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Sharma C, Khurana S, Bhatia A, Arora A, Gupta A. The gene expression and proteomic profiling of Acanthamoeba isolates. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108630. [PMID: 37820893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The free-living protozoan Acanthamoeba can cause severe keratitis known as Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba includes intricate interactions between the organism and the host's immune system. The downstream analysis of a well-annotated genome assembly along with proteomic analysis can unravel several biological processes and aid in the identification of potential genes involved in pathogenicity. METHODS Based on the next-generation sequencing data analysis, genes including lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein were selected as probable pathogenic targets that were validated by conventional PCR in a total of 30 Acanthamoeba isolates. This was followed by real-time PCR for the evaluation of relative gene expression in the keratitis and amoebic encephalitis animal model induced using keratitis (CHA5), encephalitis (CHA24) and non-pathogenic environmental isolate (CHA36). In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed for keratitis, encephalitis, and non-pathogenic environmental isolate before and after treatment with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). RESULTS The conventional PCR demonstrated the successful amplification of lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein genes in clinical and environmental isolates. The expression analysis revealed phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and mannose-binding genes to be significantly upregulated in the keratitis isolate (CHA 5) during AK in the animal model. In the case of the amoebic encephalitis model, phospholipase, lysophospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, and carboxylesterase were significantly upregulated in the encephalitis isolate compared to the keratitis isolate. The proteomic data revealed differential protein expression in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic isolates in the pre and post-treatment with PHMB. CONCLUSION The gene expression data suggests that lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein (MBP) could play a role in the contact-dependent and independent mechanisms of Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. In addition, the proteomic profiling of the 3 isolates revealed differential protein expression crucial for parasite growth, survival, and virulence. Our results provide baseline data for selecting possible pathogenic targets that could be utilized for designing knockout experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Amit Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Sharma C, Khurana S, Megha K, Thakur A, Bhatia A, Gupta A. Assessment of pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates by in vitro and in vivo tests. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2109-2118. [PMID: 37418019 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba are free-living protozoa present ubiquitously in numerous environmental reservoirs that exist as an actively feeding trophozoite or a dormant cyst stage. The pathogenic Acanthamoeba are known to cause Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Despite their omnipresence, the number of infections is quite low. The reason behind this low frequency of Acanthamoeba infections could be the existence of many non-pathogenic strains or a successful host immune response to these infections. Studies in the past have proposed a few physiological parameters for the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Additionally, in vivo experiments are known to play an essential role in understanding the virulence of parasites, immunological aspects, and disease pathogenesis. The thermotolerance (30 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C) and osmotolerance (0.5 M, 1 M, and 1.5 M) tests were performed on 43 Acanthamoeba isolates from patients with keratitis (n = 22), encephalitis (n = 5), and water samples (n = 16). In addition, the genotype of 10 Acanthamoeba isolates (keratitis (n = 2), encephalitis (n = 2), water (n = 6)) was determined and were then evaluated for pathogenicity on mouse model by inducing Acanthamoeba keratitis and amoebic encephalitis. The results of the thermotolerance and osmotolerance assays categorized 29/43 (67.4%) isolates as pathogenic, 8 as low pathogenic (18.6%), and the remaining 6 (13.9%) as non-pathogenic. The 10 Acanthamoeba isolates were categorized as T11 (5 isolates), T5 (2 isolates), T4 (2 isolates), and T10 (1 isolate) genotypes. Out of 10 Acanthamoeba isolates, 9 were successful in establishing AK, amoebic encephalitis, or both in the mice model, and a single isolate was found non-pathogenic. Two isolates from water samples were non-pathogenic in the physiological tests but successfully established Acanthamoeba infection in the mice model. The results of the physiological assays and in vivo experiments were analogous for 7 isolates while 1 isolate from the water was low pathogenic in the physiological assays but failed to produce pathogenicity during in vivo experiments. The physiological parameters are not very dependable to test the pathogenic potential of Acanthamoeba isolates, and thus results must always be validated by in vivo experiments. There is no infallible approach for determining the potential pathogenicity of environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba because several parameters regulate the pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Kirti Megha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anchal Thakur
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Rojas-Ortega DA, Rojas-Hernández S, Sánchez-Mendoza ME, Gómez-López M, Sánchez-Camacho JV, Rosales-Cruz E, Yépez MMC. Role of FcγRIII in the nasal cavity of BALB/c mice in the primary amebic meningoencephalitis protection model. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1087-1105. [PMID: 36913025 PMCID: PMC10009362 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Different mechanisms of the host immune response against the primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the mouse protection model have been described. It has been proposed that antibodies opsonize Naegleria fowleri trophozoites; subsequently, the polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) surround the trophozoites to avoid the infection. FcγRs activate signaling pathways of adapter proteins such as Syk and Hck on PMNs to promote different effector cell functions which are induced by the Fc portion of the antibody-antigen complexes. In this work, we analyzed the activation of PMNs, epithelial cells, and nasal passage cells via the expression of Syk and Hck genes. Our results showed an increment of the FcγRIII and IgG subclasses in the nasal cavity from immunized mice as well as Syk and Hck expression was increased, whereas in the in vitro assay, we observed that when the trophozoites of N. fowleri were opsonized with IgG anti-N. fowleri and interacted with PMN, the expression of Syk and Hck was also increased. We suggest that PMNs are activated via their FcγRIII, which leads to the elimination of the trophozoites in vitro, while in the nasal cavity, the adhesion and consequently infection are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alexander Rojas-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Modesto Gómez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Jennifer Viridiana Sánchez-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Erika Rosales-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Hematopatología, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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Furtado F, Breiland MW, Strand D, Timmerhaus G, Carletto D, Pedersen LF, Afonso F, Lazado CC. Regulation of the molecular repertoires of oxidative stress response in the gills and olfactory organ of Atlantic salmon following infection and treatment of the parasite Neoparameoba perurans. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 130:612-623. [PMID: 36150413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the involvement of key molecular regulators of oxidative stress in amoebic gill disease (AGD), a parasitic infestation in Atlantic salmon. In addition, the study evaluated how these molecular biomarkers responded when AGD-affected fish were exposed to a candidate chemotherapeutic peracetic acid (PAA). Atlantic salmon were experimentally infected with the parasite Neoparameoba perurans, the causative agent of AGD, by bath exposure and after 2 weeks, the fish were treated with three commercial PAA products (i.e., Perfectoxid, AquaDes and ADDIAqua) at a dose of 5 ppm. Two exposure durations were evaluated - 30 min and 60 min. Sampling was performed 24 h and 2 weeks after PAA treatment (equivalent to 2- and 4-weeks post infection). At each sampling point, the following parameters were evaluated: gross gill pathology, gill parasitic load, plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), histopathology and gene expression profiling of genes with key involvement in oxidative stress in the gills and olfactory organ. AGD did not result in systemic oxidative stress as ROS and TAC levels remained unchanged. There were no clear patterns of AGD-mediated regulation of the oxidative stress biomarkers in both the gills and olfactory organ; significant changes in the expression were mostly related to time rather than infection status. However, the expression profiles of the oxidative stress biomarkers in AGD-affected salmon, following treatment with PAA, revealed that gills and olfactory organ responded differently - upregulation was prominent in the gills while downregulation was more frequent in the olfactory organ. The expression of catalase, glutathione S-transferase and thioredoxin reductase 2 was significantly affected by the treatments, both in the gills and olfactory organ, and these alterations were influenced by the duration of exposure and PAA product type. Parasitic load in the gills did significantly increase after treatment regardless of the product and exposure duration; the parasite was undetectable in some fish treated with AquaDes for 30 mins. However, PAA treated groups for 30 min showed lower macroscopic gill scores than the infected-untreated fish. Histology disclosed the classic pathological findings such as multifocal hyperplasia and increased number of mucous cells in AGD-affected fish. Microscopic scoring of gill injuries showed that AGD-infected-PAA-treated fish had lower scores, however, an overall trend could not be established. The morphology and structural integrity of the olfactory organ were not significantly altered by parasitism or PAA treatment. Collectively, the results indicate that AGD did not affect the systemic and mucosal oxidative status of Atlantic salmon. However, such a striking profile was changed when AGD-affected fish were exposed to oxidative chemotherapeutics. Moreover, the gills and olfactory organ demonstrated distinct patterns of gene expression of oxidative stress biomarkers in AGD-infected-PAA-treated fish. Lastly, PAA treatment did not fully resolve the infection, but appeared not to worsen the mucosal health either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Furtado
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal; Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Mette W Breiland
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Gerrit Timmerhaus
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Danilo Carletto
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 S, Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Lars-Flemming Pedersen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, PO Box 101, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Fernando Afonso
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlo C Lazado
- Nofima, The Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway.
