of this study was to inventory the main health-promoting properties of S. thermophilus and to study their intra-species diversity at the genomic and genetic level within a collection of representative strains. Results In this study various health-related functions were analyzed at the genome level from 79 genome sequences of strains isolated over a long time period from diverse products and different geographic locations. While some functions are widely conserved among isolates (e.g., degradation of lactose, folate production) suggesting their central physiological and ecological role for the species, others including the tagatose-6-phosphate pathway involved in the catabolism of galactose, and the production of bioactive peptides and gamma-aminobutyric acid are strain-specific. Most of these strain-specific health-promoting properties seems to have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer events. The genetic basis for the phenotypic diversity between strains for some health related traits have also been investigated. For instance, substitutions in the galK promoter region correlate with the ability of some strains to catabolize galactose via the Leloir pathway. Finally, the low occurrence in S. thermophilus genomes of genes coding for biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance is also a contributing factor to its safety status. Conclusions The natural intra-species diversity of S. thermophilus, therefore, represents an interesting source for innovation in the field of fermented products enriched for healthy components that can be exploited to improve human health. A better knowledge of the health-promoting properties and their genomic and genetic diversity within the species may facilitate the selection and application of strains for specific biotechnological and human health-promoting purpose. Moreover, by pointing out that a substantial part of its functional potential still defies us, our work opens the way to uncover additional health-related functions through the intra-species diversity exploration of S. thermophilus by comparative genomics approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08459-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Roux
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Université de Lorraine, CALBINOTOX, Nancy, France.,Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Grégoire Siekaniec
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | - Jacques Nicolas
- Université de Rennes, INRIA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
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Salsinha AS, Pimentel LL, Fontes AL, Gomes AM, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Microbial Production of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Conjugated Linolenic Acid Relies on a Multienzymatic System. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00019-18. [PMID: 30158254 PMCID: PMC6298612 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00019-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) have gained significant attention due to their anticarcinogenic and lipid/energy metabolism-modulatory effects. However, their concentration in foodstuffs is insufficient for any therapeutic application to be implemented. From a biotechnological standpoint, microbial production of these conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) has been explored as an alternative, and strains of the genera Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium have shown promising producing capacities. Current screening research works are generally based on direct analytical determination of production capacity (e.g., trial and error), representing an important bottleneck in these studies. This review aims to summarize the available information regarding identified genes and proteins involved in CLA/CLNA production by these groups of bacteria and, consequently, the possible enzymatic reactions behind such metabolic processes. Linoleate isomerase (LAI) was the first enzyme to be described to be involved in the microbiological transformation of linoleic acids (LAs) and linolenic acids (LNAs) into CFA isomers. Thus, the availability of lai gene sequences has allowed the development of genetic screening tools. Nevertheless, several studies have reported that LAIs have significant homology with myosin-cross-reactive antigen (MCRA) proteins, which are involved in the synthesis of hydroxy fatty acids, as shown by hydratase activity. Furthermore, it has been suggested that CLA and/or CLNA production results from a stress response performed by the activation of more than one gene in a multiple-step reaction. Studies on CFA biochemical pathways are essential to understand and characterize the metabolic mechanism behind this process, unraveling all the gene products that may be involved. As some of these bacteria have shown modulation of lipid metabolism in vivo, further research to be focused on this topic may help us to understand the role of the gut microbiota in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Salsinha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia L Pimentel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Fontes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Unidade de Investigação de Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gomes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis M Rodríguez-Alcalá
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Effect of Pufa Substrates on Fatty Acid Profile of Bifidobacterium breve Ncimb 702258 and CLA/CLNA Production in Commercial Semi-Skimmed Milk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15591. [PMID: 30349012 PMCID: PMC6197199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research on lipids is highlighting their relevant role in metabolic/signaling pathways. Conjugated fatty acids (CFA), namely isomers of linoleic and linolenic acid (i.e. CLA and CLNA, respectively) can positively modulate inflammation processes and energy metabolism, promoting anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant effects, improved lipid profiles and insulin resistance, among others. Bioactive doses have been indicated to be above 1 g/d, yet these cannot be achieved through a moderate intake (i.e. 1-2 servings) of natural sources, and certain CLA-containing products have limited commercial availability. Such handicaps have fueled research interest in finding alternative fortification strategies. In recent years, screening of dairy products for CFA-producing bacteria has attracted much attention and has led to the identification of some promising strains, including Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258. This strain has shown interesting producing capabilities in model systems as well as positive modulation of lipid metabolism activities in animal studies. Accordingly, the aim of this research work was to assay B. breve NCIMB 702258 in semi-skimmed milk to produce a probiotic fermented dairy product enriched in bioactive CLA and CLNA. The effect of substrates (LA, α-LNA and γ-LNA) on growth performance and membrane fatty acids profile was also studied, as these potential modifications have been associated to stress response. When tested in cys-MRS culture medium, LA, α-LNA and γ-LNA impaired the fatty acid synthesis by B. breve since membrane concentrations for stearic and oleic acids decreased. Variations in the C18:1 c11 and lactobacillic acid concentrations, may suggest that these substrates are also affecting the membrane fluidity. Bifidobacterium breve CFA production capacity was first assessed in cys-MRS with LA, α-LNA, γ-LNA or all substrates together at 0.5 mg/mL each. This strain did not produce CFA from γ-LNA, but converted 31.12% of LA and 68.20% of α-LNA into CLA and CLNA, respectively, after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. In a second phase, B. breve was inoculated in a commercial semi-skimmed milk with LA, α-LNA or both at 0.5 mg/mL each. Bifidobacterium breve revealed a limited capacity to synthesize CLA isomers, but was able to produce 0.062-0.115 mg/mL CLNA after 24 h at 37 °C. However, organoleptic problems were reported which need to be addressed in future studies. These results show that although CFA were produced at too low concentrations to be able to achieve solely the bioactive dose in one daily portion size, fermented dairy products are a suitable vector to deliver B. breve NCIMB 702258.
