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Duan K, Tang X, Zhao J, Ren G, Shao Y, Lu T, He B, Xu L. An inactivated vaccine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:48-55. [PMID: 35697270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), belonging to the genus Aquabirnavirus within the family Birnaviridae, causes huge economic loss to the global salmonid industry every year. Recently, outbreaks of disease caused by genogroup I IPNV were found in many rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms worldwide. An inactivated vaccine was prepared using a genogroup I IPNV isolate with an optimized procedure as incubation with β-propanolactone (BPL) at the final concentration of 0.5% at room temperature for 48 h. The inactivated vaccine was used to immunize rainbow trout, and the protection efficiency was evaluated by viral loads determination, immune-related genes quantification, and neutralizing antibody tests. The viral loads in immunized rainbow trout were significantly decreased and the strongest antiviral effect was observed on 30 days post-immunization (d.p.i). The expression of innate immune-related genes IFN-1, and Mx-1 genes were significantly up-regulated on 3, 7, and 15 d.p.i (p < 0.05), and adaptive immune-related genes CD4, CD8, and IgM genes were significantly up-regulated on 15 and 30 d.p.i (p < 0.05). Neutralizing antibodies were firstly detected on 30 d.p.i and the highest titer was observed on 45 d.p.i, which began to decrease on 60 d.p.i, but was still significantly higher than that in negative control fish. The results indicated that the vaccine prepared in this study could stimulate the non-specific and specific immune response and provide significant immune protection to the vaccinated rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Duan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Guangming Ren
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Baoquan He
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150070, China.
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Tamer C, Isıdan H, Kalaycı G, Ozan E, Ozkan B, Albayrak H. Determination of VP2 sequence-based virulence motifs and phylogenetic analysis of domestic Turkish IPNV ısolates. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:327-334. [PMID: 34778996 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious disease of young salmonid fish and is one of the most severe economic diseases in aquaculture. In Turkey, an increase in infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) outbreaks in freshwater rainbow trout have been reported in recent years. This study aimed to analyze the VP2 gene from recent IPNV isolates from Turkey to determine whether there are epidemiological links between IPNV isolates from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 62) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax; 1), wild turbot (Scophthalmus maximus; 1) and the environment in order to investigate potential wild and farmed fish interactions. In this study, 62 Turkish IPNV isolates collected over 10 years (2005-2014) from rainbow trout, sea bass and turbot were genotypically characterized. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Turkish IPNV isolates are closely related to strains from Denmark, Iran and Spain and that all Turkish IPNV isolates belong to genogroup V, serotype A2 (Sp strain). Furthermore, low genetic diversity was found among the Turkish isolates (identity, 95.5%-100% nucleotides and 97.8%-100% amino acids). The result of the analysis of the amino acid residues found at positions 217, 221 and 247 (proline, threonine and alanine, respectively) could be associated with virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Tamer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Hakan Isıdan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Kalaycı
- Republic of Turkey Ministry Of Agriculture And Forestry, Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Ozan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Buket Ozkan
- Republic of Turkey Ministry Of Agriculture And Forestry, Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Harun Albayrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Tamer C, Cavunt A, Durmaz Y, Ozan E, Kadi H, Kalayci G, Ozkan B, Isidan H, Albayrak H. Inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) vaccine and E.coli-expressed recombinant IPNV-VP2 subunit vaccine afford protection against IPNV challenge in rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:205-211. [PMID: 34153431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious disease causing high mortality in juvenile trouts. Since there is no effective way to treatment against IPNV, early diagnosis and prevention play an important role in combating the disease. The different types of IPNV vaccines (inactive, live, recombinant, DNA, etc) have been produced from local isolates and have been used in developed countries. In Turkey, there is no commercial licensed vaccines against IPNV. Due to this reason, IPNV vaccine is needed in Turkey. The production of recombinant VP2 subunit vaccine (IPNV-VP2) and inactivated whole particle virus vaccine (IPNV-WPV) were attempted from selected isolate belong to sp serotype. For this purpose; the virus was produced in RTG-2 cell line and RT-PCR amplification was performed by using primers with restriction enzymes. The whole VP2 gene was cloned into a plasmid vector and VP2 was expressed by using E. coli expression system. A trial was conducted to determine the immunity ability of IPNV-VP2 and IPNV-WPV in rainbow trout. According to the SN50 assay, the IPNV-WPV stimulates immune response faster than the IPNV-VP2 vaccine. Besides, the relative percent of Survive (RPS) was detected as 79% in fish vaccinated with IPNV-WPV and 70% in fish vaccinated with IPNV-VP2. Thus, we can say that the recombinant vaccine of IPNV-VP2 is almost protected against IPNV infection as well as the inactive vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Tamer