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Milanes JE, Suryadi J, Monaghan NP, Harding EM, Morris CS, Rozema SD, Khalifa MM, Golden JE, Phan IQ, Zigweid R, Abendroth J, Rice CA, McCord HT, Wilson S, Fenwick MK, Morris JC. Characterization of Glucokinases from Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0237321. [PMID: 35604214 PMCID: PMC9211422 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02373-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic free-living amoebae, including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris, can lead to life-threatening illnesses, primarily because of catastrophic central nervous system involvement. Efficacious treatment options for these infections are lacking, and the mortality rate due to infection is high. Previously, we evaluated the N. fowleri glucokinase (NfGlck) as a potential target for therapeutic intervention, as glucose metabolism is critical for in vitro viability. Here, we extended these studies to the glucokinases from two other pathogenic free-living amoebae, including Acanthamoeba castellanii (AcGlck) and B. mandrillaris (BmGlck). While these enzymes are similar (49.3% identical at the amino acid level), they have distinct kinetic properties that distinguish them from each other. For ATP, AcGlck and BmGlck have apparent Km values of 472.5 and 41.0 μM, while Homo sapiens Glck (HsGlck) has a value of 310 μM. Both parasite enzymes also have a higher apparent affinity for glucose than the human counterpart, with apparent Km values of 45.9 μM (AcGlck) and 124 μM (BmGlck) compared to ~8 mM for HsGlck. Additionally, AcGlck and BmGlck differ from each other and other Glcks in their sensitivity to small molecule inhibitors, suggesting that inhibitors with pan-amoebic activity could be challenging to generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Milanes
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jimmy Suryadi
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Neil P. Monaghan
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elijah M. Harding
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Corbin S. Morris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Soren D. Rozema
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Muhammad M. Khalifa
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Golden
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Isabelle Q. Phan
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Center for Global Infection Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Center for Global Infection Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Center for Global Infection Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- UCB BioSciences, Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher A. Rice
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hayden T. McCord
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Stevin Wilson
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael K. Fenwick
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Center for Global Infection Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James C. Morris
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Ai J, Zhang H, Yu S, Li J, Chen S, Zhang W, Mao R. A case of fatal amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris, China. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 97:105190. [PMID: 34954104 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We reported a case of B.mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis in mainland China. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing helped initial diagnosis and then polymerase chain reaction of the B.mandrillaris in the infected nasal skin tissues reported positive and amoeba cysts were found in the tissue under microscopic observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Ai
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shenglei Yu
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richeng Mao
- Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Bridle AR, Hill T, Smith A, Crosbie P, Nowak BF. Experimental exposure to low concentrations of Neoparamoeba perurans induces amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1025-1031. [PMID: 33683734 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a significant issue in Atlantic salmon mariculture. Research on the development of treatments or vaccines uses experimental challenges where salmon is exposed to amoebae concentrations ranging from 500 to 5,000/L. However, the water concentrations of N. perurans on affected salmon farms are much lower. The lowest concentration of N. perurans previously reported to cause AGD was 10/L. Here, we report that concentrations as low as 0.1/L of N. perurans can cause AGD. We propose that concentrations of N. perurans that reflect those measured on salmon farms should be used for future experimental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Thomas Hill
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Aaron Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Philip Crosbie
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
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Kot K, Kupnicka P, Witulska O, Czepan A, Łanocha-Arendarczyk NA, Łanocha AA, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Potential Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Renal Acanthamoebiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6583. [PMID: 34205319 PMCID: PMC8234237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that Acanthamoeba spp. may play a significant role in kidney dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. The levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and MCP-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the activity of MMPs was determined by gelatin zymography. The elevated KIM-1 level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice at the beginning of Acanthamoeba spp. infection. In the immunosuppressed mice, the KIM-1 level was statistically different. The statistically decreased NGAL level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice compared to the uninfected mice. In the immunocompromised mice, we found statistically significant differences in MCP-1 levels between the uninfected and infected groups. There was an increase in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. compared to the uninfected mice. The results indicate that KIM-1, NGAL, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9/NGAL might be promising biomarkers of renal acanthamoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Oliwia Witulska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Aleksandra Czepan
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Natalia Agnieszka Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (O.W.); (A.C.); (N.A.Ł.-A.)
| | - Aleksandra Anna Łanocha
- Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Danuta Izabela Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Tröße C, Kindt M, Blindheim S, Andersen L, Nylund A. Method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:739-745. [PMID: 33159703 PMCID: PMC8246932 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Paramoeba perurans causes amoebic gill disease (AGD), which is a major problem in aquaculture worldwide. The parasite can be cultured in vitro, but to this date, no method for long-term storage of the clones exists. In this study, we describe a method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans. The method was successfully employed on four out the five clones we tested. The thawing success rate, that is the percentage of successfully thawed vials relative to the total number of vials that were thawed, differed for the clones and ranged from 25% to 100%. The age of the clones seemed to have a negative impact on the ability to survive cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Tröße
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Mats Kindt
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Present address:
Pharmaq ASOsloNorway
| | | | - Linda Andersen
- The Aquatic and Industrial Laboratory (ILAB)BergenNorway
| | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Flaih MH, Khazaal RM, Kadhim MK, Hussein KR, Alhamadani FAB. The epidemiology of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq (2015-2020): differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiol Health 2021; 43:e2021034. [PMID: 33971701 PMCID: PMC8289477 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2021034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the present status of amoebiasis in Thi-Qar Province in southern Iraq, and to determine the presence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar with nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS Epidemiological data were obtained from the public health department of the Thi-Qar Health Office (2015-2020). Eighty stool samples were also randomly collected from patients ≤12 year of age with diarrhea at 2 hospitals between the beginning of February 2020 and the end of October 2020. These samples were selected after microscopy to identify the 18S rRNA gene in Entamoeba DNA. RESULTS Of the 341,554 cases of intestinal parasitic infections, 38,004 (11.1%) individuals were recorded as having amoebiasis, which accounted for the highest proportion of infections in 2015 (26.1%) and the lowest in 2020 (8.1%). Amoebiasis was distributed among all age groups, with the age group of 5-14 years accounting for the highest proportion (27.3%). In molecular testing, 42 (52.5%) out of 80 samples were positive for the 18S rRNA gene (888 bp). Using nested PCR, E. histolytica (439 bp) was detected in 25 (31.3%) samples and E. dispar (174 bp) in 14 (17.5%), while using real-time PCR, E. histolytica and E. dispar were detected in 28 (35.0%) and 15 (18.8%) samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological data confirmed that amoebiasis is endemic in this province, and is not limited to certain months. Our study confirms the applicability of molecular identification to detect pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba to prescribe the appropriate drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hassan Flaih
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | - Ruaa Majid Khazaal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, Iraq
| | | | - Khwam Reissan Hussein
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nasiriyah Technical Institute, Southern Technical University, Nasiriyah, Iraq
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11
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Rammohan R, Hajib Naraharirao M, Veerappan S, Vijayaraghavan P, Rajaraman R, Manayath GJ, Dsouza P, Radhakrishnan S, Venkatapathy N, Lakshmipathi D, Madhuravasal Krishnan J, Raghavan A. Cluster of Post-Operative Endophthalmitis Caused by Acanthamoeba T10 Genotype - A First Report. Cornea 2021; 40:232-241. [PMID: 33201060 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a cluster of postoperative Acanthamoeba endophthalmitis after routine cataract surgeries. METHODS A brief summary of sentinel events leading to the referral of 4 patients of postoperative endophthalmitis to our hospital is followed by clinical descriptions and the various diagnostic approaches and interventions used. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis are also discussed. RESULTS Four cases of postoperative cluster endophthalmitis, presumed to be bacterial and treated as such, were referred to our hospital. The presence of an atypical ring infiltrate in the first case facilitated the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba endophthalmitis. All patients had vitritis, corneal involvement, and scleral inflammation. Multiple diagnostic methods, such as corneal scrapings, confocal microscopy, aqueous and vitreous taps, scleral abscess drainage, histopathological studies, polymerase chain reaction, and genotyping and phylogenetic analyses of isolated Acanthamoeba, were used to confirm the diagnosis of endophthalmitis and to establish the extent of ocular involvement. Various medical and therapeutic interventions used to control the infections were also documented. The isolated Acanthamoeba were confirmed as belonging to the T10 genotype, an environmentally and clinically rare variety. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a cluster of postoperative T10 genotype Acanthamoeba endophthalmitis, occurring after routine cataract surgery in immunocompetent individuals. Contrary to current perceptions, a rapidly evolving infection can occur with Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Rammohan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Saravanan Veerappan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabhu Vijayaraghavan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Revathi Rajaraman
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George J Manayath
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palmeera Dsouza
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanthi Radhakrishnan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narendran Venkatapathy
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanurekha Lakshmipathi
- Sankara Nethralaya Referral Laboratory (Medical Research Foundation), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; and
| | | | - Anita Raghavan
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Post-Graduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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English CJ, Botwright NA, Adams MB, Barnes AC, Wynne JW, Lima PC, Cook MT. Immersion challenge of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. did not increase the severity of Neoparamoeba perurans-induced amoebic gill disease (AGD). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:149-160. [PMID: 33314290 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the main health issues impacting farmed Atlantic salmon. Neoparamoeba perurans causes AGD; however, a diversity of other amoeba species colonizes the gills and there is little understanding of whether they are commensal or potentially involved in different stages of gill disease development. Here, we conduct in vivo challenges of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. to investigate their pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon gills. Additionally, we assessed whether the presence of Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. influences the onset and/or severity of N. perurans-induced AGD. All three strains attached and multiplied on the gills according to qPCR analysis. Furthermore, minor gross gill lesions and histological changes were observed post-exposure. While N. perurans was found associated with classical AGD lesions, Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. were not found associated with lesion sites and these lesions did not meet the expected composite of histopathological changes for AGD. Moreover, the presence of these non-N. perurans species did not significantly increase the severity of AGD. This trial provides evidence that cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. do not induce AGD and do not influence the severity of AGD during the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, Qld, Australia
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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13
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Kot K, Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kosik-Bogacka D. Immunopathogenicity of Acanthamoeba spp. in the Brain and Lungs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1261. [PMID: 33514026 PMCID: PMC7865479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebas, including Acanthamoeba spp., are widely distributed in soil, water, and air. They are capable of causing granulomatous amebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba pneumonia, Acanthamoeba keratitis, and disseminated acanthamoebiasis. Despite low occurrence worldwide, the mortality rate of Acanthamoeba spp. infections is very high, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. Acanthamoeba infections are a medical problem, owing to limited improvement in diagnostics and treatment, which is associated with incomplete knowledge of pathophysiology, pathogenesis, and the host immune response against Acanthamoeba spp. infection. The aim of this review is to present the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Acanthamoeba spp.-host interactions, including the expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of an immune response, the activity of metalloproteinases, the secretion of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We show the relationship between Acanthamoeba spp. and the host at the cellular level and host defense reactions that lead to changes in the selected host's organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.)
| | - Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (N.Ł.-A.)
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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14
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Cano I, McCullough R, Mulhearn B, Gunning S, Waine A, Joiner C, Paley R. Non-lethal loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay as a point-of-care diagnostics tool for Neoparamoeba perurans, the causative agent of amoebic gill disease. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:779-790. [PMID: 32364315 PMCID: PMC7383609 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). Two loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting the parasite 18S rRNA and the Atlantic salmon EF1α, used as internal control, were designed. The N. perurans LAMP assay did not amplify close relatives N. pemaquidensis and N. branchiphila, or the host DNA. This assay detected 106 copies of the parasite 18S rRNA gene under 13 min and 103 copies under 35 min. Five "fast-and-dirty" DNA extraction methods were compared with a reference method and further validated by TaqMan™ qPCR. Of those, the QuickExtract buffer was selected for field tests. Seventy-one non-lethal gill swabs were analysed from AGD-clinically infected Atlantic salmon. The pathogen was detected under 23 min in fish of gill score >2 and under 39 min for lower gill scores. About 1.6% of the tests were invalid (no amplification of the internal control). 100% of positives were obtained from swabs taken from fish showing gill score ˃3, but only ~50% of positives for lower gill scores. The present LAMP assay could be implemented as a point-of-care test for the on-site identification of N. perurans; however, further work is required to improve its performance for lower scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Robin McCullough
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Brian Mulhearn
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Susie Gunning
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Ava Waine
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Claire Joiner
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
| | - Richard Paley
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal HealthCefas Weymouth LaboratoryWeymouthUK
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Jensen HM, Karami AM, Mathiessen H, Al-Jubury A, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Gill amoebae from freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In vitro evaluation of antiparasitic compounds against Vannella sp. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:665-672. [PMID: 32291787 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gill parasitic infections challenge farming of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) in freshwater facilities. Apart from flagellates (Ichthyobodo, (Pinto) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius (Fouquet), Ambiphrya (Raabe), Apiosoma (Blanchard), Trichodinella (Sramek-Husek) and Trichodina (Ehrenberg)), we have shown that amoebae are prevalent in Danish trout farms. Gills were isolated from farmed rainbow trout in six fish farms (conventional and organic earth pond and recirculated systems) and placed on non-nutrient agar (NNA) moistened with modified Neff's amoeba saline (AS) (15°C). Gill amoebae from all examined fish colonized the agar and were identified based on morphological criteria showing species within the genera Trinema (Dujardin) (family Trinematidae), Vannella (Bovee) (family Vannellidae). In addition, hartmannellid amoebae were recorded. We established a monoculture of Vannella sp., confirmed the genus identity by PCR and sequencing and performed an in vitro determination of antiparasitic effects (dose-response studies) of various compounds including sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formalin, aqueous garlic and oregano extracts and a Pseudomonas H6 surfactant. All amoebae were killed in concentrations of 16.90 mg/ml (garlic), 17.90 mg/ml (oregano), NaCl (7.5 mg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (100 µg/ml), peracetic acid (0.03 µg/ml), formaldehyde (25 µg/ml) and the Pseudomonas H6 surfactant (250 µg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Malene Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Asma Mohammad Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Walter Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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16
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Santos F, Marcial-Quino J, Gómez-Manzo S, Enríquez-Flores S, Nequiz-Avendaño M, Cortes A, De la Luz León-Avila G, Saavedra E, Pérez-Tamayo R, Olivos-García A. Functional characterization and subcellular distribution of two recombinant cytosolic HSP70 isoforms from Entamoeba histolytica under normal and stress conditions. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1337-1351. [PMID: 32056023 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a human intestinal disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It has been previously demonstrated that E. histolytica heat shock protein 70 (EhHSP70) plays an important role in amoebic pathogenicity by protecting the parasite from the dangerous effects of oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Despite its relevance, this protein has not yet been characterized. In this study, the EhHSP70 genes were cloned, and the two recombinant EhHSP70 proteins were expressed, purifying and biochemically characterized. Additionally, after being subjected to some host stressors, the intracellular distribution of the proteins in the parasite was documented. Two amoebic HSP70 isoforms, EhHSP70-A and EhHSP70-B, with 637 and 656 amino acids, respectively, were identified. Kinetic parameters of ATP hydrolysis showed low rates, which were in accordance with those of the HSP70 family members. Circular dichroism analysis showed differences in their secondary structures but similarities in their thermal stability. Immunocytochemistry in trophozoites detected EhHSP70 in the nuclei and cytoplasm as well as a slight overexpression when the parasites were subjected to oxidants and heat. The structural differences of amoebic HSP70s with their human counterparts may be used to design specific inhibitors to treat human amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Santos
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, Mexico
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, 04530, México, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, 04530, México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, 04530, México, Mexico
| | - Mario Nequiz-Avendaño
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Azucena Cortes
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Gloria De la Luz León-Avila
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, México, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Secretaría de Salud, 14080, México, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Tamayo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Olivos-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, Mexico.
