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Klykken C, Khan E, Karlsen C, Reed AK, Attramadal KJK, Olsen RE, Boissonnot L. Nephrocalcinosis in juvenile farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) may be linked to osmoregulatory stress. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:943-956. [PMID: 37269206 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nephrocalcinosis is a widespread challenge in intensive production of salmon smolt. There is however no consensus on its aetiology, which makes it problematic to implement proper measures to limit its development. We performed a survey of nephrocalcinosis prevalence and environmental factors in 11 different hatcheries in Mid-Norway as well as a 6-month monitoring in one of the hatcheries. A multivariate analysis indicated that the most influencing factor for the prevalence of nephrocalcinosis was the supplementation of sea water during smolt production. In the 6-month monitoring, the hatchery introduced salinity in the production water prior to the change in day length. Mismatch in those environmental signals may increase the risk for developing nephrocalcinosis. Salinity fluctuations prior to smoltification can cause osmotic stress and result in unbalanced levels of ions in fish blood. This was clearly illustrated in our study, as the fish experienced chronic hypercalcaemia and hypermagnesaemia. Both magnesium and calcium are excreted over the kidneys and it is possible that their prolonged, elevated levels in plasma resulted in an oversaturation of the urine when finally excreted. This again could have led to the aggregation of calcium deposits within the kidney. This study indicates a relationship between osmotic stress induced by salinity changes in juvenile Atlantic salmon and the development of nephrocalcinosis. Other factors that may affect the severity of nephrocalcinosis are currently subjects for discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klykken
- Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - C Karlsen
- Aqua Kompetanse AS, Flatanger, Norway
| | - A K Reed
- Pharmaq Analytiq AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - K J K Attramadal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R E Olsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Bowden AJ, Adams MB, Andrewartha SJ, Elliott NG, Frappell PB, Clark TD. Amoebic gill disease increases energy requirements and decreases hypoxia tolerance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 265:111128. [PMID: 34952237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) aquaculture is now routinely affected by amoebic gill disease (AGD; Neoparamoeba perurans). The disease proliferates throughout the summer and is implicated in decreasing tolerance of salmon to environmental perturbations, yet little empirical evidence exists to support these observations. Using salmon acclimated to 15 or 19 °C, our aim was to determine the effects of clinically light-moderate (industry-relevant) AGD on metabolism (ṀO2rest and ṀO2max), aerobic scope (ṀO2max - ṀO2rest), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and hypoxia tolerance. An increase in ṀO2rest (~8% and ~ 13% increase within the 15 and 19 °C acclimation groups, respectively) with increasing disease signs demonstrated an increase in baseline energy requirements as the disease progressed. Conversely, ṀO2max remained stable at both temperatures (~364 mg O2 kg-1 h-1), resulting in a decline in aerobic scope by 13 and 19% in the 15 and 19 °C groups, respectively. There was evidence of a decrease in hypoxia tolerance as the dissolved oxygen concentrations at loss of equilibrium increased by ~8% with more severe lesion coverage of the gills. These results suggest an increase in basal energy requirements and reduction in hypoxia tolerance as AGD proliferates, lending support to the idea that AGD reduces environmental tolerance. However, the lack of an effect of acclimation temperature indicates that the temperature-disease interaction may be more complicated than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bowden
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - M B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - N G Elliott
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P B Frappell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - T D Clark
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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3
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Li XP, Chen GY, Jin Q, Lou FR, Liu BJ, Zhang J, Feng JX, Chen TT. CsIL-11, a teleost interleukin-11, is involved in promoting phagocytosis and antibacterial immune defense. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1021-1028. [PMID: 34666131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the IL-6 family, which plays essential roles in immune response. However, much less is known about the immunological functions of IL-11 in teleost. In this study, we investigated the immune properties of a teleost IL-11 homologue (CsIL-11) from tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. CsIL-11 possesses four conserved α-helices and conserved CsIL-11 receptor binding residues L86 and R187, and shares 23.3%-80.1% identities with other IL-11 homologues. CsIL-11 expression was constitutive in tissues, with most abundant in blood and least abundant in spleen, and upregulated by bacterial challenge in blood, spleen, and head kidney. Recombinant CsIL-11 (rCsIL-11) in the native form of monomer, could bind to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) membrane and enhance the activation and phagocytosis of PBLs. When administered in vivo, rCsIL-11 could markedly promote the host to defend against microbial infection. Overall, our findings show that CsIL-11 plays a pivotal role in regulating PBLs phagocytosis and antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fang-Rui Lou
