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Sahu N, Mahanty B, Haldar D. Challenges and opportunities in bioprocessing of gellan gum: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133912. [PMID: 39025193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Gellan gum (GG) - the microbial exopolysaccharide is increasingly being adopted into drug development, tissue engineering, and food and pharmaceutical products. In spite of the commercial importance and expanding application horizon of GG, little attention has been directed toward the exploration of novel microbial cultures, development of advanced screening protocols, strain engineering, and robust upstream or downstream processes. This comprehensive review not only attempts to summarize the existing knowledge pool on GG bioprocess but also critically assesses their inherent challenges. The process optimization design augmented with advanced machine learning modeling tools, widely adopted in other microbial bioprocesses, should be extended to GG. The unification of mechanistic insight into data-driven modeling would help to formulate optimal feeding and process control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswar Sahu
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Biswanath Mahanty
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Dibyajyoti Haldar
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Mansour MMA, Salem MZM. Poultices as biofilms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles/carboxymethyl cellulose/Phytagel for cleaning of infected cotton paper by Aspergillus sydowii and Nevskia terrae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:114625-114645. [PMID: 37863855 PMCID: PMC10663203 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2NP)-coated film was produced to protect manuscripts against microorganisms using ecofriendly benign materials. As a result, a simple method was created that uses poultice biofilm made of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Phytagel plant cell (PGP) loaded with TiO2NPs to preserve manuscripts against microbes in an environmentally responsible way. Three volumes (1, 2, 4 mL) of TiO2NPs were put into a biofilm combination to produce the poultices known as CMC/PGP/TiO2-1, CMC/PGP/TiO2-2, and CMC/PGP/TiO2-3. The synthesized TiO2NPs were nearly spherical in shape, small in size (98 nm), and stable (zeta potential value - 33 mV). The results showed that the unique deposition of TiO2NPs on the biofilm surface gave the produced films loaded with TiO2NPs a rough structure. The highest values of mechanical characteristics were determined to be in CMC/PGP/TiO2-1 with values of 25.4 g, 6.6 MPa, and 11.4%, for tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength, respectively. Based on molecular identification, the fungus Aspergillus sydowii and the bacterium Nevskia terrae, with accession numbers MG991624 and AB806800, respectively, were isolated and identified from an antiquated manuscript formed from cellulosic fibers. Before the experiments, the produced cotton paper samples were aged, and then, one group was infected for 6 months by A. sydowii and the second group with N. terrae. Following the preparation of a CMC/PGP biofilm loaded with various volumes of TiO2NPs, poultices were applied to infected cotton paper in order to clean it. The infected cotton paper was placed inside the sandwich-like poultices that were created. The poultice CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 demonstrated potential for preventing the growth of A. sydowii and N. terrae-infected cotton paper, when the fibers were saved, cleaned, and coated with CMC/PGP/TiO2-2 after absorbing the fungus and the bacterium and exhibiting exceptional antimicrobial activities. Finally, the novel biofilms have demonstrated their capacity to lessen microbial contamination of cotton paper. In order to generalize the usage of these poultices, it is also advised that they be produced on a large scale and tested on a variety of organic materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa M A Mansour
- Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
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Dev MJ, Warke RG, Warke GM, Mahajan GB, Patil TA, Singhal RS. Advances in fermentative production, purification, characterization and applications of gellan gum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127498. [PMID: 35724911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple microbial exopolysaccharides have been reported in recent decade with their structural and functional features. Gellan gum (GG) is among these emerging biopolymers with versatile properties. Low production yield, high downstream cost, and abundant market demand have made GG a high cost material. Hence, an understanding on the various possibilities to develop cost-effective gellan gum bioprocess is desirable. This review focuses on details of upstream and downstream process of GG from an industrial perspective. It emphasizes on GG producing Sphingomonas spp., updates on biosynthesis, strain and media engineering, kinetic modeling, bioreactor design and scale-up considerations. Details of the downstream operations with possible modifications to make it cost-effective and environmentally sustainable have been discussed. The updated regulatory criteria for GG as a food ingredient and analytical tools required to validate the same have been briefly discussed. Derivatives of GG and their applications in various industrial segments have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj J Dev
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul G Warke
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Gangadhar M Warke
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Tanuja A Patil