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Samsun/Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Cavunt
- Samsun Food Control Laboratory Directorate, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Yuksel Durmaz
- Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Emre Ozan
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Hamza Kadi
- Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun/Turkey
| | - Gulnur Kalayci
- Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir/Turkey
| | - Buket Ozkan
- Izmir Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir/Turkey
| | - Hakan Isidan
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Sivas/Turkey
| | - Harun Albayrak
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Samsun/Turkey
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Duan K, Zhao J, Ren G, Shao Y, Lu T, Xu L, Tang X, Zhao W, Xu L. Molecular Evolution of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030488. [PMID: 33809489 PMCID: PMC7998647 DOI: 10.3390/v13030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive virus surveillance was performed in twenty-nine salmon and trout farms from seven provinces and districts in China during the period 2017–2020. A total of 25 infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) isolates were obtained, mainly from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The molecular evolution of these Chinese IPNV isolates and the previously reported Chinese IPNV strains ChRtm213 and WZ2016 was analyzed, based on their VP2 gene coding region sequences (CDS). All 27 Chinese IPNV isolates clustered within genogroups I and V, with 24 of the IPNV isolates belonging to genogroup I (including ChRtm213 and WZ2016), and only three isolates clustering in genogroup V. The Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates lacked diversity, composing six haplotypes with 41 polymorphic sites, and the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among the entire VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 97.44%–100% and 98.19%–100%, respectively. Divergence time analyses revealed that the Chinese genogroup I IPNV isolates likely diverged from Japanese IPNV isolates in 1985 (95% highest posterior density (HPD), 1965–1997), and diverged again in 2006 (95% HPD, 1996–2013) in China. Each of the three Chinese genogroup V IPNV isolates has a unique VP2 gene CDS, with a total of 21 polymorphic sites; the identity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among all VP2 gene CDS from these isolates was 98.5%–99.5% and 98.6%–99.0%, respectively. The data demonstrate that genogroups I and V are more likely the currently prevalent Chinese IPNV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Guangming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yizhi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Lipu Xu
- Fish Disease Department of Beijing Fisheries Technical Extension Station, Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
| | - Liming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; (K.D.); (J.Z.); (G.R.); (Y.S.); (T.L.); (X.T.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510380, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-87930965
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Discrete Virus Factories Form in the Cytoplasm of Cells Coinfected with Two Replication-Competent Tagged Reporter Birnaviruses That Subsequently Coalesce over Time. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02107-19. [PMID: 32321810 PMCID: PMC7307154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Birnaviridae family, responsible for major economic losses to poultry and aquaculture, is composed of nonenveloped viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome that replicate in discrete cytoplasmic virus factories (VFs). Reassortment is common; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown given that VFs may act as a barrier to genome mixing. In order to provide new information on VF trafficking during dsRNA virus coinfection, we rescued two recombinant infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) of strain PBG98 containing either a split GFP11 or a tetracysteine (TC) tag fused to the VP1 polymerase (PBG98-VP1-GFP11 and PBG98-VP1-TC). DF-1 cells transfected with GFP1-10 prior to PBG98-VP1-GFP11 infection or stained with a biarsenical derivative of the red fluorophore resorufin (ReAsH) following PBG98-VP1-TC infection, had green or red foci in the cytoplasm, respectively, that colocalized with VP3 and dsRNA, consistent with VFs. The average number of VFs decreased from a mean of 60 to 5 per cell between 10 and 24 h postinfection (hpi) (P < 0.0001), while the average area increased from 1.24 to 45.01 μm2 (P < 0.0001), and live cell imaging revealed that the VFs were highly dynamic structures that coalesced in the cytoplasm. Small VFs moved faster than large (average 0.57 μm/s at 16 hpi compared to 0.22 μm/s at 22 hpi), and VF coalescence was dependent on an intact microtubule network and actin cytoskeleton. During coinfection with PBG98-VP1-GFP11 and PBG98-VP1-TC viruses, discrete VFs initially formed from each input virus that subsequently coalesced 10 to 16 hpi, and we speculate that Birnaviridae reassortment requires VF coalescence.IMPORTANCE Reassortment is common in viruses with segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes. However, these viruses typically replicate within discrete cytoplasmic virus factories (VFs) that may represent a barrier to genome mixing. We generated the first replication competent tagged reporter birnaviruses, infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) containing a split GFP11 or tetracysteine (TC) tag and used the viruses to track the location and movement of IBDV VFs, in order to better understand the intracellular dynamics of VFs during a coinfection. Discrete VFs initially formed from each virus that subsequently coalesced from 10 h postinfection. We hypothesize that VF coalescence is required for the reassortment of the Birnaviridae This study provides new information that adds to our understanding of dsRNA virus VF trafficking.