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bing-Jian Liu
- Marine Sciences and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ji-Xing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Takahashi Y, Okamura Y, Harada N, Watanabe M, Miyanishi H, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Interleukin-22 Deficiency Contributes to Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammation in Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688036. [PMID: 34759916 PMCID: PMC8573258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue forms the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Cellular damage in the mucosal epithelium may induce the interleukin (IL)-22-related activation of many immune cells, which are essential for maintaining the mucosal epithelial barrier. A previous study on mucosal immunity elucidated that mammalian IL-22 contributes to mucus and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production and anti-apoptotic function. IL-22 has been identified in several teleost species and is also induced in response to bacterial infections. However, the roles of IL-22 in teleost immunity and mucus homeostasis are poorly understood. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) was used as a model fish. The medaka il22, il22 receptor A1 (il22ra1), and il22 binding protein (il22bp) were cloned and characterized. The expression of medaka il22, il22ra1, and il22bp in various tissues was measured using qPCR. These genes were expressed at high levels in the mucosal tissues of the intestines, gills, and skin. The localization of il22 and il22bp mRNA in the gills and intestines was confirmed by in situ hybridizations. Herein, we established IL-22-knockout (KO) medaka using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In the IL-22-KO medaka, a 4-bp deletion caused a frameshift in il22. To investigate the genes subject to IL-22-dependent regulation, we compared the transcripts of larval medaka between wild-type (WT) and IL-22-KO medaka using RNA-seq and qPCR analyses. The comparison was performed not only in the naïve state but also in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-exposed state. At the transcriptional level, 368 genes, including immune genes, such as those encoding AMPs and cytokines, were significantly downregulated in IL-22-KO medaka compared that in WT medaka in naïve states. Gene ontology analysis revealed that upon DSS stimulation, genes associated with cell death, acute inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and others were upregulated in WT medaka. Furthermore, in DSS-stimulated IL-22-KO medaka, wound healing was delayed, the number of apoptotic cells increased, and the number of goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium decreased. These results suggested that in medaka, IL-22 is important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and the disruption of the IL-22 pathway is associated with the exacerbation of inflammatory pathology, as observed for mammalian IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takahashi
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nanaki Harada
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Poppe TT, Reed AK, Hofossaeter M, Wisløff H. Novel myocardial pathology in farmed salmonids. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1657-1660. [PMID: 34214213 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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6
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Walsh HL, Blazer VS, Mazik PM. Identification of Aphanomyces invadans, the cause of epizootic ulcerative syndrome, in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from the Cheat River, West Virginia, USA. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1639-1641. [PMID: 34114662 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Walsh
- Leetown Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Vicki S Blazer
- Leetown Research Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Patricia M Mazik
- U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, West Virginia University Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Design, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Fragkoulis S, Koumoundouros G. Simple morphometrics for predicting lordosis-induced deviations of body shape in reared Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1265-1267. [PMID: 33900638 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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8
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Hoitsy M, Hoitsy G, Jakab C, Molnár T, Gál J, Baska F. Intussusception caused by intestinal neoplasia in mature rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:893-898. [PMID: 33690895 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is growing and includes the farming and breeding of more than 580 aquatic species worldwide. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) is the most commonly bred trout species in Hungary. As broodfish form the basis of most fish farms, investigation into tumours occurring in trout, although under-researched, has proven to be a valuable and necessary field of study. During our investigation, we examined a broodstock of 3- to 6-year-old rainbow trouts (800) affected with idiopathic intestinal tumours (3%) which had consequentially led to ileus (40%). While performing necropsy, initial pathological observations showed intussusceptions. Tumours were discovered upon opening the body cavity, as well as metastasis forming in the livers and in the vessels of the gills. Histopathological and immunohistochemical tests allowed us to identify the neoplasms. The primary adenocarcinoma was found to have been developed within the intestines of the fish. The tumour tissue broke through the basal membrane and infiltrated the propria, protruding asymmetrically into the lumen of the mid-intestines, causing it to narrow significantly. This subsequently led to passage disorders, invagination of the intestinal segment and finally the emaciation of the fish. Histopathological and immunohistochemical inspection of the tumour cells displayed a high mitotic index, confirming malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Hoitsy