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17
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Wynne JW, Stratford C, Slinger J, Samsing F, Rigby M, McCulloch R, Quezada-Rodriguez P, Taylor RS. The interaction between temperature and dose on the efficacy and biochemical response of Atlantic salmon to hydrogen peroxide treatment for amoebic gill disease. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:39-48. [PMID: 31726482 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a commonly used treatment for a range of parasitic diseases of marine finfish, including amoebic gill disease (AGD). While this treatment is partially effective at reducing parasite load, H2 O2 can have detrimental effects on the host under certain conditions. Treatment temperature and dose concentration are two factors that are known to influence the toxicity of H2 O2 ; however, their impact on the outcome of AGD treatment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment temperature (8, 12 or 16°C) and dose concentration (750, 1,000, 1,250 mg/L) on the efficacy of H2 O2 to treat AGD. We demonstrated that a 20-min bath treatment of H2 O2 at all doses reduced both parasite load and gross gill score significantly. Parasite load and gross gill score were lowest in the 1,000 mg/L treatment performed at 12°C. At the high dose and temperature combinations, H2 O2 caused moderate gill damage and a significant increase in the plasma concentration of electrolytes (sodium, chloride and potassium). Taken together, our study demonstrates that higher H2 O2 treatment temperatures can adversely affect the host and do not improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Chris Stratford
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island, Qld, Australia
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Megan Rigby
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Russell McCulloch
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Petra Quezada-Rodriguez
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas., Australia
| | - Richard S Taylor
- Aquaculture Program, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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18
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Kangussu-Marcolino MM, Ehrenkaufer GM, Chen E, Debnath A, Singh U. Identification of plicamycin, TG02, panobinostat, lestaurtinib, and GDC-0084 as promising compounds for the treatment of central nervous system infections caused by the free-living amebae Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 11:80-94. [PMID: 31707263 PMCID: PMC6849155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The free-living amebae Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia cause rare but life-threatening infections. All three parasites can cause meningoencephalitis. Acanthamoeba can also cause chronic keratitis and both Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba can cause skin and systemic infections. There are minimal drug development pipelines for these pathogens despite a lack of available treatment regimens and high fatality rates. To identify anti-amebic drugs, we screened 159 compounds from a high-value repurposed library against trophozoites of the three amebae. Our efforts identified 38 compounds with activity against at least one ameba. Multiple drugs that bind the ATP-binding pocket of mTOR and PI3K are active, highlighting these compounds as important inhibitors of these parasites. Importantly, 24 active compounds have progressed at least to phase II clinical studies and overall 15 compounds were active against all three amebae. Based on central nervous system (CNS) penetration or exceptional potency against one amebic species, we identified sixteen priority compounds for the treatment of meningoencephalitis caused by these pathogens. The top five compounds are (i) plicamycin, active against all three free-living amebae and previously U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, (ii) TG02, active against all three amebae, (iii and iv) FDA-approved panobinostat and FDA orphan drug lestaurtinib, both highly potent against Naegleria, and (v) GDC-0084, a CNS penetrant mTOR inhibitor, active against at least two of the three amebae. These results set the stage for further investigation of these clinically advanced compounds for treatment of infections caused by the free-living amebae, including treatment of the highly fatal meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Kangussu-Marcolino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Grant Building, S-143, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gretchen M Ehrenkaufer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Grant Building, S-143, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- uHTS Laboratory Rm 101, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd. Calibr, A Division of the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Grant Building, S-143, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie-Ann T. Shirley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Koji Watanabe
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Pulido-Ortega J, Talamás-Rohana P, Muñoz-Ortega MH, Aldaba-Muruato LR, Martínez-Hernández SL, Campos-Esparza MDR, Cervantes-García D, Leon-Coria A, Moreau F, Chadee K, Ventura-Juárez J. Functional Characterization of an Interferon Gamma Receptor-Like Protein on Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00540-19. [PMID: 31427448 PMCID: PMC6803330 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00540-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic protozoan and the causative agent of amoebiasis. E. histolytica expresses proteins that are structurally homologous to human proteins and uses them as virulence factors. We have previously shown that E. histolytica binds exogenous interferon gamma (IFN-γ) on its surface, and in this study, we explored whether exogenous IFN-γ could modulate parasite virulence. We identified an IFN-γ receptor-like protein on the surface of E. histolytica trophozoites by using anti-IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) antibody and performing immunofluorescence, Western blot, protein sequencing, and in silico analyses. Coupling of human IFN-γ to the IFN-γ receptor-like protein on live E. histolytica trophozoites significantly upregulated the expression of E. histolytica cysteine protease A1 (EhCP-A1), EhCP-A2, EhCP-A4, EhCP-A5, amebapore A (APA), cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1), Gal-lectin (Hgl), and peroxiredoxin (Prx) in a time-dependent fashion. IFN-γ signaling via the IFN-γ receptor-like protein enhanced E. histolytica's erythrophagocytosis of human red blood cells, which was abrogated by the STAT1 inhibitor fludarabine. Exogenous IFN-γ enhanced chemotaxis of E. histolytica, its killing of Caco-2 colonic and Hep G2 liver cells, and amebic liver abscess formation in hamsters. These results demonstrate that E. histolytica expresses a surface IFN-γ receptor-like protein that is functional and may play a role in disease pathogenesis and/or immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Pulido-Ortega
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Liseth Rubí Aldaba-Muruato
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | | | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- CONACYT-Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Aralia Leon-Coria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
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Carrero JC, Reyes-López M, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M, Unzueta J, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 310:151358. [PMID: 31587966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.151358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an extracellular enteric protozoan. This infection mainly affects people from developing countries with limited hygiene conditions, where it is endemic. Infective cysts are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, excysting in the terminal ileum and producing invasive trophozoites (amoebae). E. histolytica mainly lives in the large intestine without causing symptoms; however, possibly as a result of so far unknown signals, the amoebae invade the mucosa and epithelium causing intestinal amoebiasis. E. histolytica possesses different mechanisms of pathogenicity for the adherence to the intestinal epithelium and for degrading extracellular matrix proteins, producing tissue lesions that progress to abscesses and a host acute inflammatory response. Much information has been obtained regarding the virulence factors, metabolism, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and the host immune response against this parasite; in addition, alternative treatments to metronidazole are continually emerging. An accesible and low-cost diagnostic method that can distinguish E. histolytica from the most nonpathogenic amoebae and an effective vaccine are necessary for protecting against amoebiasis. However, research about the disease and its prevention has been a challenge due to the relationship between E. histolytica and the host during the distinct stages of the disease is multifaceted. In this review, we analyze the interaction between the parasite, the human host, and the colon microbiota or pathogenic microorganisms, which together give rise to intestinal amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Magda Reyes-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Juan Unzueta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa México, Unidad de Investigación, CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, CdMx, Mexico.
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Perolo A, Gustinelli A, Fioravanti ML, Manfrin A, Dalla Pozza M, Lunelli F, Accini A, Quaglio F. Occurrence of nodular gill disease in farmed brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1315-1320. [PMID: 31157406 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Benedicenti O, Pottinger TG, Collins C, Secombes CJ. Effects of temperature on amoebic gill disease development: Does it play a role? J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1241-1258. [PMID: 31206728 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between increasing water temperature and amoebic gill disease (AGD) prevalence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has been noted at fish farms in numerous countries. In Scotland (UK), temperatures above 12°C are considered to be an important risk factor for AGD outbreaks. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test for the presence of an association between temperature and variation in the severity of AGD in Atlantic salmon at 10 and 15°C. The results showed an association between temperature and variation in AGD severity in salmon from analysis of histopathology and Paramoeba perurans load, reflecting an earlier and stronger infection post-amoebae exposure at the higher temperature. While no significant difference between the two temperature treatment groups was found in plasma cortisol levels, both glucose and lactate levels increased when gill pathology was evident at both temperatures. Expression analysis of immune- and stress-related genes showed more modulation in gills than in head kidney, revealing an organ-specific response and an interplay between temperature and infection. In conclusion, temperature may not only affect the host response, but perhaps also favour higher attachment/growth capacity of the amoebae as seen with the earlier and stronger P. perurans infection at 15°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Benedicenti
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tom G Pottinger
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, UK
| | - Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland Science Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Magistrado-Coxen P, Aqeel Y, Lopez A, Haserick JR, Urbanowicz BR, Costello CE, Samuelson J. The most abundant cyst wall proteins of Acanthamoeba castellanii are lectins that bind cellulose and localize to distinct structures in developing and mature cyst walls. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007352. [PMID: 31095564 PMCID: PMC6541295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoeba castellanii, which causes keratitis and blindness in under-resourced countries, is an emerging pathogen worldwide, because of its association with contact lens use. The wall makes cysts resistant to sterilizing reagents in lens solutions and to antibiotics applied to the eye. Methodology/Principal findings Transmission electron microscopy and structured illumination microscopy (SIM) showed purified cyst walls of A. castellanii retained an outer ectocyst layer, an inner endocyst layer, and conical ostioles that connect them. Mass spectrometry showed candidate cyst wall proteins were dominated by three families of lectins (named here Jonah, Luke, and Leo), which bound well to cellulose and less well to chitin. An abundant Jonah lectin, which has one choice-of-anchor A (CAA) domain, was made early during encystation and localized to the ectocyst layer of cyst walls. An abundant Luke lectin, which has two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM49), outlined small, flat ostioles in a single-layered primordial wall and localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles of mature walls. An abundant Leo lectin, which has two unique domains with eight Cys residues each (8-Cys), localized to the endocyst layer and ostioles. The Jonah lectin and glycopolymers, to which it binds, were accessible in the ectocyst layer. In contrast, Luke and Leo lectins and the glycopolymers, to which they bind, were mostly inaccessible in the endocyst layer and ostioles. Conclusions/Significance The most abundant A. castellanii cyst wall proteins are three sets of lectins, which have carbohydrate-binding modules that are conserved (CBM49s of Luke), newly characterized (CAA of Jonah), or unique to Acanthamoebae (8-Cys of Leo). Cyst wall formation is a tightly choreographed event, in which lectins and glycopolymers combine to form a mature wall with a protected endocyst layer. Because of its accessibility in the ectocyst layer, an abundant Jonah lectin is an excellent diagnostic target. A half century ago, investigators identified cellulose in the Acanthamoeba cyst wall, which has two layers and conical ostioles that connect them. Here we showed cyst walls contain three large sets of cellulose-binding lectins, which localize to the ectocyst layer (a Jonah lectin) or to the endocyst layer and ostioles (Luke and Leo lectins). We used the lectins to establish a sequence for cyst wall assembly when trophozoites are starved and encyst. In the first stage, a Jonah lectin and glycopolymers were present in dozens of distinct vesicles. In the second stage, a primordial wall contained small, flat ostioles outlined by a Luke lectin. In the third stage, a Jonah lectin remained in the ectocyst layer, while Luke and Leo lectins moved to the endocyst layer and ostioles. A description of the major events during cyst wall development is a starting point for mechanistic studies of its assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Magistrado-Coxen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yousuf Aqeel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angelo Lopez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. Haserick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Breeanna R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Garajová M, Mrva M, Vaškovicová N, Martinka M, Melicherová J, Valigurová A. Cellulose fibrils formation and organisation of cytoskeleton during encystment are essential for Acanthamoeba cyst wall architecture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4466. [PMID: 30872791 PMCID: PMC6418277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoebae success as human pathogens is largely due to the highly resistant cysts which represent a crucial problem in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Hence, the study of cyst wall composition and encystment play an important role in finding new therapeutic strategies. For the first time, we detected high activity of cytoskeletal elements - microtubular networks and filamentous actin, in late phases of encystment. Cellulose fibrils - the main components of endocyst were demonstrated in inter-cystic space, and finally in the ectocyst, hereby proving the presence of cellulose in both layers of the cyst wall. We detected clustering of intramembranous particles (IMPs) and their density alterations in cytoplasmic membrane during encystment. We propose a hypothesis that in the phase of endocyst formation, the IMP clusters represent cellulose microfibril terminal complexes involved in cellulose synthesis that after cyst wall completion are reduced. Cyst wall impermeability, due largely to a complex polysaccharide (glycans, mainly cellulose) has been shown to be responsible for Acanthamoeba biocide resistance and cellulose biosynthesis pathway is suggested to be a potential target in treatment of Acanthamoeba infections. Disruption of this pathway would affect the synthesis of cyst wall and reduce considerably the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Garajová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Mrva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Naděžda Vaškovicová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Janka Melicherová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Valigurová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Gonçalves DDS, Ferreira MDS, Liedke SC, Gomes KX, de Oliveira GA, Leão PEL, Cesar GV, Seabra SH, Cortines JR, Casadevall A, Nimrichter L, Domont GB, Junqueira MR, Peralta JM, Guimaraes AJ. Extracellular vesicles and vesicle-free secretome of the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii under homeostasis and nutritional stress and their damaging potential to host cells. Virulence 2018; 9:818-836. [PMID: 29560793 PMCID: PMC5955443 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii (Ac) are ubiquitously distributed in nature, and by contaminating medical devices such as heart valves and contact lenses, they cause a broad range of clinical presentations to humans. Although several molecules have been described to play a role in Ac pathogenesis, including parasite host-tissue invasion and escaping of host-defense, little information is available on their mechanisms of secretion. Herein, we describe the molecular components secreted by Ac, under different protein availability conditions to simulate host niches. Ac extracellular vesicles (EVs) were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Dynamic light scattering analysis of Ac EVs identified polydisperse populations, which correlated to electron microscopy measurements. High-performance thin liquid chromatography of Ac EVs identified phospholipids, steryl-esters, sterol and free-fatty acid, the last two also characterized by GC-MS. Secretome composition (EVs and EVs-free supernatants) was also determined and proteins biological functions classified. In peptone-yeast-glucose (PYG) medium, a total of 179 proteins were identified (21 common proteins, 89 exclusive of EVs and 69 in EVs-free supernatant). In glucose alone, 205 proteins were identified (134 in EVs, 14 common and 57 proteins in EVs-free supernatant). From those, stress response, oxidative and protein and amino acid metabolism proteins prevailed. Qualitative differences were observed on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes from Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate shunt. Serine proteases and metalloproteinases predominated. Analysis of the cytotoxicity of Ac EVs (upon uptake) and EVs-free supernatant to epithelial and glioblastoma cells revealed a dose-dependent effect. Therefore, the Ac secretome differs depending on nutrient conditions, and is also likely to vary during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susie Coutinho Liedke
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Afonso de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ernesto Lopes Leão
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas Cesar
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio H. Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Barbosa Domont
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magno Rodrigues Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimaraes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Dudlová A, Jarčuška P, Jurišová S, Vasilková Z, Krčméry V, Juriš P. Prevalence of non-pathogenic types of gastrointestinal protozoa in population in Slovakia and their potential importance in the aspect of public health. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:819-825. [PMID: 30367755 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to determine the prevalence of non-pathogenic protozoa circulating in the human population of Slovakia. We particularly focused on the socially deprived areas with poor sanitation conditions, as they are one of the factors affecting the transmission of these infections. Within this study, 2760 people were coprologically screened for the presence of protozoan cysts. The analyzed group comprised 1173 men and 1587 women from different regions of Slovakia. The total prevalence (2.03%) of non-pathogenic protozoa species was determined. The prevalence of Entamoeba coli was 0.80%, the prevalence of Endolimax nana 0.58%, and the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis was 0.65%. The presence of non-pathogenic protozoa was more frequent in women than that in men, in all age groups. The highest incidence of Entamoeba coli was found in children aged one month - seven years (0.79%), the lowest in the age group of 19-88 years (0.66%). Endolimax nana was most frequent in 8-18 year-olds (0.95%), where the statistical significance was found (p<0.05). The prevalence of Blastocystis hominis by the age group ranged from 0.39 to 0.95%. We did not find any statistical significance (p>0.05) for Entamoeba coli, and similarly for Blastocystis hominis associated with the sex and age. Although the circulation of non-pathogenic protozoa in the human population is far from being limited to the developing countries, their occurrence is also frequent in the population of developed countries. Despite their controversial pathogenicity, they should not be neglected, particularly in the patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriána Dudlová
- St Elisabeth University of Health Care and Social Work, Námestie 1. mája, 080 00 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Jarčuška
- Department of Infectology and Travel Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik, Rastislavova 43, 041 90 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Jurišová
- National Cancer Institute, Klenova 3019/1, 833 10 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Vasilková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Krčméry
- St Elisabeth University of Health Care and Social Work, Námestie 1. mája, 080 00 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Juriš
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Song SM, Kang SA, Park HK, Kim DH, Park SY, Jang SB, Yu HS. Acanthamoeba profilin elicits allergic airway inflammation in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006979. [PMID: 30557322 PMCID: PMC6312355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, we suggested that Acanthamoeba is a new aero-allergen and that patients who showed positive results for the skin-prick test response to Acanthamoeba cross-reacted with several pollen allergens. Additionally, patients with common antibodies reacted to the 13–15 kDa Acanthamoeba unknown allergen. Objective We examined whether profilin of Acanthamoeba is a human airway allergic agent because of its molecular weight. Methods We expressed recombinant Ac-PF (rAc-PF) protein using an Escherichia coli expression system and evaluated whether Ac-PF is an airway allergic agent using an allergic airway inflammation animal model. Results Airway hyperresponsiveness was increased in rAc-PF-inoculated mice. The number of eosinophils and levels of Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were increased in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid of rAc-PF-treated mice. The lungs of the rAc-PF-treated mice group showed enhanced mucin production and metaplasia of lung epithelial cells and goblet cells. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrated that rAc-PF may be an allergen in Acanthamoeba, but further studies needed to identify the mechanisms of allergenic reactions induced by Ac-PF. Recently, the number of asthma patients have increased sharply. Among patients with asthma have a high serum IgE titer, but despite this, some of these patients do not react to known allergens in skin prick tests, that suggests the presence of unknown environmental allergens. The protozoa Acanthamoeba live in very diverse environment including water, soil, air and even human nasal cavities, throat, pharynx and lung. In previous study, Acanthamoeba could be a new aero-allergen. Patients who showed positive results for the skin-prick test response to Acanthamoeba, their serum could be cross-reacted with several pollen allergens as well as Acanthamoeba total proteins. Additionally, the patients have common antibodies reacted to the 13–15 kDa Acanthamoeba unknown allergen. Profilin, which is found in all eukaryotic organisms in most cells, is an actin-binding protein that interferes with nucleation and restructuring of new filaments. Recent studies showed that profilin functions as a pan-allergen recognized by IgE in approximately 20% of birch pollen and plant food allergic patients. In Acanthamoeba, two isoforms of profilin (Ac-PF) have been identified: profilin-I and profilin-II. We examined profilin from Acanthamoeba as a potential human airway allergic agent because of its molecular weight (13–14 kDa) and cross-reactivity with several pollen allergens in the skin prick test showing positive results for Acanthamoeba in chronic cough patients. In this study, we expressed recombinant Ac-PF (rAc-PF) protein using an Escherichia coli expression system and evaluated whether Ac-PF is an airway allergic agent using an asthma animal model. Our study showed that rAc-PF may be an allergen in Acanthamoeba, but further studies needed to identify the mechanisms of allergenic reactions induced by Ac-PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Myung Song
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kang