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The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and its Virulence Determinants: What is Known and What Should be Known. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020094. [PMID: 32033004 PMCID: PMC7168660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of great concern in aquaculture, mainly among salmonid farmers, since losses in salmonid fish—mostly very young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnery) fry and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt—frequently reach 80–90% of stocks. The virus causing the typical signs of the IPN disease in salmonids, named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), has also been isolated from other fish species either suffering related diseases (then named IPNV-like virus) or asymptomatic; the general term aquabirnavirus is used to encompass all these viruses. Aquabirnaviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral bisegmented dsRNA viruses, whose genome codifies five viral proteins, three of which are structural, and one of them is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Due to the great importance of the disease, there have been great efforts to find a way to predict the level of virulence of IPNV isolates. The viral genome and proteins have been the main focus of research. However, to date such a reliable magic marker has not been discovered. This review describes the processes followed for decades in the attempts to discover the viral determinants of virulence, and to help the reader understand how viral components can be involved in virulence modulation in vitro and in vivo. There is also a brief description of the disease, of host defenses, and of the molecular structure and function of the virus and its viral components.
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Ulrich K, Wehner S, Bekaert M, Di Paola N, Dilcher M, Muir KF, Taggart JB, Matejusova I, Weidmann M. Molecular epidemiological study on Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus isolates from aquafarms in Scotland over three decades. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1567-1581. [PMID: 30358526 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain an insight into genomic changes and associated evolution and adaptation of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), the complete coding genomes of 57 IPNV isolates collected from Scottish aquafarms from 1982 to 2014 were sequenced and analysed. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced IPNV strains showed separate clustering of genogroups I, II, III and V. IPNV isolates with genetic reassortment of segment A/B of genogroup III/II were determined. About 59 % of the IPNV isolates belonged to the persistent type and 32 % to the low-virulent type, and only one highly pathogenic strain (1.79 %) was identified. Codon adaptation index calculations indicated that the IPNV major capsid protein VP2 has adapted to its salmonid host. Under-representation of CpG dinucleotides in the IPNV genome to minimize detection by the innate immunity receptors, and observed positive selection in the virulence determination sites of VP2 embedded in the variable region of the main antigenic region, suggest an immune escape mechanism driving virulence evolution. The prevalence of mostly persistent genotypes, together with the assumption of adaptation and immune escape, indicates that IPNV is evolving with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ulrich
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Michaël Bekaert
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- 3Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meik Dilcher
- 4Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New-Zealand
| | | | - John B Taggart
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Manfred Weidmann
- 1Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Panzarin V, Holmes EC, Abbadi M, Zamperin G, Quartesan R, Milani A, Schivo A, Bille L, Dalla Pozza M, Monne I, Toffan A. Low evolutionary rate of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in Italy is associated with reduced virulence in trout. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey019. [PMID: 30046454 PMCID: PMC6054257 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a naked double-stranded RNA virus with a bi-segmented genome that is classified within the family Birnaviridae, genus Aquabirnavirus. IPNV was first detected in Italian trout farms in the late 1970s and ultimately became endemic. To characterize the evolution of IPNV circulating in Italy, particularly whether there is a link between evolutionary rate and virulence, we obtained and analyzed the VP1 (polymerase) and the pVP2 (major capsid protein precursor) sequences from 75 IPNV strains sampled between 1978 and 2017. These data revealed that the Italian IPNV exhibit relatively little genetic variation over the sampling period, falling into four genetic clusters within a single genogroup (group 2 for VP1 and genogroup V for pVP2) and contained one example of inter-segment reassortment. The mean evolutionary rates for VP1 and pVP2 were estimated to be 1.70 and 1.45 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year, respectively, and hence significantly lower than those seen in other Birnaviruses. Similarly, the relatively low ratios of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) nucleotide substitutions per site in both genes indicated that IPNV was subject to strong selective constraints, again in contrast to other RNA viruses infecting salmonids that co-circulate in the same area during the same time period. Notably, all the Italian IPNV harbored a proline at position 217 (P217) and a threonine at position 221 (T221) in pVP2, both of which are associated with a low virulence phenotype. We therefore suggest the lower virulence of IPNV may have resulted in reduced rates of virus replication and hence lower rates of evolutionary change. The data generated here will be of importance in understanding the factors that shape the evolution of Aquabirnaviruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Schivo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Bille