- Kaposvár Campus, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation, Szent István University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | | | | | - Tamás Molnár
- Kaposvár Campus, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Nature Conservation, Szent István University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - János Gál
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Baska
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine and Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Faber MN, Sojan JM, Saraiva M, van West P, Secombes CJ. Development of a 3D spheroid cell culture system from fish cell lines for in vitro infection studies: Evaluation with Saprolegnia parasitica. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:701-710. [PMID: 33434302 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ways in which pathogens infect host cells is essential to improve and develop new treatment strategies. This study aimed to generate a novel in vitro infection model by establishing a reproducible 3D spheroid cell culture system that may lead to a reduced need for animals in fish disease research. 2D models (commonly cell lines) cannot replicate many key conditions of in vivo infections, but 3D spheroids have the potential to provide bridging technology between in vivo and in vitro systems. 3D spheroids were generated using cells from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell lines, RTG-2 and RTS-11. The RTG-2 spheroids were tested for their potential to be infected upon exposure to Saprolegnia parasitica spores. Positive infiltration of mycelia into the spheroids was verified by confocal microscopy. As a closer analogue of in vivo conditions encountered during infection, the straightforward model developed in this study shows promise as an additional tool that can be used to further our understanding of host-pathogen interactions for Saprolegnia and possibly a variety of other fish pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jerry M Sojan
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Marcia Saraiva
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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10
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Gibson-Kueh S, Uichanco JA. The pathology associated with putative algal toxicosis in red snapper, Lutjanus species (Bloch 1790). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:857-861. [PMID: 33774842 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gibson-Kueh
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Malard L, Riginos C, McGuigan K. Skeletal deformities and meristic trait variations are common in the intertidal fish Bathygobius cocosensis (Perciformes-Gobiidae). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:665-673. [PMID: 33400822 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extreme environmental conditions, such as temperature, can lead to meristic trait variation and skeletal deformities, which may have major impacts on individual fitness. As intertidal ecosystems experience rapid temperature and physicochemical fluctuations, intertidal fish living and reproducing in these environmental conditions may have phenotypes influenced by such variable environments. The impact of intertidal variability on fish development, however, has not been previously investigated. Skeletal deformities and meristic traits were assessed for Bathygobius cocosensis, a common intertidal fish living across the Indo-Pacific region, using a clearing and staining method on 72 individuals. Over 87% of individuals presented meristic variation and over 70% exhibited at least one type of skeletal deformity, mostly recorded in the caudal fin area. The unexpected prevalence of skeletal deformities among this intertidal fish population suggests that such deformities may be suitable markers to evaluate an individual's stress exposure during development and the subsequent fitness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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12
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Weichert FG, Axén C, Förlin L, Inostroza PA, Kammann U, Welling A, Sturve J, Asker N. A multi-biomarker study on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) affected by the emerging Red Skin Disease in the Baltic Sea. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:429-440. [PMID: 33103251 PMCID: PMC7984219 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For half a decade, the Atlantic salmon in the Baltic Sea has been facing severe health issues. Clinical signs like haemorrhage, erosions and ulcerative/necrotic skin conditions in returning adults have been reported from different Swedish rivers. These primary disease signs precede a secondary, terminal fungal infection. As initial investigations of the disease did not provide conclusive answers regarding the pathogenesis, this study was initiated to gain insight into a possible link between this so-called Red Skin Disease and anthropogenic influences. Therefore, returning salmon were caught in rivers along the Swedish coast and different tissues were sampled. The focus was put on the measurements of a battery of biomarkers as well as biochemical and haematological parameters, which were analysed using multivariate statistics. The main findings were a severe osmotic haemodilution, an immune response and an alteration of the carbohydrate metabolism in diseased fish. Furthermore, oxidative stress does not seem to be a likely factor in the pathogenesis. Concluding, certain changes in physiological parameters were shown to be indicative for the disease patterns, while others were ruled out as significant factors. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the Red Skin Disease and may act as a hypothesis generator for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian G. Weichert