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Shokryzadan P, Rajion MA, Meng GY, Boo LJ, Ebrahimi M, Royan M, Sahebi M, Azizi P, Abiri R, Jahromi MF. Conjugated linoleic acid: A potent fatty acid linked to animal and human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:2737-2748. [PMID: 26252346 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1060190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), which is mostly found in the ruminant meat and dairy products. The CLA is known to have many potential health benefits, and considered a potent powerful fatty acid, which is linked to animal and human health. The present work aims to discuss the source and production, mechanism of action, and effects of CLA on humans, poultry, and ruminants by reviewing the recent studies carried out on CLA. Despite most of the recent studies indicating beneficial effects of CLA on improving body weight control parameters, its effects on reducing risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), inflammation, blood glucose, and insulin are still controversial, and need to be further studied in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shokryzadan
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , East and North-East Branch , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mohamed Ali Rajion
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.,c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Liang Juan Boo
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mahdi Ebrahimi
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Maryam Royan
- d Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , North Branch , Rasht , Iran
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Parisa Azizi
- c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Rambod Abiri
- e Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Faseleh Jahromi
- b Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII) , East and North-East Branch , Mashhad , Iran.,c Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
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Fontes AL, Pimentel LL, Simões CD, Gomes AMP, Rodríguez-Alcalá LM. Evidences and perspectives in the utilization of CLNA isomers as bioactive compounds in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2611-2622. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1063478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Fontes
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia L. Pimentel
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina D. Simões
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. P. Gomes
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M. Rodríguez-Alcalá
- CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa/Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Peng M, Biswas D. Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 57:3987-4002. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1203286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Biological Sciences Program Molecular and Cellular Biology Concentration, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Biological Sciences Program Molecular and Cellular Biology Concentration, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Wall R, Cryan JF, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Dinan TG, Stanton C. Bacterial neuroactive compounds produced by psychobiotics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:221-39. [PMID: 24997036 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We recently coined the phrase 'psychobiotics' to describe an emerging class of probiotics of relevance to psychiatry [Dinan et al., Biol Psychiatry 2013;74(10):720-726]. Such "mind-altering" probiotics may act via their ability to produce various biologically active compounds, such as peptides and mediators normally associated with mammalian neurotransmission. Several molecules with neuroactive functions such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, catecholamines and acetylcholine have been reported to be microbially-derived, many of which have been isolated from bacteria within the human gut. Secreted neurotransmitters from bacteria in the intestinal lumen may induce epithelial cells to release molecules that in turn modulate neural signalling within the enteric nervous system and consequently signal brain function and behaviour of the host. Consequently, neurochemical containing/producing probiotic bacteria may be viewed as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds and as such, probiotic bacteria may possibly have the potential as a therapeutic strategy in the prevention and/or treatment of certain neurological and neurophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wall
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
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Implication of fermentable carbohydrates targeting the gut microbiota on conjugated linoleic acid production in high-fat-fed mice. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:998-1011. [PMID: 23507010 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro experiments have shown that isolated human gut bacteria are able to metabolise PUFA into conjugated PUFA like conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The hypothesis of the present paper was that high-fat (HF) diet feeding and supplementation with fermentable carbohydrates that have prebiotic properties modulate the in vivo production of CLA by the mouse gut microbiota. Mice were treated for 4 weeks as follows: control (CT) groups were fed a standard diet; HF groups were fed a HF diet rich in linoleic acid (18 : 2n-6); the third groups were fed with the HF diet supplemented with either inulin-type fructans (HF-ITF) or arabinoxylans (HF-Ax). HF diet feeding increased rumenic acid (cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2 CLA) content both in the caecal and liver tissues compared with the CT groups. ITF supplementation had no major effect compared with the HF diet whereas Ax supplementation increased further rumenic acid (cis-9,trans-11-18 : 2 CLA) in the caecal tissue. These differences between both prebiotics may be linked to the high fat-binding capacity of Ax that provides more substrates for bacterial metabolism and to differential modulation of the gut microbiota (specific increase in Roseburia spp. in HF-Ax v. HF). In conclusion, these experiments supply the proof of concept that the mouse gut microbiota produces CLA in vivo, with consequences on the level of CLA in the caecal and liver tissues. We postulate that the CLA-producing bacteria could be a mediator to consider in the metabolic effects of both HF diet feeding and prebiotic supplementation.
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Gorissen L, Weckx S, Vlaeminck B, Raes K, De Vuyst L, De Smet S, Leroy F. Linoleate isomerase activity occurs in lactic acid bacteria strains and is affected by pH and temperature. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:593-606. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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