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Molecular characterisation of infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses isolated from farmed fish in Finland. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3459-3471. [PMID: 28795226 PMCID: PMC5640752 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has been isolated annually since 1987 from salmonids without clinical signs at coastal fish farms in Finland. In the inland area, viral isolations were rare until 2012, when IPNV was detected at several freshwater fish farms. Between 2013 and 2015, the infection spread and IPNV was continuously isolated from several farms, both inland and on the coast. The aim of this study was to genetically characterise the IPNV isolates collected from Finnish coastal and inland fish farms over the last 15 years, and to detect genetic changes that may have occurred in the virus populations during the study period. The partial VP2 gene sequence from 88 isolates was analysed. In addition, a complete genomic coding sequence was obtained from 11 isolates. Based on the genetic analyses, Finnish IPNV isolates belong to three genogroups: 2, 5 and 6. The genetic properties of the isolates appear to vary between inland farms producing juveniles and food fish farms in the coastal region: the inland farms harboured genogroup 2 isolates, whereas at coastal farms, all three genogroups were detected. Little genetic variation was observed within the Finnish genogroup 2 and 5 isolates, whereas among the genogroup 6 isolates, two subgroups were detected. All isolates studied demonstrated amino acid patterns in the viral VP2 gene previously associated with avirulence. However, increased mortality was detected at some of the farms, indicating that more research is needed to clarify the relationship between the pathogenicity and genetic properties of IPNV isolates from different genogroups.
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Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analyses of an aquabirnavirus isolated from a diseased marbled eel culture in Taiwan. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2467-2471. [PMID: 28439709 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An aquabirnavirus was isolated from diseased marbled eels (Anguilla marmorata; MEIPNV1310) with gill haemorrhages and associated mortality. Its genome segment sequences were obtained through next-generation sequencing and compared with published aquabirnavirus sequences. The results indicated that the genome sequence of MEIPNV1310 contains segment A (3099 nucleotides) and segment B (2789 nucleotides). Phylogenetic analysis showed that MEIPNV1310 is closely related to the infectious pancreatic necrosis Ab strain within genogroup II. This genome sequence is beneficial for studying the geographic distribution and evolution of aquabirnaviruses.
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Lago M, Bandín I, Olveira JG, Dopazo CP. In vitro reassortment between Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) strains: The mechanisms involved and its effect on virulence. Virology 2016; 501:1-11. [PMID: 27838422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment is one of the main mechanisms of evolution in dsRNA viruses with segmented genomes. It contributes to generate genetic diversity and plays an important role in the emergence and spread of new strains with altered virulence. Natural reassorment has been demonstrated among infectious pancreatic necrosis-like viruses (genus Aquabirnavirus, Birnaviridae). In the present study, coinfections between different viral strains, and genome sequencing by the Sanger and Illumina methods were applied to analyze the frequency of reassortment of this virus in vitro, the possible mechanisms involved, and its effect on virulence. Results have demonstrated that reassortment is a cell-dependent and non-random process, probably through differential expression of the different mRNA classes in the ribosomes of a specific cell, and by specific associations between the components to construct the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes and/or RNP cross-inhibition. However, the precise mechanisms involved, known in other viruses, still remain to be demonstrated in birnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lago
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - José G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Carlos P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura-Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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Lago M, Rodríguez JF, Bandín I, Dopazo CP. Aquabirnavirus polyploidy: a new strategy to modulate virulence? J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1168-1177. [PMID: 26902908 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main research issues regarding infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is its virulence mechanisms. The basis for understanding the molecular virulence determinants of this virus was established over the last decade when it was demonstrated that certain amino acid domains in the VP2 and VP2-NS inter-region determined the level of virulence of IPNV. However, certain variability was still inexplicable and therefore other factors may also be involved. To this end, it was demonstrated recently that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a virus in a different genus of the same family as IPNV, can package more than two dsRNA segments, and that polyploidy may be associated with virulence. In the present report, we analysed the viral fractions obtained after gradient centrifugation to demonstrate that IPNV virions can also package more than two segments, thus indicating that polyploidy is a common birnavirus trait. The differential replication ex vivo and virulence in vivo additionally suggested that such a characteristic is involved in the modulation of virus infectivity. However, although the ex vivo results clearly demonstrated that the replication capacity was enhanced as the viral ploidy increased, the in vivo results could not strongly support a direct relationship between ploidy and virulence to the host, thus suggesting that other virulence determinants are also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lago