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Charlotte Axén
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA)UppsalaSweden
| | - Lars Förlin
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Pedro A. Inostroza
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | | | - Joachim Sturve
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Noomi Asker
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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13
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English CJ, Botwright NA, Adams MB, Barnes AC, Wynne JW, Lima PC, Cook MT. Immersion challenge of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. did not increase the severity of Neoparamoeba perurans-induced amoebic gill disease (AGD). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:149-160. [PMID: 33314290 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is one of the main health issues impacting farmed Atlantic salmon. Neoparamoeba perurans causes AGD; however, a diversity of other amoeba species colonizes the gills and there is little understanding of whether they are commensal or potentially involved in different stages of gill disease development. Here, we conduct in vivo challenges of naïve Atlantic salmon with cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. to investigate their pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon gills. Additionally, we assessed whether the presence of Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. influences the onset and/or severity of N. perurans-induced AGD. All three strains attached and multiplied on the gills according to qPCR analysis. Furthermore, minor gross gill lesions and histological changes were observed post-exposure. While N. perurans was found associated with classical AGD lesions, Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. were not found associated with lesion sites and these lesions did not meet the expected composite of histopathological changes for AGD. Moreover, the presence of these non-N. perurans species did not significantly increase the severity of AGD. This trial provides evidence that cultured Nolandella sp. and Pseudoparamoeba sp. do not induce AGD and do not influence the severity of AGD during the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J English
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, Qld, Australia
| | - Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mark B Adams
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tas, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Hobart, Tas, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Mathew T Cook
- Livestock & Aquaculture, CSIRO, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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14
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Li X, Zheng S, Ma X, Cheng K, Wu G. Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part I: effects of poultry by-product meal and soybean meal on growth, feed utilization, and health. Amino Acids 2021; 53:33-47. [PMID: 33236255 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets [containing 54, 30, 15, 10, and 5% fishmeal crude-protein (CP), dry matter (DM) basis] were prepared by replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal plus soybean meal to feed juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, with an initial mean body weight of 4.9 g) for 8 weeks. All diets contained 54% CP and 13% lipids. There were four tanks of fish per treatment group (15 fish/tank). The fish were fed twice daily with the same feed intake (g/fish) in all the dietary groups. Results indicated that the inclusion of 15% fishmeal protein in the diet is sufficient for LMB growth. However, some of the fish that were fed diets containing ≤ 15% fishmeal CP had black skin syndrome (characterized by skin darkening and retinal degeneration, as well as intestinal and liver atrophies and structural abnormalities). The concentrations of taurine, methionine, threonine and histidine in serum were reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets containing 5, 10 and 15% fishmeal CP, compared with the 30 and 54% fishmeal CP diets. Interestingly, the concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan in serum were higher in fish fed diets with ≤ 15% fishmeal CP than those in the 54% fishmeal CP group. These results indicated that 15% fishmeal CP in the diet containing poultry by-product meal and soybean meal was sufficient for the maximum growth and feed efficiency in LMB but inadequate for their intestinal, skin, eye, and liver health. A reduction in dietary methionine and taurine content and the possible presence of antinutritional factors in the fishmeal replacements diets containing high inclusion levels of soybean meal may contribute to black skin syndrome in LMB. We recommend that the diets of juvenile LMB contain 30% fishmeal CP (DM basis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shixuan Zheng
- Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd, Zhanjiang, 524017, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuekun Ma
- Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd, Zhanjiang, 524017, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaimin Cheng
- Guangdong Yuehai Feeds Group Co., Ltd, Zhanjiang, 524017, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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15
