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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:303-335. [PMID: 38696839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-E-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Wada Y, Irekeola AA, Shueb RH, Wada M, Afolabi HA, Yean CY, Harun A, Zaidah AR. Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in Poultry in Malaysia: The First Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020171. [PMID: 35203775 PMCID: PMC8868266 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. Data extraction and assessment of study protocol was done by two independent reviewers and the results were reviewed by a third. OpenMeta analyst and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) were used for the meta-analysis. The random effect model was used, publication bias and between-study heterogeneity was assessed. Seventeen studies were added to the final meta-analysis. Studies were sampled from 2000–2018 and of the 8684 isolates tested, 2824 were VRE. The pooled prevalence of VRE among poultry in Malaysia was estimated at 24.0% (95% CI; 16.7–33.1%; I2 = 98.14%; p < 0.001). Between-study variability was high (t2 = 0.788; heterogeneity I2 = 98.14% with heterogeneity chi-square (Q) = 858.379, degrees of freedom (df) = 16, and p < 0.001). The funnel plot showed bias which was confirmed by Egger’s test and estimates from the leave-one-out forest plot did not affect the pooled prevalence. Pooled prevalence of VRE in chickens and ducks were 29.2% (CI = 18.8–42.5%) and 11.2%, CI = 9.0–14.0%) respectively. Enterococcus faecalis was reported most with more studies being reported in Peninsular Malaysia Central region and used antibiotic disc diffusion as detection method. Increased surveillance of VRE in poultry in Malaysia is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Wada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad A. Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, Offa PMB 4412, Nigeria
| | - Rafidah H. Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
| | - Mustapha Wada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria;
| | - Hafeez A. Afolabi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Chan Y. Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
| | - Azian Harun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul R. Zaidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (Y.W.); (A.A.I.); (R.H.S.); (C.Y.Y.); (A.H.)
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-169227344
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Ahmed W, Neubauer H, Tomaso H, El Hofy FI, Monecke S, Abd El-Tawab AA, Hotzel H. Characterization of Enterococci- and ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk of Bovides with Mastitis in Egypt. Pathogens 2021; 10:97. [PMID: 33494211 PMCID: PMC7909756 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci- and ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from milk of bovine mastitis cases in Egypt. Fifty milk samples of dairy animals were collected from localities in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. Isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. PCR amplifications were carried out, targeting resistance-associated genes. Seventeen Enterococcus isolates and eight coliform isolates could be cultivated. Vancomycin resistance rate was high in Ent. faecalis. The VITEK 2 system confirmed all E. coli isolates as ESBL-producing. All Ent. faecalis isolates harbored erm(B), tetL and aac-aphD genes. The vanA gene was detected in Ent. faecalis isolate, vanB was found in other Enterococcus, while one isolate of E. casseliflavus exhibited the vanA gene. E. coli isolates exhibited high prevalence of erm(B) and tetL. E. coli isolates were analyzed by DNA microarray analysis. Four isolates were determined by O-serotyping as O8 (n = 1), O86 (n = 2) and O157 (n = 1). H-serotyping resulted in H11, H12, H21 (two isolates each) and one was of H16 type. Different virulence-associated genes were detected in E. coli isolates including lpfA, astA, celB, cmahemL, intI1 and intI2, and the iroN gene was identified by DNA microarray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Ahmed
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.N.); (H.T.); (H.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor Toukh P.O. Box 13736, Benha 13511, Egypt; (F.I.E.H.); (A.A.A.E.-T.)
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.N.); (H.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.N.); (H.T.); (H.H.)
| | - Fatma Ibrahim El Hofy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor Toukh P.O. Box 13736, Benha 13511, Egypt; (F.I.E.H.); (A.A.A.E.-T.)
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e. V., Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ashraf Awad Abd El-Tawab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor Toukh P.O. Box 13736, Benha 13511, Egypt; (F.I.E.H.); (A.A.A.E.-T.)
