1
|
Cocco A, Toson M, Perolo A, Casarotto C, Franzago E, Brocca G, Verin R, Quaglio F, Dalla Pozza M, Bille L. Nodular gill disease in Northeastern Italy: An investigation on the prevalence of the disease and the risks of introduction in rainbow trout farms. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1021-1028. [PMID: 37309570 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nodular Gill Disease (NGD) is an emerging pathogenic condition that causes gill damage and mainly affects farmed freshwater fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in particular, and this inevitably generates noticeable economic losses for the industry. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of NGD in the Autonomous Province of Trento, a highly productive area located in Northeastern Italy, traditionally suited to rainbow trout production, and to identify possible risk factors for the introduction of this disease in trout farms. The necessary data were obtained through a questionnaire and the collection of fish samples. According to the data analysis, 42% of the investigated farms tested positive for NGD. The two possible risk factors identified for its introduction in farms are the presence of other diseases in the same farm (OR = 17.5; 95% CI = 2.7; 111.5) and having farms located 5 km upstream (OR = 24.8; 95% CI = 2.9; 211.1). These results highlight (i) a possible impairment of the immune system caused by other diseases as a predisposing factor to the manifestation of the pathology and (ii) the role of water in spreading pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cocco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | - Claudia Casarotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzago
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Ginevra Brocca
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Francesco Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colorio S, Toffan A, Lewisch E, Dalla Pozza M, Stifter E, Pircher A, Meraner A, Bettini A, Tavella A. Koi herpesvirus disease outbreak: Input for the implementation of a surveillance program in South Tyrol - Italy. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105089. [PMID: 32652354 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A severe episode of high and abnormal mortality was observed in the population of Cyprinus carpio of Lake Caldaro (South Tyrol, Italy) in summer 2016. The diagnostic investigation carried out led to the identification of Koi Herpesvirus (KHV) as the etiologic agent. Following this disease outbreak and its socio-economic consequences, the local authorities, in agreement with the local Fishing Association, decided to implement a surveillance program for the achievement of KHV-free health status (Category I) in the Province, in accordance to the Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/1554. The selected area was a defined geographical compartment (the Monticolo lakes compartment, South Tyrol, Italy), which is located near Lake Caldaro, where the Koi Herpesvirus disease (KHVD) outbreak had occurred. This area is of particular interest because it supplies other water bodies with juvenile C. carpio individuals; with the achievement of a KHV-free health status, South Tyrol could possibly become independent in the breeding of this fish species. Suitable samples were collected and processed during a two-year period in order to detect the presence/absence of KHV. The same samples were tested for other viruses that can affect carp, namely spring viraemia of carp (SVCV) and carp edema virus (CEV). According to the results, the authors conclude that the Monticolo lakes area should be classified as KHV-free, as no sample has tested positively for the presence of this specific virus (KHV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colorio
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Anna Toffan
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Eva Lewisch
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Ernst Stifter
- Provincial Veterinary Service, Via Laura Conti 4, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Provincial Veterinary Service, Via Marlengo 41, 39012 Merano, Italy.