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Malik MS, Bjørgen H, Nyman IB, Wessel Ø, Koppang EO, Dahle MK, Rimstad E. PRV-1 Infected Macrophages in Melanized Focal Changes in White Muscle of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Correlates With a Pro-Inflammatory Environment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664624. [PMID: 33995395 PMCID: PMC8116804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanized focal changes in white skeletal muscle of farmed Atlantic salmon, "black spots", is a quality problem affecting on average 20% of slaughtered fish. The spots appear initially as "red spots" characterized by hemorrhages and acute inflammation and progress into black spots characterized by chronic inflammation and abundant pigmented cells. Piscine orthoreovirus 1 (PRV-1) was previously found to be associated with macrophages and melano-macrophages in red and black spots. Here we have addressed the inflammatory microenvironment of red and black spots by studying the polarization status of the macrophages and cell mediated immune responses in spots, in both PRV-1 infected and non-infected fish. Samples that had been collected at regular intervals through the seawater production phase in a commercial farm were analyzed by multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and RT-qPCR methods. Detection of abundant inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) expressing M1-polarized macrophages in red spots demonstrated a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. There was an almost perfect co-localization with the iNOS2 expression and PRV-1 infection. Black spots, on the other side, had few iNOS2 expressing cells, but a relatively high number of arginase-2 expressing anti-inflammatory M2-polarized macrophages containing melanin. The numerous M2-polarized melano-macrophages in black spots indicate an ongoing healing phase. Co-localization of PRV-1 and cells expressing CD8+ and MHC-I suggests a targeted immune response taking place in the spots. Altogether, this study indicates that PRV-1 induces a pro-inflammatory environment that is important for the pathogenesis of the spots. We do not have indication that infection of PRV-1 is the initial causative agent of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingvild Berg Nyman
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Section of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Maria K. Dahle
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Espen Rimstad,
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16
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Schmidt-Posthaus H, Koch M, Seuberlich T, Birrer C, Hirschi R, Kugler M. Mysterious syndrome causing high mortality in wild brown trout in Eastern Switzerland, pathology and search for a possible cause. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:1317-1324. [PMID: 32830324 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, annually occurring species-specific die-offs of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) occurred in the Thur River, situated in the Eastern part of Switzerland. These events lead to drastically reduced population densities in the impacted river regions. Clinical signs in brown trout and mortality were restricted to few weeks in August/September. To characterize the syndrome and to find possible causes, from end of March to November 2018, one-year-old brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to water from Thur River, fish were sampled regularly and screened for infectious agents, including viral metagenomics, and pathology was described. Starting approximately four months post-exposure, brown trout showed severe lymphohistiocytic pancarditis and necrotizing and haemorrhagic hepatitis. These lesions were recorded until the end of the experiment in November. Rainbow trout were not affected at any point in time. No infectious agents could be identified so far as cause of disease, especially no viral aetiology. Even if pathogenesis and pathology point in the direction of an infectious agent, a causative relationship could not be confirmed and aetiology remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Koch
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Birrer
- Canton St. Gallen, Department of Economic Affairs, Office for Nature, Hunting and Fisheries, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Regula Hirschi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kugler
- Canton St. Gallen, Department of Economic Affairs, Office for Nature, Hunting and Fisheries, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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17
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Mehrabi Z, Firouzbakhsh F, Rahimi-Mianji G, Paknejad H. Immunity and growth improvement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed dietary nettle (Urtica dioica) against experimental challenge with Saprolegnia parasitica. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 104:74-82. [PMID: 32446965 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of nettle (Urtica dioica) on growth, immunity, and gene expressions were examined in rainbow trout after an 8-week feeding period. A total of 264 juvenile rainbow trout (10.72 ± 0.55 g) were selected and stocked randomly in 12 aquaria. Nettle powder was added to the fish feed at three doses, 0.5,1 and 1.5% served as treatments. At the end of 8-week feeding period, the fish were exposed to Saprolegnia parasitica for 3 weeks. Results showed that all treatments fed with nettle diets exhibited significant increases in weight gain and SGR, and decreased FCR compared to the control. Feeding the fish with dietary nettle resulted in significant rises in blood indices and non-specific immunity in comparison with the control. Furthermore, fish fed 0.5% of dietary nettle showed significantly increased expressions of TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-8 genes following 8 weeks of feeding. A significant reduction in mortality rate was observed in the fish treated with 0.5% of nettle compared to the control following challenging with S. parasitica. Our observations indicate that the use of 0.5% nettle powder in rainbow trout diet can improve growth and immunity parameters as well as fish resistance against S. parasitica contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibandeh Mehrabi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Farid Firouzbakhsh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ghodrat Rahimi-Mianji