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (H.N.); (H.T.); (H.H.)
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Ünal N, Bal E, Karagöz A, Altun B, Koçak N. Detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in samples from broiler flocks and houses in Turkey. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:117-122. [PMID: 32877355 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) is a global threat to public health. Knowledge about the occurrence of vanA-carrying enterococci in broiler and environmental samples is important as antibiotic resistance can be transferred to human bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of VRE in broiler cloacal and environmental (house) samples and to genotype the isolates. In this study, 350 swabs were collected from broiler farms. All samples were plated onto enterococcus selective agar containing 6 mg/L vancomycin and 64 mg/L ceftazidime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for vancomycin and teicoplanin. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) was isolated from 6 out of 300 (2%) broiler cloacal samples and 13 out of 50 (26%) house samples. All E. faecium isolates had vanA genes. All VREfm isolates (19 isolates) were confirmed to be 95% similar to each other. In conclusion, although 20 years have passed since the ban on avoparcin in Turkey, the present study shows that VREfm isolates are still present in broiler production and especially in broiler houses, and most importantly, a major VREfm clone was isolated from broiler cloacal and house samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Ünal
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Bal
- 2Institute of Health Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Alper Karagöz
- 3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Microbiology, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Belgin Altun
- 4Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nadir Koçak
- 5Medical Genetic Department, Medical Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Characterization of Staphylococci and Streptococci Isolated from Milk of Bovides with Mastitis in Egypt. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050381. [PMID: 32429272 PMCID: PMC7281669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize staphylococci and streptococci in milk from Egyptian bovides. In total, 50 milk samples were collected from localities in the Nile Delta region of Egypt. Isolates were cultivated, identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method. PCR amplifications were carried out, targeting resistance-associated genes. Thirty-eight Staphylococcus isolates and six Streptococcus isolates could be cultivated. Staphylococcus aureus isolates revealed a high resistance rate to penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. The mecA gene defining methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, erm(C) and aac-aphD genes was found in 87.5% of each. Coagulase-negative staphylococci showed a high prevalence of mecA, blaZ and tetK genes. Other resistance-associated genes were found. All Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates carried blaZ, erm(A), erm(B), erm(C) and lnuA genes, while Streptococcus suis harbored erm(C), aphA-3, tetL and tetM genes, additionally. In Streptococcus gallolyticus, most of these genes were found. The Streptococcus agalactiae isolate harbored blaZ, erm(B), erm(C), lnuA, tetK, tetL and tetM genes. Streptococcus agalactiae isolate was analyzed by DNA microarray analysis. It was determined as sequence type 14, belonging to clonal complex 19 and represented capsule type VI. Pilus and cell wall protein genes, pavA, cadD and emrB/qacA genes were identified by microarray analysis.
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Akpınar Kankaya D, Tuncer Y. Antibiotic resistance in vancomycin‐resistant lactic acid bacteria (VRLAB) isolated from foods of animal origin. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Akpınar Kankaya
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Süleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
- Department of Food Technology Gelendost Vocational School Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler University Isparta Turkey
| | - Yasin Tuncer
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Süleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
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Tan SC, Chong CW, Teh CSJ, Ooi PT, Thong KL. Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5353. [PMID: 30123701 PMCID: PMC6084283 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes of E. faecalis and E. faecium from swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored. Methods E. faecalis and E. faecium strains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors. Results A total of 211 E. faecalis and 42 E. faecium were recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genes efa, asaI, gelE, esp, cyl and ace genes were detected. Virulence genes efa and asaI were most prevalent in E. faecalis (90%) and E. faecium (43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific. Discussion This study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang Chiet Tan
