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Guidelines for Perioperative Care for Liver Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations 2022. World J Surg 2023; 47:11-34. [PMID: 36310325 PMCID: PMC9726826 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) has been widely applied in liver surgery since the publication of the first ERAS guidelines in 2016. The aim of the present article was to update the ERAS guidelines in liver surgery using a modified Delphi method based on a systematic review of the literature. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed using MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. A modified Delphi method including 15 international experts was used. Consensus was judged to be reached when >80% of the experts agreed on the recommended items. Recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations system. RESULTS A total of 7541 manuscripts were screened, and 240 articles were finally included. Twenty-five recommendation items were elaborated. All of them obtained consensus (>80% agreement) after 3 Delphi rounds. Nine items (36%) had a high level of evidence and 16 (64%) a strong recommendation grade. Compared to the first ERAS guidelines published, 3 novel items were introduced: prehabilitation in high-risk patients, preoperative biliary drainage in cholestatic liver, and preoperative smoking and alcohol cessation at least 4 weeks before hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS These guidelines based on the best available evidence allow standardization of the perioperative management of patients undergoing liver surgery. Specific studies on hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients following an ERAS program are still needed.
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Solanki S, Chakinala RC, Haq KF, Singh J, Khan MA, Solanki D, Vyas MJ, Kichloo A, Mansuri U, Shah H, Patel A, Haq KS, Iqbal U, Nabors C, Khan HMA, Aronow WS. Paralytic ileus in the United States: A cross-sectional study from the national inpatient sample. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120962636. [PMID: 33088567 PMCID: PMC7545785 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120962636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Paralytic ileus is a common clinical condition leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Most studies to date have focused on postoperative ileus, a common but not exclusive cause of the condition. There are limited epidemiological data regarding the incidence and impact of paralytic ileus and its relationship to other clinical conditions. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed national inpatient hospitalization trends, demographic variation, cost of care, length of stay, and mortality for paralytic ileus hospitalizations as a whole. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database was used to identify all hospitalizations with the diagnosis of paralytic ileus (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code 560.1) as primary or secondary diagnosis during the period from 2001 to 2011. Statistical analysis was performed using Cochran–Armitage trend test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Poisson regression. Results: In 2001, there were 362,561 hospitalizations with the diagnosis of paralytic ileus as compared to 470,110 in 2011 (p < 0.0001). The age group 65–79 years was most commonly affected by paralytic ileus throughout the study period. In-hospital all-cause mortality decreased from 6.03% in 2001 to 5.10% in 2011 (p < 0.0001). However, the average cost of care per hospitalization increased from US$19,739 in 2001 to US$26,198 in 2011 (adjusted for inflation, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: There was a significant rise in the number of hospitalizations of paralytic ileus with increased cost of care and reduced all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Solanki
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | | | - Khwaja Fahad Haq
- Division of Gastroenterology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Muhammad Ali Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Manasee J Vyas
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Asim Kichloo
- Department of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, MI, USA
| | - Uvesh Mansuri
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Khwaja Saad Haq
- Department of Medicine, Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Umair Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Division of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Liu XY, Fan ZJ, Wang XW. Effect of chewing gum on recovery of gastrointestinal function after splenectomy and pericardial devascularization. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4110-4114. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i29.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of chewing gum on the recovery of gastrointestinal function after splenectomy and pericardial devascularization and its mechanism of action with regard to neural and humoral factors.