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706,Spain
| | - José F Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC,Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid,Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706,Spain
| | - C P Dopazo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura,Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706,Spain
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Surveillance of viruses in wild fish populations in areas around the Gulf of Cadiz (South Atlantic Iberian Peninsula). Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6560-71. [PMID: 25128341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02090-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a viral epidemiological study of wild fish around the Gulf of Cadiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) and is focused on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). One fish species (Chelon labrosus) was sampled inside the gulf, at the mouth of the San Pedro River. Another 29 were sampled, in three oceanographic campaigns, at sites around the Bay of Cadiz. The fish were processed individually and subjected to isolation in cell culture and molecular diagnosis. VHSV was not isolated from any species. Thirteen IPNV-type isolates were obtained from barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris), common pandora (P. erythrinus), Senegal seabream (D. bellottii), and surmullet (Mullus surmuletus). Six VNNV isolates were obtained from axillary seabream, common pandora, black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), red mullet (Mullet barbatus), Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), and tub gurnard (Chelidonichtys lucerna). In the river mouth, viruses were detected only after reamplification, obtaining prevalence percentages of IPNV and VNNV (44.4 and 63.0%, respectively) much higher than those observed in the oceanographic campaigns (25.7 and 19.6%, respectively). The opposite results were obtained in the case of VHSV after reamplification: 11.1% in the river mouth and 43.6% in the oceanic locations. Analyzing the results with respect to the proximity of the sampling sites to the coast, an anthropogenic influence on wild fish is suggested and discussed. The type of viruses and the presence of natural reassortants are also discussed.
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Bandín I, Souto S, Cutrín JM, López-Vázquez C, Olveira JG, Esteve C, Alcaide E, Dopazo CP. Presence of viruses in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L, from the Albufera Lake (Spain). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:597-607. [PMID: 24846700 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A virological analysis was conducted on wild eels from the Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 179 individuals at different growth stages were collected in two different surveys (2004 and 2008). Presence of anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV-1), aquabirnavirus and betanodavirus was confirmed by PCR procedures in both surveys, although the number of detections was clearly higher in 2008 (83% of the eels analysed resulted positive for virus presence). AngHV-1 was the viral agent most frequently detected, followed by aquabirnaviruses. Betanodaviruses were detected by the first time in wild eels, and although the detections were only made by nested PCR, high percentage of positives were achieved. In addition, in 2008, seven aquabirnaviruses were isolated. Phylogenetic analysis performed using partial sequences of both genomic segments of aquabirnaviruses indicated that the seven isolates could be typed as WB (genogroup I) on the basis of segment A sequences, but when segment B was used six of them clustered with C1 strain (genogroup V) and one was typed as Ab (genogroup II). These results indicate natural reassortment between different strains of aquabirnaviruses in the eels. Although betanodaviruses were not isolated in cell culture, the analysis of the sequence of the nested PCR product indicated that they clustered with SJNNV genotype. The diversity of viral agents and the high level of viral detections suggest that viral infections may play a more prominent role in the decline of the European eel than initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología -Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Dadar M, Peyghan R, Memari HR, Shapouri MRSA, Hasanzadeh R, Goudarzi LM, Vakharia VN. Sequence analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from Iranian reared rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in 2012. Virus Genes 2013; 47:574-8. [PMID: 24048887 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that affects many species of fish and shellfish. This virus causes economically significant diseases of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in Iran, which is often associated with the transmission of pathogens from European resources. In this study, moribund rainbow trout fry samples were collected during an outbreak of IPNV in three different fish farms in north and west provinces of Iran in 2012; and we investigated the full genome sequence of Iranian IPNV and compared it with previously identified IPNV sequences. The sequences of different structural and nonstructural-protein genes were compared to those of other aquatic birnaviruses sequenced to date. Our results show that the Iranian isolate falls within genogroup 5, serotype A2 strain SP, having 99% identity with the strain 1146 from Spain. These results suggest that the Iranian isolate may have originated from Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Department of Aquatic Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran,