- Microbiology Division, Hi-Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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Wang ZX, Li N, Xu JW. Effects of Efficient Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin on Production, Monosaccharide Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081551. [PMID: 34442629 PMCID: PMC8401987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was efficiently expressed by the optimization of codons and intron addition in G. lucidum. Expression of the VHb gene was confirmed by genome PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and carbon monoxide (CO)-difference spectrum analysis in the transformant. The effects of the efficient expression of VHb gene on production, monosaccharide compostion, and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum exopolysaccharides were studied. The maximum production of exopolysaccharides in the VHb gene-bearing transformant was 1.63 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than expression in the wild-type strain. Efficient expression of the VHb gene did not change the monosaccharide composition or distribution of molecular weight, but it increased the mole percentage ratio of galactose and mannose in G. lucidum exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharides from the transformant had higher scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radical capacity and reducing power than those from the wild-type strain. These results may be helpful for increasing production and application of exopolysaccharides produced by G. lucidum fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
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Oliveira GHDD, Schneider ALDS, Vo MT, Ramsay JA, Ramsay BA. Heterologous Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for the Production of mcl-PHA in Carbon-Limited Fermentations. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minh Tri Vo
- Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Liu M, Sandmann G, Chen F, Huang J. Enhanced Coproduction of Cell-Bound Zeaxanthin and Secreted Exopolysaccharides by Sphingobium sp. via Metabolic Engineering and Optimized Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12228-12236. [PMID: 31638826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin is a value-added carotenoid with wide applications. This study aims to manipulate a generally recognized as safe and carotenoid-producing bacterium, Sphingobium sp., for enhanced production of zeaxanthin and exopolysaccharides. First, whole-genome sequencing and analysis of pathway genes were applied to define the carotenoid pathway in Sphingobium sp. Second, a Sphingobium transformation system was established to engineer metabolite flux into zeaxanthin. By a combination of chemical mutagenesis and removal of bottlenecks of carotenoid biosynthesis via overexpression of three rate-limiting enzymes, the genetically modified Sphingobium DIZ strain produced 21.26 mg/g dry cell weight of zeaxanthin, which was about 4-fold higher than the wild type. Upon optimization of culture conditions, the DIZ strain produced 479.5 mg/L of zeaxanthin with the productivity of 4.99 mg/L/h and 21.9 g/L of exopolysaccharides using a fed-batch fermentation strategy. This study represents the first genetic manipulation of Sphingobium sp., a biotechnologically important bacterium, for high-yield production of value-added metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience , J.W. Goethe Universitat , Max von Laue Str. 9 , Frankfurt 60438 , Germany
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Over-expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) and flavohemoglobin (FHb) genes greatly enhances pullulan production. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:701-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dolan LC, Matulka RA, LeBeau AL, Boulet JM. Two new nontoxic, non-pathogenic strains of Sphingomonas elodea for gellan gum production. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 78:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li HJ, Zhang DH, Yue TH, Jiang LX, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Xu JW. Improved polysaccharide production in a submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum by the heterologous expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene. J Biotechnol 2016; 217:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Recent applications of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin technology in bioproduct synthesis and bioremediation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:1627-36. [PMID: 25575886 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since its first use in 1990 to enhance production of α-amylase in E. coli, engineering of heterologous hosts to express the hemoglobin from the bacterium Vitreoscilla (VHb) has become a widely used strategy to enhance production of a variety of bioproducts, stimulate bioremediation, and increase growth and survival of engineered organisms. The hosts have included a variety of bacteria, yeast, fungi, higher plants, and even animals. The beneficial effects of VHb expression are presumably the result of one or more of its activities. The available evidence indicates that these include oxygen binding and delivery to the respiratory chain and oxygenases, protection against reactive oxygen species, and control of gene expression. In the past 4 to 5 years, the use of this "VHb technology" has continued in a variety of biotechnological applications in a wide range of organisms. These include enhancement of production of an ever wider array of bioproducts, new applications in bioremediation, a possible role in enhancing aerobic waste water treatment, and the potential to enhance growth and survival of both plants and animals of economic importance.