| | - Andreas Meraner
- Hunting and Fisheries Office, Via Brennero 6, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Alexander Tavella
- Institute for Animal Health Control - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale Dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bille L, Crovato S, Manfrin A, Dalla Pozza M, Toson M, Franzago E, Pinto A, Mascarello G, Muzzolon O, Tosi F, Negroni G, Cappi G, Obregon P, Ravarotto L, Binato G. Mercury contents in commercial Billfish species of the Western Central Atlantic: Assessing the potential risks to human health of Billfish consumption. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
4
|
Perolo A, Gustinelli A, Fioravanti ML, Manfrin A, Dalla Pozza M, Lunelli F, Accini A, Quaglio F. Occurrence of nodular gill disease in farmed brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1315-1320. [PMID: 31157406 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Panzarin V, Holmes EC, Abbadi M, Zamperin G, Quartesan R, Milani A, Schivo A, Bille L, Dalla Pozza M, Monne I, Toffan A. Low evolutionary rate of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in Italy is associated with reduced virulence in trout. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey019. [PMID: 30046454 PMCID: PMC6054257 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a naked double-stranded RNA virus with a bi-segmented genome that is classified within the family Birnaviridae, genus Aquabirnavirus. IPNV was first detected in Italian trout farms in the late 1970s and ultimately became endemic. To characterize the evolution of IPNV circulating in Italy, particularly whether there is a link between evolutionary rate and virulence, we obtained and analyzed the VP1 (polymerase) and the pVP2 (major capsid protein precursor) sequences from 75 IPNV strains sampled between 1978 and 2017. These data revealed that the Italian IPNV exhibit relatively little genetic variation over the sampling period, falling into four genetic clusters within a single genogroup (group 2 for VP1 and genogroup V for pVP2) and contained one example of inter-segment reassortment. The mean evolutionary rates for VP1 and pVP2 were estimated to be 1.70 and 1.45 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year, respectively, and hence significantly lower than those seen in other Birnaviruses. Similarly, the relatively low ratios of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) nucleotide substitutions per site in both genes indicated that IPNV was subject to strong selective constraints, again in contrast to other RNA viruses infecting salmonids that co-circulate in the same area during the same time period. Notably, all the Italian IPNV harbored a proline at position 217 (P217) and a threonine at position 221 (T221) in pVP2, both of which are associated with a low virulence phenotype. We therefore suggest the lower virulence of IPNV may have resulted in reduced rates of virus replication and hence lower rates of evolutionary change. The data generated here will be of importance in understanding the factors that shape the evolution of Aquabirnaviruses in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miriam Abbadi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessia Schivo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Bille
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bille L, Binato G, Gabrieli C, Manfrin A, Pascoli F, Pretto T, Toffan A, Dalla Pozza M, Angeletti R, Arcangeli G. First report of a fish kill episode caused by pyrethroids in Italian freshwater. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 281:176-182. [PMID: 29190591 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fish kills are events of strong emotional impact on the population because of the frequent suspicion that they can be the result of serious pollution accidents. As a matter of fact, they are often due to natural occurrences, such as low levels of dissolved oxygen in the water, but in many cases the causes remain unknown. Fish are particularly sensitive to pesticides and pyrethroids are reported to be the most ecotoxicologically active in the aquatic environment. Nevertheless, the reported cases of massive wild fish mortalities due to these toxicants are very few. This paper describes a fish kill episode occurred in the Padua Province (Veneto Region - North Eastern Italy) which involved several fish species and for which it was possible to identify the cause in the presence of pyrethroids in the water. CASE PRESENTATION When a whitish liquid coming from the rainwater drain of an industrial area was seen to be spilling into a drainage channel, a fish massive mortality was noticed and investigated. The collected water samples showed the presence of relevant concentrations of cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin and tetramethrin. Analyses on the fish tissues revealed the presence of cypermethrin and permethrin at a concentration range of 476-2834μg/kg and 346-2826μg/kg on a lipid basis, respectively. DISCUSSION According to the results of the performed analyses, we can reasonably state that the described episode had been caused by the exposure of biota to high concentrations of pyrethroids. The present case report significantly contributes to the limited literature available on pesticides-related fish kills. Moreover, it highlights the importance of sharing protocols for fish kill management at a national level, as this would help to better define the roles of the different institutions involved and to improve the investigation and the reporting of these events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Claudio Gabrieli