METHODS This study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in 90 patients who underwent splenectomy and pericardial devascularization. The patients were randomly divided into either group A (chewing gum group) or group B (control group). Patients of group A started chewing gum from 4 h after the operation, while the control group received conventional therapy and nursing after operation. Blood samples were taken immediately after the 3rd gum-chewing for detecting the levels of gastrin and norepinephrine. The levels of gastrin and norepinephrine, time to first bowel motion, flatus, and defecation, length of hospital stay, and bowel-related complications were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS The mean time to bowel motion (33.82 h ± 1.52 h vs 42.82 h ± 1.30 h), mean time to flatus (60.63 h ± 2.78 h vs 67.43 h ± 2.84 h), mean time to defecation (70.13 h ± 3.12 h vs 86.39 h ± 2.43 h), and mean length of hospital stay (12.46 d ± 0.71 d vs 15.52 d ± 0.85 d) were all significantly reduced in patients who chewed gum compared with control patients (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in nompinephrine level between the two groups (t = -11.26, P = 0.000), although blood level of gastrin showed no significant difference between the two groups (t = 1.801, P = 0.075). Fewer participants assigned to receive chewing gum developed abdominal distention compared with control patients (χ² = 5.075, P = 0.024). There were no significant differences in the rates of postoperative nausea, emesis and ileus between the two groups (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION Chewing gum decreases the time to recover gastrointestinal function and shorten the duration of hospitalization. It can be used as a component of comprehensive therapy for a gastrointestinal function recovery program after splenectomy and pericardial evascularization. The mechanism may be related to altering the level of blood eatecholamine.
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Lee H, Cho CW, Yoon S, Suh KS, Ryu HG. Effect of sham feeding with gum chewing on postoperative ileus after liver transplantation-a randomized controlled trial. Clin Transplant 2016; 30:1501-1507. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Chan Woo Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Susie Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
| | - Ho Geol Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
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You XM, Mo XS, Ma L, Zhong JH, Qin HG, Lu Z, Xiang BD, Wu FX, Zhao XH, Tang J, Pang YH, Chen J, Li LQ. Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Efficacy of Simo Decoction and Acupuncture or Chewing Gum Alone on Postoperative Ileus in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatectomy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1968. [PMID: 26559269 PMCID: PMC4912263 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the efficacy of simo decoction (SMD) combined with acupuncture at the tsusanli acupoint or chewing gum alone for treating postoperative ileus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy.In postoperative ileus, a frequent complication following hepatectomy, bowel function recovery is delayed, which increases length of hospital stay. Studies suggest that chewing gum may reduce postoperative ileus; SMD and acupuncture at the tsusanli acupoint have long been used in China to promote bowel movement.Patients with primary HCC undergoing hepatectomy between January 2015 and August 2015 were randomized to receive SMD and acupuncture (n = 55) or chewing gum (n = 53) or no intervention (n = 54) starting on postoperative day 1 and continuing for 6 consecutive days or until flatus. Primary endpoints were occurrence of postoperative ileus and length of hospital stay; secondary endpoints were surgical complications.Groups treated with SMD and acupuncture or with chewing gum experienced significantly shorter time to first peristalsis, flatus, and defecation than the no-intervention group (all P < 0.05). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the combined SMD and acupuncture group (mean 14.0 d, SD 4.9) than in the no-intervention group (mean 16.5 d, SD 6.8; P = 0.014), while length of stay was similar between the chewing gum group (mean 14.7, SD 6.2) and the no-intervention group (P = 0.147). Incidence of grades I and II complications was slightly lower in both intervention groups than in the no-intervention group.The combination of SMD and acupuncture may reduce incidence of postoperative ileus and shorten hospital stay in HCC patients after hepatectomy. Chewing gum may also reduce incidence of ileus but does not appear to affect hospital stay. (Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT02438436.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei You
- From the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (XMY, XSM, LM, JHZ, HGQ, ZL, BDX, FXW, YHP, JT, XHZ, JC, LQL); and Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, PR China (XMY, LM, JHZ, BDX, FXW, YHP, JT, XHZ, JC, LQL)
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Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, Olsén MF. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy--a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:37. [PMID: 25886536 PMCID: PMC4331300 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-0996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative ileus is common after surgery. One non-pharmacological intervention that has shown promising results in reducing the duration of postoperative ileus is chewing gum after surgery. However, this has not been investigated in upper gastrointestinal surgery such as pancreatic surgery. Hence the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chewing gum treatment on patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy ad modum whipple due to pancreatic or periampullary cancer. Methods This study was conducted as a phase III trial that was terminated early. Patients diagnosed with pancreatic tumours scheduled for pancreaticoduodenectomy ad modum whipple were included. The treatment group received chewing gum postoperatively and standard care. Controls received glucose solution and standard care. Chewing gum and glucose were used four times a day during the whole hospital stay. Time to first flatus and stool was defined as the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was start with clear liquids, start with liquid diet and length of hospital stay. Results No statistically significant differences could be observed between the chewing gum intervention group and the control group. However, a numerical difference in mean time was observed in first flatus, first stool, start of clear fluids, and start of liquid diet and length of hospital stay in favour of the intervention group. Conclusions Although this study did not find statistically significant differences favouring the use of chewing gum for postoperative ileus, a positive trend was observed of a reduction of the impact of postoperative ileus among patients after pancreatic surgery. It also contributes valuable methodological experience that is important for future studies of chewing gum interventions during recovery after pancreatic surgery. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02319512, publication date 2014-12-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, S-41345, Sweden.