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Two UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases involved in the biosynthesis of a bacterial exopolysaccharide in Paenibacillus elgii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3127-39. [PMID: 25573472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xylose is described as a component of bacterial exopolysaccharides in only a limited number of bacterial strains. A bacterial strain, Paenibacillus elgii, B69 was shown to be efficient in producing a xylose-containing exopolysaccharide. Sequence analysis was performed to identify the genes encoding the uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid decarboxylase required for the synthesis of UDP-xylose, the precursor of the exopolysaccharide. Two sequences, designated as Peuxs1 and Peuxs2, were found as the candidate genes for such enzymes. The activities of the UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases were proven by heterologous expression and real-time nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The intracellular activity and effect of these genes on the synthesis of exopolysaccharide were further investigated by developing a thymidylate synthase based knockout system. This system was used to substitute the conventional antibiotic resistance gene system in P. elgii, a natural multi-antibiotic resistant strain. Results of intracellular nucleotide sugar analysis showed that the intracellular UDP-xylose and UDP-glucuronic acid levels were affected in Peuxs1 or Peuxs2 knockout strains. The knockout of either Peuxs1 or Peuxs2 reduced the polysaccharide production and changed the monosaccharide ratio. No polysaccharide was found in the Peuxs1/Peuxs2 double knockout strain. Our results show that P. elgii can be efficient in forming UDP-xylose, which is then used for the synthesis of xylose-containing exopolysaccharide.
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Zhang J, Dong YC, Fan LL, Jiao ZH, Chen QH. Optimization of culture medium compositions for gellan gum production by a halobacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Ahmad NH, Mustafa S, Che Man YB. Microbial Polysaccharides and Their Modification Approaches: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.693561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Gardner PR. Hemoglobin: a nitric-oxide dioxygenase. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:683729. [PMID: 24278729 PMCID: PMC3820574 DOI: 10.6064/2012/683729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2 transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2 migration to the heme pocket, O2 binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2 homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gardner
- Miami Valley Biotech, 1001 E. 2nd Street, Suite 2445, Dayton, OH 45402, USA
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Frey AD, Shepherd M, Jokipii-Lukkari S, Häggman H, Kallio PT. The single-domain globin of Vitreoscilla: augmentation of aerobic metabolism for biotechnological applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2011; 58:81-139. [PMID: 21722792 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381043-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have revealed that large-scale, high-cell density bioreactor cultivations have significant impact on metabolic networks of oxygen-requiring production organisms. Oxygen transfer problems associated with fluid dynamics and inefficient mixing efficiencies result in oxygen gradients, which lead to reduced performance of the bioprocess, decreased product yields, and increased production costs. These problems can be partially alleviated by improving bioreactor configuration and setting, but significant improvements have been achieved by metabolic engineering methods, especially by heterologously expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb). Vast numbers of studies have been accumulating during the past 20 years showing the applicability of VHb to improve growth and product yields in a variety of industrially significant prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. The global view on the metabolism of globin-expressing Escherichia coli cells depicts increased energy generation, higher oxygen uptake rates, and a decrease in fermentative by-product excretion. Transcriptome and metabolic flux analysis clearly demonstrate the multidimensional influence of heterologous VHb on the expression of stationary phase-specific genes and on the regulation of cellular metabolic networks. The exact biochemical mechanisms by which VHb is able to improve the oxygen-limited growth remain poorly understood. The suggested mechanisms propose either the delivery of oxygen to the respiratory chain or the detoxification of reactive nitrogen species for the protection of cytochrome activity. The expression of VHb in E. coli bioreactor cultures is likely to assist bacterial growth through providing an increase in available intracellular oxygen, although to fully understand the exact role of VHb in vivo, further analysis will be required.
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