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto, Via Ospedale Civile 24, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Pascoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abbadi M, Fusaro A, Ceolin C, Casarotto C, Quartesan R, Dalla Pozza M, Cattoli G, Toffan A, Holmes EC, Panzarin V. Molecular Evolution and Phylogeography of Co-circulating IHNV and VHSV in Italy. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1306. [PMID: 27602026 PMCID: PMC4994472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) are the most important viral pathogens impacting rainbow trout farming. These viruses are persistent in Italy, where they are responsible for severe disease outbreaks (epizootics) that affect the profitability of the trout industry. Despite the importance of IHNV and VHSV, little is known about their evolution at a local scale, although this is likely to be important for virus eradication and control. To address this issue we performed a detailed molecular evolutionary and epidemiological analysis of IHNV and VHSV in trout farms from northern Italy. Full-length glycoprotein gene sequences of a selection of VHSV (n = 108) and IHNV (n = 89) strains were obtained. This revealed that Italian VHSV strains belong to sublineages Ia1 and Ia2 of genotype Ia and are distributed into 7 genetic clusters. In contrast, all Italian IHNV isolates fell within genogroup E, for which only a single genetic cluster was identified. More striking was that IHNV has evolved more rapidly than VHSV (mean rates of 11 and 7.3 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year, respectively), indicating that these viruses exhibit fundamentally different evolutionary dynamics. The time to the most recent common ancestor of both IHNV and VHSV was consistent with the first reports of these pathogens in Italy. By combining sequence data with epidemiological information it was possible to identify different patterns of virus spread among trout farms, in which adjacent facilities can be infected by either genetically similar or different viruses, and farms located in different water catchments can be infected by identical strains. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of combining molecular and epidemiological information to identify the determinants of IHN and VHS spread, and to provide data that is central to future surveillance strategies and possibly control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Abbadi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Ceolin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Casarotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Rosita Quartesan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Toffan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bille L, Toson M, Mulatti P, Dalla Pozza M, Capolongo F, Casarotto C, Ferrè N, Angeletti R, Gallocchio F, Binato G. Epidemiology of animal poisoning: An overview on the features and spatio-temporal distribution of the phenomenon in the north-eastern Italian regions. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:440-448. [PMID: 27450041 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we analyze and discuss about the records referring to animal poisonings and poisoned baits cases covering the period between 2007 and 2013 and submitted for diagnostic investigations to the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), which is the public veterinary health institute competent for the north eastern Italian regions. All data were gathered by a passive surveillance system based on voluntary reporting, which became mandatory in 2009 after a decree of the Italian Ministry of Health had come into force. This prohibited the use and detention of poisoned baits and ordered to selected institutions and professionals to carry out standardized surveys to assess suspect and/or confirmed reported cases; all the necessary anatomopathological and toxicological investigations to confirm the reported cases were then performed for free by public veterinary health institutes whenever a veterinarian diagnosis or clinical suspicion were provided. Totally, 1831 suspected animals poisoning and 698 cases of supposed poisoned baits recovery episodes were registered. 642/1831 (35.1%) animal poisoning cases were confirmed and the presence of toxic agents was verified in 292/698 baits (41.8%). The most severely affected territories were the ones with the highest level of urbanization and those most densely populated in the study area. Dogs and cats seemed to be greatly affected by poisoning cases and a characteristic seasonal trend was noticed, with an increase of episodes in late Winter/early Spring and in Autumn. Carbamate insecticides resulted to be the main cause for animal poisoning, while anticoagulants rodenticides played a primary role among toxicants found in poisoned baits. The presented results emphasize that malicious animal poisoning is a widespread problem in north-eastern Italy. The still relevant number of reported poisoning events caused by some banned pesticides poses the problem of identifying where these substances come from and brings to light the popular knowledge about the high toxicity of these compounds. Moreover, the noticeable increase of the number of episodes registered in 2009 pointed out how the above mentioned decree may have contributed to reveal a number of hidden cases which had not been investigated before, probably due to economic reasons related to the costs of toxicological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy.