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Gibrat JF, Mariadassou M, Boudinot P, Delmas B. Analyses of the radiation of birnaviruses from diverse host phyla and of their evolutionary affinities with other double-stranded RNA and positive strand RNA viruses using robust structure-based multiple sequence alignments and advanced phylogenetic methods. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:154. [PMID: 23865988 PMCID: PMC3724706 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Birnaviruses form a distinct family of double-stranded RNA viruses infecting animals as different as vertebrates, mollusks, insects and rotifers. With such a wide host range, they constitute a good model for studying the adaptation to the host. Additionally, several lines of evidence link birnaviruses to positive strand RNA viruses and suggest that phylogenetic analyses may provide clues about transition. Results We characterized the genome of a birnavirus from the rotifer Branchionus plicalitis. We used X-ray structures of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and capsid proteins to obtain multiple structure alignments that allowed us to obtain reliable multiple sequence alignments and we employed “advanced” phylogenetic methods to study the evolutionary relationships between some positive strand and double-stranded RNA viruses. We showed that the rotifer birnavirus genome exhibited an organization remarkably similar to other birnaviruses. As this host was phylogenetically very distant from the other known species targeted by birnaviruses, we revisited the evolutionary pathways within the Birnaviridae family using phylogenetic reconstruction methods. We also applied a number of phylogenetic approaches based on structurally conserved domains/regions of the capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins to study the evolutionary relationships between birnaviruses, other double-stranded RNA viruses and positive strand RNA viruses. Conclusions We show that there is a good correlation between the phylogeny of the birnaviruses and that of their hosts at the phylum level using the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (genomic segment B) on the one hand and a concatenation of the capsid protein, protease and ribonucleoprotein (genomic segment A) on the other hand. This correlation tends to vanish within phyla. The use of advanced phylogenetic methods and robust structure-based multiple sequence alignments allowed us to obtain a more accurate picture (in terms of probability of the tree topologies) of the evolutionary affinities between double-stranded RNA and positive strand RNA viruses. In particular, we were able to show that there exists a good statistical support for the claims that dsRNA viruses are not monophyletic and that viruses with permuted RdRps belong to a common evolution lineage as previously proposed by other groups. We also propose a tree topology with a good statistical support describing the evolutionary relationships between the Picornaviridae, Caliciviridae, Flaviviridae families and a group including the Alphatetraviridae, Nodaviridae, Permutotretraviridae, Birnaviridae, and Cystoviridae families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Gibrat
- INRA, UR 1077 Mathématique, Informatique et Génome 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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van Beurden SJ, Engelsma MY, Roozenburg I, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, van Tulden PW, Kerkhoff S, van Nieuwstadt AP, Davidse A, Haenen OLM. Viral diseases of wild and farmed European eel Anguilla anguilla with particular reference to the Netherlands. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 101:69-86. [PMID: 23047193 DOI: 10.3354/dao02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are an important cause of losses and decreased production rates in freshwater eel farming, and have been suggested to play a contributory role in the worldwide decline in wild freshwater eel stocks. Three commonly detected pathogenic viruses of European eel Anguilla anguilla are the aquabirnavirus eel virus European (EVE), the rhabdovirus eel virus European X (EVEX), and the alloherpesvirus anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1). In general, all 3 viruses cause a nonspecific haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality rates. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the aetiology, prevalence, clinical signs and gross pathology of these 3 viruses. Reported experimental infections showed the temperature dependency and potential pathogenicity of these viruses for eels and other fish species. In addition to the published literature, an overview of the isolation of pathogenic viruses from wild and farmed A. anguilla in the Netherlands during the past 2 decades is given. A total of 249 wild A. anguilla, 39 batches of glass eels intended for farming purposes, and 239 batches of farmed European eels were necropsied and examined virologically. AngHV1 was isolated from wild yellow and silver A. anguilla from the Netherlands from 1998 until the present, while EVEX was only found sporadically, and EVE was never isolated. In farmed A. anguilla AngHV1 was also the most commonly isolated virus, followed by EVE and EVEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Kibenge FS, Godoy MG, Fast M, Workenhe S, Kibenge MJ. Countermeasures against viral diseases of farmed fish. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:257-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Glenney GW, Barbash PA, Coll JA, Quartz WM. Isolation and molecular characterization of a novel infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strain in returning Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the Connecticut River, USA. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2012; 24:63-72. [PMID: 22838076 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2012.668509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