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Translational Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Daniel DS, Lee SM, Gan HM, Dykes GA, Rahman S. Genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from environmental, animal and clinical sources in Malaysia. J Infect Public Health 2017; 10:617-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Sánchez A, Prats-van der Ham M, Tatay-Dualde J, Paterna A, de la Fe C, Gómez-Martín Á, Corrales JC, Contreras A. Zoonoses in Veterinary Students: A Systematic Review of the Literature. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169534. [PMID: 28052113 PMCID: PMC5215727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary students face diverse potential sources of zoonotic pathogens since the first years of their academic degree. Such sources include different animal species and pathologic materials which are used at university facilities as well as commercial clinics, farms and other external facilities. OBJECTIVES The present study utilizes a systematic review of the literature to identify zoonoses described in veterinary students. DATA SOURCES Web of Science and PubMed. RESULTS Of the 1,254 titles produced by the bibliographic search, 62 were included in this review. Whereas 28 of these articles (45.2%) described individual cases or outbreaks, the remaining 34 (54.8%) reported serological results. The zoonotic etiological agents described were bacteria, in 39 studies (62.9%), parasites, in 12 works (19.4%), virus, in 9 studies (14.5%) and fungi, in 2 (3.2%) of the selected articles. The selected literature included references from 24 different countries and covered the time period of the last 55 years. LIMITATIONS The fact that common cases of disease or cases of little clinical importance without collective repercussions are not usually published in peer-reviewed journals limits the possibility to reach conclusions from a quantitative point of view. Furthermore, most of the selected works (66.1%) refer to European or North American countries, and thus, the number of cases due to pathogens which could appear more frequently in non-occidental countries might be underestimated. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS The results of the present systematic review highlight the need of including training in zoonotic diseases since the first years of Veterinary Science degrees, especially focusing on biosecurity measures (hygienic measures and the utilization of the personal protective equipment), as a way of protecting students, and on monitoring programs, so as to adequately advise affected students or students suspicious of enduring zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sánchez
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Miranda Prats-van der Ham
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Juan Tatay-Dualde
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Ana Paterna
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Juan C. Corrales
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Research Group of Ruminant Health, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, Murcia University, Spain
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Public Health Risks of Multiple-Drug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Southeast Asia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6090-7. [PMID: 26150452 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01741-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci rank as one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, surgical wound infections, and endocarditis, in humans. These infections can be hard to treat because of the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance. Enterococci inhabiting nonhuman reservoirs appear to play a critical role in the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. The spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major concern in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in Southeast Asia, where many developing countries have poor legislation and regulations to control the supply and excessive use of antimicrobials. This review addresses the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries and proposes infection control measures that should be applied to limit the spread of multiple-drug-resistant enterococci.
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Genetic variability of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from humans, chickens, and pigs in Malaysia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4528-33. [PMID: 23666337 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00650-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have been reported to be present in humans, chickens, and pigs in Malaysia. In the present study, representative samples of VRE isolated from these populations were examined for similarities and differences by using the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. Housekeeping genes of Enterococcus faecium (n = 14) and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 11) isolates were sequenced and analyzed using the MLST databases eBURST and goeBURST. We found five sequence types (STs) of E. faecium and six STs of E. faecalis existing in Malaysia. Enterococcus faecium isolates belonging to ST203, ST17, ST55, ST79, and ST29 were identified, and E. faecium ST203 was the most common among humans. The MLST profiles of E. faecium from humans in this study were similar to the globally reported nosocomial-related strain lineage belonging to clonal complex 17 (CC17). Isolates from chickens and pigs have few similarities to those from humans, except for one isolate from a chicken, which was identified as ST203. E. faecalis isolates were more diverse and were identified as ST4, ST6, ST87, ST108, ST274, and ST244, which were grouped as specific to the three hosts. E. faecalis, belonging to the high-risk CC2 and CC87, were detected among isolates from humans. In conclusion, even though one isolate from a chicken was found clonal to that of humans, the MLST analysis of E. faecium and E. faecalis supports the findings of others who suggest VRE to be predominantly host specific and that clinically important strains are found mainly among humans. The infrequent detection of a human VRE clone in a chicken may in fact suggest a reverse transmission of VRE from humans to animals.
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