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Claudia Casarotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrè
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Federica Gallocchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bille L, Binato G, Cappa V, Toson M, Dalla Pozza M, Arcangeli G, Ricci A, Angeletti R, Piro R. Corrigendum to “Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in edible marine molluscs and echinoderms from the Veneto Region (north-western Adriatic Sea – Italy)” [Food Control 50C (2014) 362–370]. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Bille L, Binato G, Cappa V, Toson M, Dalla Pozza M, Arcangeli G, Ricci A, Angeletti R, Piro R. Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in edible marine molluscs and echinoderms from the Veneto Region (north-western Adriatic Sea – Italy). Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Losasso C, Bille L, Patuzzi I, Lorenzetto M, Binato G, Dalla Pozza M, Ferrè N, Ricci A. Possible influence of natural events on heavy metals exposure from shellfish consumption: a case study in the north-East of Italy. Front Public Health 2015; 3:21. [PMID: 25699249 PMCID: PMC4316607 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was the estimation of the exposure over time to heavy metals (cadmium, mercury, and lead) due to shellfish consumption in the Veneto Region, Italy. Shellfish consumption was investigated by a food frequency consumption survey. Altogether, 1949 households, stratified into the five most populated areas of the Veneto Region, were involved in the study. Exposure estimation to heavy metals was carried out taking into account the level of metal measured in samples of Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) and grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus), collected in the frame of the monitoring activities of mollusk production areas of Veneto Region, between January 2007 and December 2012. A general high contribution of the considered shellfish to the Tolerable Weekly Intake was noticed in the case of cadmium, especially in 2011, when a considerable increase in cadmium intake was estimated. This was probably due to a heavy rainfall event that triggered catastrophic flooding with high impact on shellfish capture areas in November 2010. The results strongly emphasize the importance of dealing with food safety in a holistic way, taking into account the potential impact of extraordinary natural events on food chain contamination, in order to identify food hazards at an early stage, before developing into a real risk for consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Bille
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Water Environment, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Ilaria Patuzzi
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- GIS Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Water Environment, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrè
- GIS Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nouvellet P, Donnelly CA, De Nardi M, Rhodes CJ, De Benedictis P, Citterio C, Obber F, Lorenzetto M, Pozza MD, Cauchemez S, Cattoli G. Rabies and canine distemper virus epidemics in the red fox population of northern Italy (2006-2010). PLoS One 2013; 8:e61588. [PMID: 23630599 PMCID: PMC3632604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006 the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in north-eastern Italy has experienced an epidemic of canine distemper virus (CDV). Additionally, in 2008, after a thirteen-year absence from Italy, fox rabies was re-introduced in the Udine province at the national border with Slovenia. Disease intervention strategies are being developed and implemented to control rabies in this area and minimise risk to human health. Here we present empirical data and the epidemiological picture relating to these epidemics in the period 2006–2010. Of important significance for epidemiological studies of wild animals, basic mathematical models are developed to exploit information collected from the surveillance program on dead and/or living animals in order to assess the incidence of infection. These models are also used to estimate the rate of transmission of both diseases and the rate of vaccination, while correcting for a bias in early collection of CDV samples. We found that the rate of rabies transmission was roughly twice that of CDV, with an estimated effective contact between infected and susceptible fox leading to a new infection occurring once every 3 days for rabies, and once a week for CDV. We also inferred that during the early stage of the CDV epidemic, a bias in the monitoring protocol resulted in a positive sample being almost 10 times more likely to be collected than a negative sample. We estimated the rate of intake of oral vaccine at 0.006 per day, allowing us to estimate that roughly 68% of the foxes would be immunised. This was confirmed by field observations. Finally we discuss the implications for the eco-epidemiological dynamics of both epidemics in relation to control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nouvellet
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco De Nardi
- Food and Agriculture Organization Reference Centre for Rabies and World Organisation for Animal Health Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Research and Development Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Chris J. Rhodes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola De Benedictis
- Food and Agriculture Organization Reference Centre for Rabies and World Organisation for Animal Health Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Research and Development Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Belluno, Belluno, Italy