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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18
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Serna-Duque JA, Esteban MÁ. Effects of inflammation and/or infection on the neuroendocrine control of fish intestinal motility: A review. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 103:342-356. [PMID: 32454211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food is the largest expense in fish farms. On the other hand, the fish health and wellbeing are determining factors in aquaculture production where nutrition is a vital process for growing animals. In fact, it is important to remember that digestion and nutrition are crucial for animals' physiology. However, digestion is a very complex process in which food is processed to obtain necessary nutrients and central mechanisms of this process require both endocrine and neuronal regulation. In this context, intestinal motility is essential for the absorption of the nutrients (digestive process determining nutrition). An imbalance in the intestinal motility due to an inadequate diet or an infectious process could result in a lower use of the food and inefficiency in obtaining nutrients from food. Very frequently, farmed fish are infected with different pathogenic microorganism and this situation could alter gastrointestinal physiology and, indirectly reduce fish growth. For these reasons, the present review focuses on analysing how different inflammatory molecules or infections can alter conventional modulators of fish intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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19
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Stiller KT, Kolarevic J, Lazado CC, Gerwins J, Good C, Summerfelt ST, Mota VC, Espmark ÅMO. The Effects of Ozone on Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolt in Brackish Water-Establishing Welfare Indicators and Thresholds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5109. [PMID: 32698319 PMCID: PMC7404298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a strong oxidant, and its use in aquaculture has been shown to improve water quality and fish health. At present, it is predominantly used in freshwater systems due to the high risk of toxic residual oxidant exposure in brackish water and seawater. Here, we report the effects of ozone on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolts (~100 g), in a brackish water (12 ppt) flow-through system. Salmon were exposed to oxidation reduction potential concentrations of 250 mV (control), 280 mV (low), 350 mV (medium), 425 mV (high) and 500 mV (very high). The physiological impacts of ozone were characterized by blood biochemical profiling, histopathologic examination and gene expression analysis in skin and gills. Fish exposed to 425 mV and higher showed ≥33% cumulative mortality in less than 10 days. No significant mortalities were recorded in the remaining groups. The skin surface quality and the thickness of the dermal and epidermal layers were not significantly affected by the treatments. On the other hand, gill histopathology showed the adverse effects of increasing ozone doses and the changes were more pronounced in the group exposed to 350 mV and higher. Cases of gill damages such as necrosis, lamellar fusion and hypertrophy were prevalent in the high and very high groups. Expression profiling of key biomarkers for mucosal health supported the histology results, showing that gills were significantly more affected by higher ozone doses compared to the skin. Increasing ozone doses triggered anti-oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the gills, where transcript levels of glutathione reductase, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, interleukin 1β and interleukin were significantly elevated. Heat shock protein 70 was significantly upregulated in the skin of fish exposed to 350 mV and higher. Bcl-2 associated x protein was the only gene marker that was significantly upregulated by increasing ozone doses in both mucosal tissues. In conclusion, the study revealed that short-term exposure to ozone at concentrations higher than 350 mV in salmon in brackish water resulted in significant health and welfare consequences, including mortality and gill damages. The results of the study will be valuable in developing water treatment protocols for salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Stiller
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
| | - Jelena Kolarevic
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
| | - Carlo C. Lazado
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
| | - Jascha Gerwins
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
| | - Christopher Good
- The Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA; (C.G.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Steven T. Summerfelt
- The Conservation Fund’s Freshwater Institute, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA; (C.G.); (S.T.S.)
| | - Vasco C. Mota
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
| | - Åsa M. O. Espmark
- Nofima AS, NO 9291 Tromsø, Norway; (J.K.); (C.C.L.); (J.G.); (V.C.M.); (Å.M.O.E.)