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Shaulov Y, Shimokawa C, Trebicz-Geffen M, Nagaraja S, Methling K, Lalk M, Weiss-Cerem L, Lamm AT, Hisaeda H, Ankri S. Escherichia coli mediated resistance of Entamoeba histolytica to oxidative stress is triggered by oxaloacetate. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007295. [PMID: 30308066 PMCID: PMC6181410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis, a global intestinal parasitic disease, is due to Entamoeba histolytica. This parasite, which feeds on bacteria in the large intestine of its human host, can trigger a strong inflammatory response upon invasion of the colonic mucosa. Whereas information about the mechanisms which are used by the parasite to cope with oxidative and nitrosative stresses during infection is available, knowledge about the contribution of bacteria to these mechanisms is lacking. In a recent study, we demonstrated that enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O55 protects E. histolytica against oxidative stress. Resin-assisted capture (RAC) of oxidized (OX) proteins coupled to mass spectrometry (OX-RAC) was used to investigate the oxidation status of cysteine residues in proteins present in E. histolytica trophozoites incubated with live or heat-killed E. coli O55 and then exposed to H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. We found that the redox proteome of E. histolytica exposed to heat-killed E. coli O55 is enriched with proteins involved in redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, small molecule metabolism, carbohydrate derivative metabolism, and organonitrogen compound biosynthesis. In contrast, we found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis were the only OX-proteins that were enriched in E. histolytica trophozoites which were incubated with live E. coli O55. These data indicate that E. coli has a profound impact on the redox proteome of E. histolytica. Unexpectedly, some E. coli proteins were also co-identified with E. histolytica proteins by OX-RAC. We demonstrated that one of these proteins, E. coli malate dehydrogenase (EcMDH) and its product, oxaloacetate, are key elements of E. coli-mediated resistance of E. histolytica to oxidative stress and that oxaloacetate helps the parasite survive in the large intestine. We also provide evidence that the protective effect of oxaloacetate against oxidative stress extends to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Shaulov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Meirav Trebicz-Geffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Karen Methling
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Biochemistry, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Weiss-Cerem
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet T. Lamm
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa Israel
- * E-mail:
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Wright DW, Nowak B, Oppedal F, Crosbie P, Stien LH, Dempster T. Repeated sublethal freshwater exposures reduce the amoebic gill disease parasite, Neoparamoeba perurans, on Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1403-1410. [PMID: 29938799 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater bathing is one of the main treatment options available against amoebic gill disease (AGD) affecting multiple fish hosts in mariculture systems. Prevailing freshwater treatments are designed to be long enough to kill Neoparamoeba perurans, the ectoparasite causing AGD, which may select for freshwater tolerance. Here, we tested whether using shorter, sublethal freshwater treatment durations are a viable alternative to lethal ones for N. perurans (2-4 hr). Under in vitro conditions, gill-isolated N. perurans attached to plastic substrate in sea water lifted off after ≥2 min in freshwater, but survival was not impacted until 60 min. In an in vivo experiment, AGD-affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar subjected daily to 30 min (sublethal to N. perurans) and 120 min (lethal to N. perurans) freshwater treatments for 6 days consistently reduced N. perurans cell numbers on gills (based on qPCR analysis) compared to daily 3 min freshwater or seawater treatments for 6 days. Our results suggest that targeting cell detachment rather than cell death with repeated freshwater treatments of shorter duration than typical baths could be used in AGD management. However, the consequences of modifying the intensity of freshwater treatment regimes on freshwater tolerance evolution in N. perurans populations require careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel William Wright
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Frode Oppedal
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Phil Crosbie
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Lars Helge Stien
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, Matredal, Norway
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical, School of BioSciences, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Bloecher N, Powell M, Hytterød S, Gjessing M, Wiik-Nielsen J, Mohammad SN, Johansen J, Hansen H, Floerl O, Gjevre AG. Effects of cnidarian biofouling on salmon gill health and development of amoebic gill disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199842. [PMID: 29979703 PMCID: PMC6034824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the potential implications of biofouling management on the development of an infectious disease in Norwegian farmed salmon. The hydroid Ectopleura larynx frequently colonises cage nets at high densities (thousands of colonies per m2) and is released into the water during regular in-situ net cleaning. Contact with the hydroids’ nematocysts has the potential to cause irritation and pathological damage to salmon gills. Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans, is an increasingly international health challenge in Atlantic salmon farming. AGD often occurs concomitantly with other agents of gill disease. This study used laboratory challenge trials to: (1) characterise the gill pathology resulting from the exposure of salmon to hydroids, and (2) investigate if such exposure can predispose the fish to secondary infections–using P. perurans as an example. Salmon in tanks were exposed either to freshly ‘shredded’ hydroids resembling waste material from net cleaning, or to authentic concentrations of free-living P. perurans, or first to ‘shredded’ hydroids and then to P. perurans. Gill health (AGD gill scores, non-specific gill scores, lamellar thrombi, epithelial hyperplasia) was monitored over 5 weeks and compared to an untreated control group. Nematocysts of E. larynx contained in cleaning waste remained active following high-pressure cleaning, resulting in higher non-specific gill scores in salmon up to 1 day after exposure to hydroids. Higher average numbers of gill lamellar thrombi occurred in fish up to 7 days after exposure to hydroids. However, gill lesions caused by hydroids did not affect the infection rates of P. perurans or the disease progression of AGD. This study discusses the negative impacts hydroids and current net cleaning practices can have on gill health and welfare of farmed salmon, highlights existing knowledge gaps and reiterates the need for alternative approaches to net cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
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Rodríguez-Martín J, Rocha-Cabrera P, Reyes-Batlle M, López-Arencibia A, Sifaoui I, Rizo-Liendo A, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Presence of Acanthamoeba in the ocular surface in a Spanish population of contact lens wearers. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:393-396. [PMID: 29654681 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba are causative agents of a sight-threatening infection of the cornea known as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) which mainly affects contact lens wearers and it is commonly related to poor hygiene of contact lenses and their cases. Moreover, treatment of AK is complex due to the existence of a highly resistant cyst stage and if not diagnosed early has poor prognosis, leading to blindness and/or keratoplasty. Even though AK is increasing worldwide as well as awareness among patients and clinicians, it is still a poorly studied pathogen. Additionally, a remaining question to be answered is whether these opportunistic pathogens are present in the ocular surface of healthy contact lens wearers since they are the main group at risk.In order to carry out this study, sterile Schirmer strip tests were collected from a group of individuals all of them contact lens wearers who were attending a local ophthalmology clinic in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The collected samples (100 eyes of 50 patients) were cultured in 2% Non-Nutrient Agar (NNA) plates and positive plates (16) were then cultured in axenic conditions for further analyses. Molecular analysis classified all isolated strains belonged to Acanthamoeba genotype T4 and osmotolerance and thermotolerance assays revealed that all strains were potentially pathogenic. In conclusion, the ocular surface of contact lens wearers included in this study was colonized by potentially pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba and should be considered as a risk for AK infection in this region and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez-Martín
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Clínica Nivaria, Avda. Reyes Católicos 25, 38005, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro Rocha-Cabrera
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Aitor Rizo-Liendo
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Chance RJ, Allcock Z, Secombes CJ, Collet B, Collins C. Effect of repeated exposure to AQUI-S ® on the viability and growth of Neoparamoeba perurans. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:291-298. [PMID: 28944485 PMCID: PMC5813168 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been recent efforts amongst immunologists to develop approaches for following individual fish during challenges with viral and bacterial pathogens. This study contributes to assessing the feasibility of using such approaches to study amoebic gill disease (AGD). Neoparamoeba perurans, agent of AGD, has been responsible for widespread economic and fish loss in salmonid aquaculture. With the emergence of AGD in Europe, research into infection dynamics and host response has increased. This study investigated the effect of repeat exposure to anaesthesia, a necessary requirement when following disease progression in individual fish, on N. perurans. In vitro cultures of N. perurans were exposed every 4 days over a 28-day period to AQUI-S® (isoeugenol), a popular anaesthetic choice for AGD challenges, at a concentration and duration required to sedate post-smolt salmonids. Population growth was measured by sequential counts of amoeba over the period, while viability of non-attached amoeba in the culture was assessed with a vital stain. AQUI-S® was found to be a suitable choice for in vivo ectoparasitic challenges with N. perurans during which repetitive anaesthesia is required for analysis of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Chance
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
- Marine Laboratory, Marine ScotlandAberdeenScotland
| | - Z Allcock
- Marine Laboratory, Marine ScotlandAberdeenScotland
| | - C J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenScotland
| | - B Collet
- Marine Laboratory, Marine ScotlandAberdeenScotland
| | - C Collins
- Marine Laboratory, Marine ScotlandAberdeenScotland
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Kot K, Łanocha-Arendarczyk NA, Kosik-Bogacka DI. Amoebas from the genus Acanthamoeba and their pathogenic properties. Ann Parasitol 2018; 64:299-308. [PMID: 30720249 DOI: 10.17420/ap6404.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amoebas from the genus Acanthamoeba are cosmopolitan organisms, which can exist as free-living organisms and as parasites within host tissue. Acanthamoeba infection present a serious risk to human health and are characterized by high mortality, especially in immunocompromised individuals. These protozoa are the etiological factors of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). They can also live in the lungs, adrenals glands, nose, throat, and bones of the host. Furthermore, the amoebas can be vectors of pathogenic bacteria. Acanthamoeba infection caused is a serious clinical problem mainly due to limited progress in diagnostics and treatment of this infection, which is associated with insufficient knowledge of pathogenesis, pathophysiology and the host immune response against Acanthamoeba antigens. This review study presents the biology of Acanthamoeba sp. as well as pathogenicity, diagnostics, and treatment of amoebas infections. It also presents data, including experimental results, concerning pathogenic properties and the host’s immunology response against Acanthamoeba sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia A. Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta I. Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Baltaza W, Padzik M, Szaflik JP, Dybicz M, Grochowska A, Kuryłowicz A, Chomicz L. Comparative examination on selected amphizoic amoebae in terms of their in vitro temperature tolerance – a possible indirect marker of potential pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba strains. Ann Parasitol 2018; 64:317-322. [PMID: 30720969 DOI: 10.17420/ap6404.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba species are ubiquitous in natural and man-made environments worldwide; some strains are able to colonize human eyes as facultative parasites. It has been shown that environmental and clinical isolates/species of Acanthamoeba vary in their pathogenicity. In this study we examine and compare the in vitro effects of the changing temperature on the population dynamics of subsequent amoebic strains. Identification of Acanthamoeba strain by morphological and molecular methods and temperature assays were performed. Monitoring of the corneal and environmental strains showed changes in population densities and a termo-tolerance correlating with pathogenicity of amoebae. Comparative assessment of results indicated differences in viability of amoebic populations in exponential growth phase in vitro cultivation. The increased awareness of the threat is needed for better understanding of impact of factors examined on pathogenesis in human infected with Acanthamoeba strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Baltaza