| | - Federica Obber
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione territoriale di Belluno, Belluno, Italy
| | - Monica Lorenzetto
- Regional Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Regional Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Food and Agriculture Organization Reference Centre for Rabies and World Organisation for Animal Health Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Research and Development Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Monne I, Fusaro A, Valastro V, Citterio C, Pozza MD, Obber F, Trevisiol K, Cova M, De Benedictis P, Bregoli M, Capua I, Cattoli G. A distinct CDV genotype causing a major epidemic in Alpine wildlife. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Capua I, Marangon S, Selli L, Alexander DJ, Swayne DE, Pozza MD, Parenti E, Cancellotti FM. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N2) in Italy during October 1997 to January 1998. Avian Pathol 2010; 28:455-60. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459994470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
15
|
Dalla Pozza M, Valerii L, Graziani M, Ianniello M, Bagni M, Damiani S, Ravarotto L, Busani L, Ceolin C, Terregino C, Cecchinato M, Marangon S, Lelli R, Alessandrini B. An electronic learning course on avian influenza in Italy (2008). Avian Dis 2010; 54:784-6. [PMID: 20521733 DOI: 10.1637/8758-033109-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The success of emergency intervention to control contagious animal diseases is dependent on the preparedness of veterinary services. In the framework of avian influenza preparedness, the Italian Ministry of Health, in cooperation with the National Reference Centers for Epidemiology and Avian Influenza, implemented an electronic learning course using new web-based information and communication technologies. The course was designed to train veterinary officers involved in disease outbreak management, laboratory diagnosis, and policy making. The "blended learning model" was applied, involving participants in tutor-supported self-learning, collaborative learning activities, and virtual classes. The course duration was 16 hr spread over a 4-wk period. Six editions were implemented for 705 participants. All participants completed the evaluation assignments, and the drop out rate was very low (only 4%). This project increased the number of professionals receiving high-quality training on AI in Italy, while reducing expenditure and maximizing return on effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Busani L, Toson M, Stegeman A, Pozza MD, Comin A, Mulatti P, Cecchinato M, Marangon S. Vaccination reduced the incidence of outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza in northern Italy. Vaccine 2009; 27:3655-61. [PMID: 19464547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
When outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) occur in poultry populations, the main goal to achieve is the control and eradication of the infection. However, quantitative information on risk factors for AI spread and efficacy of AI control measures such as vaccination in the field is limited. From 2000 to 2005, H5 and H7 low pathogenicity (LP) AI viruses caused four epidemics in poultry in northeastern Italy. Italian veterinary authorities implemented emergency vaccination in the 2000-2001 and 2002-2003 LPAI epidemics and prophylactic vaccination from July 2004. The aim of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of AI vaccination in the field, taking into account the different strategies (emergency and prophylactic) implemented. Moreover, risk factors for LPAI spread in domestic poultry were studied. By survival analysis, we observed a two-fold increase in survival probability for vaccinated poultry farms compared to unvaccinated ones. In meat turkeys, vaccination protocols changed in the different epidemics, and a relationship between protection and the number of vaccinations was observed; two or three vaccine administrations protected flocks from LPAI, whilst four administrations did not significantly reduce the risk of infection. In meat turkeys the risk of AI infection increased also with the increase in both farm size and proximity to an infected farm. In general, we observed a lower number of outbreaks and a faster eradication of the infection when LPAI viruses introduced in a preventively vaccinated poultry population. This study provides insights on LPAI vaccination efficacy and on risk factors involved in LPAI infection at farm level. To our knowledge, this is the first study which quantitatively evaluates AI vaccination efficacy and compares different vaccination strategies and protocols using field data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Busani
- Centro Regionale di Epidemiologia Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Italian poultry production was affected by several outbreaks of low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) between 2000 and 2005. Intervention measures (IM), such as stamping out of infected and suspected farms, controlled marketing, restocking bans, movement restriction, and emergency vaccination, were put into force in the most affected areas of Lombardia and Veneto regions. These two regions also showed differences in terms of measures applied and timeliness of application. In this study we describe the epidemics and discuss the effectiveness of the IM put into effect. The regional surveillance systems provided the data on the epidemics and the IM description. The IM effectiveness was compared between the different epidemics and the Lombardia and Veneto