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20
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Zhang B, Li C, Wang X, Liu C, Zhou H, Mai K, He G. Administration of commensal Shewanella sp. MR-7 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 102:460-468. [PMID: 32389740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate whether the administration of commensal Shewanella sp. MR-7 (MR-7) could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestine dysfunction in turbot. Fish (body weight: 70.00 ± 2.00 g) were randomly divided into three groups including the control group treated with dough, the LPS group treated with dough plus LPS, and the LPS+MR-7 (LMR) group treated with dough plus LPS and MR-7. These three groups with 24 fish each were force-fed with 1 g dough daily for 7 continuous days. The results revealed that MR-7 administration ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal injury, showing higher intestinal villus and microvillus height. Further results showed that MR-7 could inhibit LPS-induced activation of TLR-NF-κB signaling thus maintaining the normal expression levels of cytokines and finally ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response in turbot. Compared with the LPS group, LMR group had less goblet cells and lower mucin-2 expression level. Moreover, MR-7 restored LPS-induced down-regulation of tight junction protein-related gene expression (zonula occluden-1, occludin, tricellulin and claudin-3). Further investigations indicated that MR-7 partially counteracted LPS-induced changes in gut microbiota composition, enhanced the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and reduced the Pseudomonas, thus maintaining the overall microbiota balance. Taken together, the administration of MR-7 could effectively restore LPS-induced intestine function disorder in turbot by ameliorating inflammatory response, mucosal barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Gen He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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21
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Kent M, Sanders J, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie C, Murray K. Review of diseases and health management in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in research facilities. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:637-650. [PMID: 32291793 PMCID: PMC7253333 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in biomedical research has expanded at a tremendous rate over the last two decades. Along with increases in laboratories using this model, we are discovering new and important diseases. We review here the important pathogens and diseases based on some 20 years of research and findings from our diagnostic service at the NIH-funded Zebrafish International Resource Center. Descriptions of the present status of biosecurity programmes and diagnostic and treatment approaches are included. The most common and important diseases and pathogens are two parasites, Pseudoloma neurophilia and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium chelonae, M. marinum and M. haemophilum. Less common but deadly diseases are caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Hepatic megalocytosis and egg-associated inflammation and fibroplasia are common, apparently non-infectious, in zebrafish laboratories. Water quality diseases include supersaturation and nephrocalcinosis. Common neoplasms are spindle cell sarcomas, ultimobranchial tumours, spermatocytic seminomas and a small-cell carcinoma that is caused by a transmissible agent. Despite the clear biosecurity risk, researchers continue to use fish from pet stores, and here, we document two novel coccidia associated with significant lesions in zebrafish from one of these stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - J.L. Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - S. Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - C.E. Al-Samarrie
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - K.N. Murray
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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22
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Nowak B, Speare D, Powell M. Introduction to the Invited Review Series initiative of the Journal of Fish Diseases: Health Management of Zebrafish in Research Facilities. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:635. [PMID: 32291767 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nowak
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Speare
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Mark Powell
- Marineholmen RASLab AS, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Kent ML, Sanders JL, Spagnoli S, Al-Samarrie CE, Murray KN. Review of diseases and health management in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton 1822) in research facilities. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:637-650. [PMID: 32291793 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13165j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in biomedical research has expanded at a tremendous rate over the last two decades. Along with increases in laboratories using this model, we are discovering new and important diseases. We review here the important pathogens and diseases based on some 20 years of research and findings from our diagnostic service at the NIH-funded Zebrafish International Resource Center. Descriptions of the present status of biosecurity programmes and diagnostic and treatment approaches are included. The most common and important diseases and pathogens are two parasites, Pseudoloma neurophilia and Pseudocapillaria tomentosa, and mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium chelonae, M. marinum and M. haemophilum. Less common but deadly diseases are caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Hepatic megalocytosis and egg-associated inflammation and fibroplasia are common, apparently non-infectious, in zebrafish laboratories. Water quality diseases include supersaturation and nephrocalcinosis. Common neoplasms are spindle cell sarcomas, ultimobranchial tumours, spermatocytic seminomas and a small-cell carcinoma that is caused by a transmissible agent. Despite the clear biosecurity risk, researchers continue to use fish from pet stores, and here, we document two novel coccidia associated with significant lesions in zebrafish from one of these stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - J L Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - S Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - C E Al-Samarrie