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Nowogrodzka 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Padzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Nowogrodzka 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Sierakowskiego 13, 03-709 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Dybicz
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Chałubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Grochowska
- Department of Medical Biology, University’s Scientific Circle “Interactions”, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Nowogrodzka 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kuryłowicz
- Department of Medical Biology, University’s Scientific Circle “Interactions”, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Nowogrodzka 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Chomicz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Nowogrodzka 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland
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Anwar A, Siddiqui R, Hussain MA, Ahmed D, Shah MR, Khan NA. Silver nanoparticle conjugation affects antiacanthamoebic activities of amphotericin B, nystatin, and fluconazole. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:265-271. [PMID: 29218442 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, killing more than 15 million people worldwide. This is despite our advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care. Nanoparticles offer a promising technology to enhance drug efficacy and formation of effective vehicles for drug delivery. Here, we conjugated amphotericin B, nystatin (macrocyclic polyenes), and fluconazole (azole) with silver nanoparticles. Silver-conjugated drugs were synthesized successfully and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Conjugated and unconjugated drugs were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype using amoebicidal assay and host cell cytotoxicity assay. Viability assays revealed that silver nanoparticles conjugated with amphotericin B (Amp-AgNPs) and nystatin (Nys-AgNPs) exhibited significant antiamoebic properties compared with drugs alone or AgNPs alone (P < 0.05) as determined by Trypan blue exclusion assay. In contrast, conjugation of fluconazole with AgNPs had limited effect on its antiamoebic properties. Notably, AgNP-coated drugs inhibited amoebae-mediated host cell cytotoxicity as determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release. Overall, here we present the development of a new formulation of more effective antiamoebic agents based on AgNPs coated with drugs that hold promise for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asim Hussain
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dania Ahmed
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Lima PC, Taylor RS, Cook M. Pseudocyst formation in the marine parasitic amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans: a short-term survival strategy to abrupt salinity variation. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1109-1113. [PMID: 28000922 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - R S Taylor
- Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - M Cook
- Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Marcos-López M, Espinosa Ruiz C, Rodger HD, O'Connor I, MacCarthy E, Esteban MÁ. Local and systemic humoral immune response in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) under a natural amoebic gill disease outbreak. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 66:207-216. [PMID: 28501445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD), caused by the protozoan parasite Neoparamoeba perurans, is one of the most significant infectious diseases for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) mariculture. The present study investigated the humoral immune response (both local in gill mucus and systemic in serum) of farmed Atlantic salmon naturally infected with N. perurans in commercial sea pens, at two different stages of the disease and after freshwater treatment. Parameters analysed included activity of immune related enzymes (i.e. lysozyme, peroxidase, protease, anti-protease, esterase, alkaline phosphatase), IgM levels, and the terminal carbohydrate profile in the gill mucus. Overall, greater variations between groups were noted in the immune parameters determined in gill mucus than the equivalent in the serum. In gill mucus, IgM levels and peroxidase, lysozyme, esterase and protease activities were decreased in fish showing longer exposure time to the infection and higher disease severity, then showed a sequential increase after treatment. Results obtained highlight the capacity of gills to elicit a local response to the infection, indicate an impaired immune response at the later stages of the disease, and show partial reestablishment of the host immune status after freshwater treatment. In addition to providing data on the humoral response to AGD, this study increases knowledge on gill mucosal humoral immunity, since some of the parameters were analysed for the first time in gill mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Marcos-López
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland; FishVet Group Ireland, Unit 7b Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hamish D Rodger
- FishVet Group Ireland, Unit 7b Oranmore Business Park, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
[b]Abstract Introduction[/b]. Among free-living amoebae that are widely distributed in nature only four genera/species are known as agents of human infections:[i] Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleriafowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris[/i] and[i] Sappiniapedata[/i]. These amoebae are not well adapted to parasitism, and could exist in the human environment without the need for a host. Infections due to these amoebae, despite low morbidity, are characterized by relatively high mortality rate and pose serious clinical problems. [b]Objectve[/b]. This review study presents and summarizes current knowledge about infections due to pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae focused on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment based on global literature. [b]State of knowledge[/b]. All four genera have been recognized as etiologic factors of fatal central nervous system infections and other serious diseases in humans. [i]N. fowleri[/i] causes an acute fulminating meningoencephalitis in children and young adults. [i]Acanthamoeba spp[/i]. and [i]B.mandrillaris[/i] are opportunistic pathogens causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and disseminated or localized infections which could affect the skin, sinuses, lungs, adrenals and/or bones. [i]Acanthamoeba spp[/i]. is also the main agent of acute eye infection -[i] Acanthamoeba keratitis, [/i]mostly in contact lens wearers. However, there is only one recognized case of encephalitis caused by [i]S. pedata. [/i] [b]Conclusions[/b]. Amoebic diseases are difficult to diagnose which leads to delayed treatment, and result in a high mortality rate. Considering those issues, there is an urgent need to draw more attention to this type of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Hellebø A, Stene A, Aspehaug V. PCR survey for Paramoeba perurans in fauna, environmental samples and fish associated with marine farming sites for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:661-670. [PMID: 27594383 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present PCR survey, the focus was to identify reservoir species or environmental samples where P. perurans could be present throughout the year, regardless of the infection status in farmed Atlantic salmon. A total of 1200 samples were collected at or in the proximity to farming sites with AGD, or with history of AGD, and analysed for the presence of P. perurans. No results supported biofouling organisms, salmon lice, biofilm or sediment to maintain P. perurans. However, during clinical AGD in Atlantic salmon, the amoeba were detected in several samples, including water, biofilm, plankton, several filter feeders and wild fish. It is likely that some of these samples were positive as a result of the continuous exposure through water. Positive wild fish may contribute to the spread of P. perurans. Cleaner fish tested positive for P. perurans when salmon tested negative, indicating that they may withhold the amoeba longer than salmon. The results demonstrate the high infection pressure produced from an AGD-afflicted Atlantic salmon population and thus the importance of early intervention to reduce infection pressure and horizontal spread of P. perurans within farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hellebø
- Møreforsking Ålesund AS, Ålesund, Norway
| | - A Stene
- NTNU in Ålesund, Ålesund, Norway
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42
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Azumah BK, Addo PG, Dodoo A, Awandare G, Mosi L, Boakye DA, Wilson MD. Experimental demonstration of the possible role of Acanthamoeba polyphaga in the infection and disease progression in Buruli Ulcer (BU) using ICR mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172843. [PMID: 28329001 PMCID: PMC5362167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of Buruli ulcer (BU), caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), remains puzzling although a number of hypothesis including through bites of infected aquatic insects have been proposed. We report the results of experiments using ICR mice that give credence to our hypothesis that Acanthamoeba species may play a role in BU transmission. We cocultured MU N2 and MU 1615 which expresses red fluorescent protein (RFP) and Acanthamoeba polyphaga (AP), and confirmed infected AP by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining. We tested for viability of MU inside AP and observed strong RFP signals inside both trophozoites and cysts after 3 and 42 days of coculturing respectively. ICR mice were topically treated, either on shaved intact or shaved pinpricked rumps, with one of the following; MU N2 only (2.25 x 106 colony forming units [CFU] / ml), MU N2:AP coculture (2.96 x 104 CFU: 1.6 x 106 cells/ml), AP only (1.6 x 106 cells/ml), PYG medium and sterile distilled water. Both MU N2 only and MU N2:AP elicited reddening on day (D) 31; edema on D 45 and D 44 respectively, and ulcers on D 49 at pinpricked sites only. To ascertain infectivity and pathogenicity of MU N2 only and MU N2:AP, and compare their virulence, the standard mouse footpad inoculation method was used. MU N2:AP elicited reddening in footpads by D 3 compared to D 14 with MU N2 only of the same dose of MU N2 (2.96 x 104 CFU). ZN-stained MU were observed in both thin sectioned and homogenized lesions, and aspirates from infected sites. Viable MU N2 were recovered from cultures of the homogenates and aspirates. This study demonstrates in ICR mice MU transmission via passive infection, and shows that punctures in the skin are prerequisite for infection, and that coculturing of MU with AP enhances pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright K. Azumah
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis G. Addo
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (PGA); (MDW)
| | - Alfred Dodoo
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lydia Mosi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel A. Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael D. Wilson
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail: (PGA); (MDW)
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Collins C, Hall M, Bruno D, Sokolowska J, Duncan L, Yuecel R, McCarthy U, Fordyce MJ, Pert CC, McIntosh R, MacKay Z. Generation of Paramoeba perurans clonal cultures using flow cytometry and confirmation of virulence. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:351-365. [PMID: 27524425 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) in farmed Atlantic salmon is caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans. The recent establishment of in vitro culture techniques for P. perurans has provided a valuable tool for studying the parasite in detail. In this study, flow cytometry was used to generate clonal cultures from single-sorted amoeba, and these were used to successfully establish AGD in experimental Atlantic salmon. The clonal cultures displayed differences in virulence, based on gill scores. The P. perurans load on gills, determined by qPCR analysis, showed a positive relationship with gill score, and with clonal virulence, indicating that the ability of amoebae to proliferate and/or remain attached on gills may play a role in virulence. Gill scores based on gross signs and histopathological analysis were in agreement. No association between level of gill score and specific gill arch was observed. It was found that for fish with lower gill scores based on histopathological examination, gross examination and qPCR analysis of gills from the same fish were less successful in detecting lesions and amoebae, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Collins