After 22 years of negative viral screening results, the viral pathogen infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was isolated from the ovarian fluid of two pooled samples of returning Connecticut River Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during the 2007 spawning season at Richard Cronin National Salmon Station (RCNSS), Hadley, Massachusetts. Cytopathic effect was observed in Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) cells, and IPNV was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequence analysis conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey's Western Fisheries Research Center determined that the isolate closely resembled the Canada_3 strain, falling into Genogroup 4 rather than Genogroup 1, which is more common in the United States. This allowed us to speculate that the Atlantic salmon were not infected during their freshwater life stage in the Connecticut River watershed but somewhere on their migratory route or feeding grounds in the Northwest Atlantic. On November 20, 2007, the Connecticut River Atlantic Salmon Commission voted to depopulate the infected stock at RCNSS and the entire suspect egg lots held at White River National Fish Hatchery, Vermont. Approximately one and a half months later, the 121 Connecticut River Atlantic salmon were euthanized and sampled for a follow-up investigation to determine the prevalence of infection. Only one kidney-spleen homogenate (male) was confirmed IPNV positive via cell culture and RT-PCR. A total of 2,983 base pairs from segment A of the RNA genome were sequenced from this fish and determined to be from a new strain (Connecticut-1) of IPNV that closely resembles Canada_2 and Canada_3 in Genogroup 4. The new strain is genetically identical to one of the first ovarian fluid isolates over a shared 130-nucleotide region, possibly indicating original transmission from a single source. The absence of IPNV from the Connecticut River's subsequent four returning Atlantic salmon year-classes may indicate that the aggressive corrective action was prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Glenney
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lamar Fish Health Center, 400 Washington Avenue, Lamar, Pennsylvania 16848, USA.
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Bandín I, Dopazo CP. Host range, host specificity and hypothesized host shift events among viruses of lower vertebrates. Vet Res 2011; 42:67. [PMID: 21592358 PMCID: PMC3125225 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful replication of a viral agent in a host is a complex process that often leads to a species specificity of the virus and can make interspecies transmission difficult. Despite this difficulty, natural host switch seems to have been frequent among viruses of lower vertebrates, especially fish viruses, since there are several viruses known to be able to infect a wide range of species. In the present review we will focus on well documented reports of broad host range, variations in host specificity, and host shift events hypothesized for viruses within the genera Ranavirus, Novirhabdovirus, Betanodavirus, Isavirus, and some herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Lopez-Jimena B, Cherif N, Garcia-Rosado E, Infante C, Cano I, Castro D, Hammami S, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. A combined RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization method reveals the coexistence of SJNNV and RGNNV betanodavirus genotypes in wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius). J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1361-9. [PMID: 20497277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To detect the possible coexistence of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotypes in a single fish, a methodology based on the combination of PCR amplification and blot hybridization has been developed and applied in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS The degenerate primers designed for the PCR procedure target the T4 region within the capsid gene, resulting in the amplification of both genotypes. The subsequent hybridization of these amplification products with two different specific digoxigenin-labelled probes resulted in the identification of both genotypes separately. The application of the RT-PCR protocol to analyse blood samples from asymptomatic wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius) specimens has shown a 46.87% of viral nervous necrosis virus carriers. The combination of RT-PCR and blot hybridization increases the detection rate up to 90.62%, and, in addition, it has shown the coexistence of both genotypes in 18 out of the 32 specimens analysed (56.25%). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the coexistence of betanodaviruses belonging to two different genotypes (SJNNV and RGNNV) in wild fish specimens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report demonstrating the presence of SJNNV and RGNNV genotypes in the same specimen. This study also demonstrates a carrier state in this fish species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lopez-Jimena
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
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