| | - Kristofer Bjerså
- Division of Nursing Science, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Falk
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Monika Fagevik Olsén
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, S-41345, Sweden. .,Department of Physical Therapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Keenahan
- Meaghan Keenahan is an RN at Rochester General Hospital in Rochester, N.Y., and is completing her BSN degree
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Li KL, Chen JH, Zhang Q, Huizinga JD, Vadakepeedika S, Zhao YR, Yu WZ, Luo HS. Habitual rapid food intake and ineffective esophageal motility. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2270-2277. [PMID: 23599655 PMCID: PMC3627893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i14.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) in relation to ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) and rapid food intake.
METHODS: NCCP patients with a self-reported habit of fast eating underwent esophageal manometry for the diagnosis of IEM. Telephone interviews identified eating habits of additional IEM patients. Comparison of manometric features was done among IEM patients with and without the habit of rapid food intake and healthy controls. A case study investigated the effect of 6-mo gum chewing on restoration of esophageal motility in an IEM patient. The Valsalva maneuver was performed in IEM patients and healthy controls to assess the compliance of the esophagus in response to abdominal pressure increase.
RESULTS: Although most patients diagnosed with NCCP do not exhibit IEM, remarkably, all 12 NCCP patients who were self-reporting fast eaters with a main complaint of chest pain (75.0%) had contraction amplitudes in the mid and distal esophagus that were significantly lower compared with healthy controls [(23.45 mmHg (95%CI: 14.06-32.85) vs 58.80 mmHg (95%CI: 42.56-75.04), P < 0.01 and 28.29 mmHg (95%CI: 21.77-34.81) vs 50.75 mmHg (95%CI: 38.44-63.05), P < 0.01, respectively)]. In 7 normal-eating IEM patients with a main complaint of sensation of obstruction (42.9%), the mid amplitude was smaller than in the controls [30.09 mmHg (95%CI: 19.48-40.70) vs 58.80 mmHg (95%CI: 42.56-75.04), P < 0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in manometric features between the fast-eating and normal-eating groups. One NCCP patient who self-reported fast eating and was subsequently diagnosed with IEM did not improve with proton-pump inhibition but restored swallow-induced contractions upon 6-mo gum-chewing. The Valsalva maneuver caused a markedly reduced pressure rise in the mid and proximal esophagus in the IEM patients.
CONCLUSION: Habitual rapid food intake may lead to IEM. A prospective study is needed to validate this hypothesis. Gum-chewing might strengthen weakened esophageal muscles.
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Terzioglu F, Şimsek S, Karaca K, Sariince N, Altunsoy P, Salman MC. Multimodal interventions (chewing gum, early oral hydration and early mobilisation) on the intestinal motility following abdominal gynaecologic surgery. J Clin Nurs 2013; 22:1917-25. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevgi Şimsek
- Gynecologic Unit; Hacettepe University Adult Hospital; Sihhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Kubra Karaca
- Gynecologic Unit; Hacettepe University Adult Hospital; Sihhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Nilay Sariince
- Gynecologic Unit; Hacettepe University Adult Hospital; Sihhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Pinar Altunsoy
- Gynecologic Unit; Hacettepe University Adult Hospital; Sihhiye Ankara Turkey
| | - Mehmet Coskun Salman
- Obstetric and Gynecologic Department; Hacettepe University Hospital; Ankara Turkey
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