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Hall
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D Bruno
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Sokolowska
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - L Duncan
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R Yuecel
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - U McCarthy
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M J Fordyce
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - C C Pert
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R McIntosh
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Z MacKay
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, UK
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Constenla M, Padrós F, Del Pozo R, Palenzuela O. Development of different diagnostic techniques for Endolimax piscium (archamoebae) and their applicability in Solea senegalensis clinical samples. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1433-1443. [PMID: 27260115 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic amoebiasis of sole is caused by Endolimax piscium, a cryptic parasitic archamoeba whose epidemiology and pathogeny are yet unknown. To establish reliable detection methods for this parasite, a battery of molecular diagnostic tools (ISH, PCR and qPCR) were developed and evaluated with a panel of clinical samples from symptomatic diseased fish and from apparently normal animals of different stocks. As there is neither enough background information on the epidemiology of the disease nor a validated reference method, comparison of tests used a composite reference method approach. The ISH technique was the most specific and sensitive in intestine samples and particularly useful as a reference confirmatory method, while the best method in muscle samples was qPCR. Application of the tests to asymptomatic fish demonstrated presence of parasites in a large proportion (>25%) of their intestines, suggesting that this is the point of entry of the amoebae and the initial stage in the development of the disease. The triggering factors that facilitate the breaching of the intestinal barrier by E. piscium, causing granulomatous lesions in other organs and systemic spreading, are not completely understood but our results point to the connective tissue as a preferential target for parasite development and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Constenla
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, XRAq (Generalitat de Catalunya), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Padrós
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia and Servei de Diagnòstic Patològic en Peixos, XRAq (Generalitat de Catalunya), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Del Pozo
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - O Palenzuela
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
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45
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Shohaib HM, Nawaz S, Matin A. Methanolic extract of Peganum harmala exhibit potent activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and its encystment in vitro. Pak J Pharm Sci 2016; 29:1993-1996. [PMID: 28375115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is member of free living amoeba that may cause painful sight-threatening keratitis and life threatening encephalitis which involves central nervous system. Treatments for both infections are problematic because of the amoebic cysts resistance to therapeutic agents. Here we evaluated in vitro strength of methanolic seed extract of Peganum harmala on Acanthamoeba cysts and its encystment mechanism. Our results revealed seed extracts (1 to 30mg/ml) exhibited amoebicidal effects against Acanthamoeba cysts. Furthermore Acanthamoeba encystment was also inhibited in concentration dependent manner with maximum inhibition at 2µg/ml after 48h incubation. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that methanolic extracts exhibit remarkable inhibition of Acanthamoeba cysts and encystment in vitro which could serve a potential new natural agent against Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Shohaib
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Hattar Road, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Salik Nawaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Matin
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University of Haripur, Hattar Road, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia
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46
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Gjeltema JL, Troan B, Muehlenbachs A, Liu L, Da Silva AJ, Qvarnstrom Y, Tobias JR, Loomis MR, De Voe RS. Amoebic meningoencephalitis and disseminated infection caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:315-21. [PMID: 26799111 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 22-year-old male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in a zoo was evaluated for signs of lethargy, head-holding, and cervical stiffness followed by development of neurologic abnormalities including signs of depression, lip droop, and tremors. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination under general anesthesia revealed a tooth root abscess and suboptimal body condition. A CBC and serum biochemical analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia consistent with a stress leukogram, and signs consistent with dehydration. Subsequent CSF analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and markedly increased total protein concentration. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Despite treatment with antimicrobials, steroids, and additional supportive care measures, the gorilla's condition progressed to an obtunded mentation with grand mal seizures over the course of 10 days. Therefore, the animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed. Multifocal areas of malacia and hemorrhage were scattered throughout the brain; on histologic examination, these areas consisted of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with mixed inflammation, vascular necrosis, and intralesional amoebic trophozoites. Tan foci were also present in the kidneys and pancreas. Immunohistochemical testing positively labeled free-living amoebae within the brain, kidneys, eyes, pancreas, heart, and pulmonary capillaries. Subsequent PCR assay of CSF and frozen kidney samples identified the organism as Balamuthia mandrillaris, confirming a diagnosis of amoebic meningoencephalitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with B mandrillaris has been reported to account for 2.8% of captive gorilla deaths in North America over the past 19 years. Clinicians working with gorillas should have a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis when evaluating and treating animals with signs of centrally localized neurologic disease.
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Memari F, Niyyati M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Jonaydi Z. Isolation and molecular characterization of Acanthamoeba strains isolated from the oral cavity of immunosuppressed individuals in Tehran, Iran. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:451-5. [PMID: 27447206 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. is an opportunistic protozoan parasite which is the causative agent of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). GAE usually occurs in immunocompromised patients which in most cases is fatal. The present study was conducted to determine the genotypes of Acanthamoeba isolated from patients with compromised immunological status. For this purpose, 90 samples from the oral cavity of these individuals were collected in different hospitals of Tehran, Iran using sterile cotton swabs. Samples were cultured in 2% Non-Nutrient Agar (NNA) plates in order to check for the presence of amoebae. Identification of isolates was carried out using both morphological and molecular tools. The pathogenic potential of the obtained strains was assessed by performing osmo- and thermotolerance assays as previously described. Genotyping of the isolates was carried out by PCR/sequencing of the DF3 region of the 18S rDNA gene of Acanthamoeba. From the 90 collected samples, 11 (13.4%) were positive for Acanthamoeba genus. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of genotypes T3, T4 and T11, although most of the isolates belonged to genotype T4. Only 3 of the isolates genotyped as T4 were positive for the pathogenic potential assays. To this end if the immunological status is considered as one of the key factors for the development of GAE due to Acanthamoeba in the previous reported cases, individuals suffering from the conditions mentioned in this study should be considered as a high risk group of population in Iran and worldwide.
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Wiik-Nielsen J, Mo TA, Kolstad H, Mohammad SN, Hytterød S, Powell MD. Morphological diversity of Paramoeba perurans trophozoites and their interaction with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., gills. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1113-1123. [PMID: 26775899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans affects several cultured marine fish species worldwide. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. perurans in vitro and in vivo was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Amoebae cultures contained several different morphologies ranging from a distinct rounded cell structure and polymorphic cells with pseudopodia of different lengths and shapes. SEM studies of the gills of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., revealed the presence of enlarged swellings in affected gill filaments and fusion of adjacent lamellae. Spherical amoebae appeared to embed within the epithelium, and subsequently leave hemispherical indentations with visible fenestrations in the basolateral surface following their departure. These fenestrated structures corresponded to the presence of pseudopodia which could be seen by TEM to penetrate into the epithelium. The membrane-membrane interface contained an amorphous and slightly fibrous matrix. This suggests the existence of cellular glycocalyces and a role for extracellular products in mediating pathological changes in amoebic gill disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T A Mo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Kolstad
- Imaging Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - S Hytterød
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M D Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
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49
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Quaglio F, Perolo A, Bronzatti P, Gustinelli A, Menconi V, Cavazza G, Caffara M, Manfrin A, Gallo E, Fioravanti ML. Nodular gill disease in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Italy. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:1139-1142. [PMID: 26850914 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A Perolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - P Bronzatti
- Veterinarian fish pathologist, Verona, Italy
| | - A Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - V Menconi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - G Cavazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - M Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - A Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Adria, Italy
| | - E Gallo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M L Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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50
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Abstract
About 70% mortality occurred in cultured coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch at a marine farm in the South Sea of Korea in 2014. Diseased fish showed greyish or pale patches on the gills, with no internal signs of disease. No bacteria or viruses were isolated from diseased fish, but numerous amoebae were found on the gills. Histopathological examinations revealed extensive hyperplastic epithelium and lamellar fusion in the gills. Numerous amoebae were seen between gill filaments. The amoebae had a 630 bp partial 18S rRNA gene fragment specific to Neoparamoeba perurans. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 18S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences revealed that this Korean amoeba belonged to the N. perurans group. This is the first report of N. perurans infection in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wi-Sik Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, South Korea
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