regions, considering the number of farms involved, the duration of the epidemics, and the extension of the area affected. With regard to the IM applied, reductions in the number of outbreaks (from 388 in 2002-03 to 15 in 2005), the duration of the outbreaks (from more than 1 yr to approximately 1 mo), and the spatial extension of the outbreaks (from 89 to 8 municipalities involved) were observed. The emergency vaccination, depopulation, and pre-emptive slaughtering reduced significantly the spread of the epidemic. Comparing the dynamics of the epidemics, more effective results were observed in the Veneto region, where the IM were applied to a greater extent. Emergency vaccination and depopulation were effective in the eradication of the disease during an epidemic, but vaccination and farm density reduction showed the most effective results in controlling the spread of LPAI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Busani
- Centro Regionale per l'Epidemiologia Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Univeristà 10, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Busani L, Dalla Pozza M, Bonfanti L, Toson M, Marangon S. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Intervention Measures and Vaccination for the Control of LPAI Epidemics in Verona Province (Veneto, Italy). Avian Dis 2007; 51:463-6. [PMID: 17494608 DOI: 10.1637/7557-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Meat-type turkey farms in Verona province (Veneto, Italy) have been affected by three low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) epidemics between 2000 and 2004. Control measures implemented ranged from stamping out to controlled marketing in conjunction with restocking bans and movement restriction on live poultry, vehicles, and personnel. These measures were complemented with two emergency vaccination programs (2000-01, 2002-03) started after the beginning of the epidemics, while 2004 outbreaks occurred in vaccinated farms. The three epidemics differed in the number of outbreaks, duration, and economic impact. The aim of the investigation was to estimate the risk of infection and the effect of vaccination on the LPAI epidemics affecting turkey farms in Verona province. Farm probability to avoid infection (Ps) was calculated by Kaplan-Meier for each epidemic. The vaccination effect was evaluated for the 2000-01 and 2002-03 epidemics considering different risk before or after the emergency vaccination. The epidemics and vaccination entered as predictors in a Cox regression model and hazard ratios (HR) were calculated. Ps values at the end of the epidemics were as follows: 2000-01 = 0.66, 2002-03 = 0.51, and 2004 = 0.91. Vaccination reduced dramatically the risk of infection. The measures implemented had different effects on the three epidemics. The lower probability of being infected during the 2004 epidemic was most likely related to the protection level of the vaccinated farms acquired before the beginning of the epidemic, which was also responsible for the reduced spread of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Busani
- Centro Regionale per l'Epidemiologia Veterinaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Univeristà 10, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Capua I, Mutinelli F, Pozza MD, Donatelli I, Puzelli S, Cancellotti FM. The 1999-2000 avian influenza (H7N1) epidemic in Italy: veterinary and human health implications. Acta Trop 2002; 83:7-11. [PMID: 12062787 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(02)00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From the end of March to the beginning of December 1999, 199 outbreaks of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) were diagnosed in the Veneto and Lombardia regions, which are located in the northern part of Italy. The virus responsible for the epidemic was characterized as a type A influenza virus of the H7N1 subtype of low pathogenicity. On the 17th of December, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was diagnosed in a meat turkey flock in which 100% mortality was observed in 72 h. The infection spread to the industrial poultry population of northern Italy including chickens, guinea-fowl, quail, pheasants, ducks and ostriches for a total of 413 outbreaks. Over 13 million birds were affected by the epidemic, which caused dramatic economic losses to the Italian poultry industry with severe social and economic implications. The possibility of H7 virus transmission to humans in close contact with the outbreaks was evaluated through a serological survey. Seven hundred and fifty nine sera were collected and tested for the detection of anti-H7 antibodies by means of the micro-neutralization (MN) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) tests. All samples resulted negative. A limited number of clinical samples were also collected for attempted virus isolation with negative results. Current European legislation considers LPAI and HPAI as two completely distinct diseases, not contemplating any compulsory eradication policy for LPAI and requiring eradication for HPAI. Evidence collected during the Italian 1999-2000 epidemic indicates that LPAI due to viruses of the H7 subtype may mutate to HPAI, and, therefore, LPAI caused by viruses of the H5 or H7 subtypes must be controlled to avoid the emergence of HPAI. A reconsideration of the current definition of avian influenza adopted by the EU, could possibly be an aid to avoiding devastating epidemics for the poultry industry in Member States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Capua
- National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Via Romea 14/A, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|