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - K N Murray
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, Eugene, Oregon
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24
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:651-664. [PMID: 32315088 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Henderson SE, Boylan SM. Trauma-induced exophthalmia in vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier 1829): Treatment and prevention. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:295-300. [PMID: 31752047 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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26
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Teffer AK, Hinch S, Miller K, Jeffries K, Patterson D, Cooke S, Farrell A, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Juanes F. Cumulative Effects of Thermal and Fisheries Stressors Reveal Sex-Specific Effects on Infection Development and Early Mortality of Adult Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch). Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 92:505-529. [PMID: 31397628 DOI: 10.1086/705125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multiple stressors are commonly encountered by wild animals, but their cumulative effects are poorly understood, especially regarding infection development. We conducted a holding study with repeated gill and blood sampling to characterize the effects of cumulative stressors on infection development in adult coho salmon. Treatments included chronic thermal stress (15°C vs. 10°C) and acute gill net entanglement with an air exposure (simulating fisheries bycatch release). The potential loadings of 35 infectious agents and the expression of 17 host immune genes were quantified using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while host physiology was characterized with chemical analysis of blood. Temporal increases in infectious agent richness and loads were concurrent with decreased expression of immune genes in fish sampled in the river. In the laboratory, mortality was minimal in cool water regardless of fishery treatment (<15%). Elevated water temperature under laboratory conditions increased mortality of males and females (8% and 28% mortality, respectively, delayed by >1 wk) and enhanced mortality associated with handling and biopsy (∼40% both sexes). Experimental gillnetting at high temperature further enhanced female mortality (73%). Fish held at high temperature demonstrated heavier infectious agent loads, osmoregulatory impairment, suppressed female maturation, and upregulation of inflammatory and extracellular immune genes. At high temperature, heavy Parvicapsula minibicornis loads were associated with premature mortality. Females exhibited physiological impairment from both stressors after 1 wk, and infection burdens correlated poorly with immune gene regulation compared with males. Cumulative effects of multiple stressors on female mortality are likely a function of physiological impairment and enhanced infections at high temperature.
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Zoupa M, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Nugraha A, Compeer S, Slob W, van der Ven LTM. Dose addition in chemical mixtures inducing craniofacial malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111117. [PMID: 31927004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in cumulative risk assessment is to model hazard of mixtures. EFSA proposed to only combine chemicals linked to a defined endpoint, in so-called cumulative assessment groups, and use the dose-addition model as a default to predict combined effects. We investigated the effect of binary mixtures of compounds known to cause craniofacial malformations, by assessing the effect in the head skeleton (M-PQ angle) in 120hpf zebrafish embryos. We combined chemicals with similar mode of action (MOA), i.e. the triazoles cyproconazole, triadimefon and flusilazole; next, reference compounds cyproconazole or triadimefon were combined with dissimilar acting compounds, TCDD, thiram, VPA, prochloraz, fenpropimorph, PFOS, or endosulfan. These mixtures were designed as (near) equipotent combinations of the contributing compounds, in a range of cumulative concentrations. Dose-addition was assessed by evaluation of the overlap of responses of each of the 14 tested binary mixtures with those of the single compounds. All 10 test compounds induced an increase of the M-PQ angle, with varying potency and specificity. Mixture responses as predicted by dose-addition did not deviate from the observed responses, supporting dose-addition as a valid assumption for mixture risk assessment. Importantly, dose-addition was found irrespective of MOA of contributing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zoupa
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Attika, 44561, Greece
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ananditya Nugraha
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sharon Compeer
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wout Slob
- Department of Food Safety, Center for Food, Prevention and Care, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Department of Innovative Testing Strategies, Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Nissen AC, Vetter BJ, Rogers LS, Mensinger AF. Impacts of broadband sound on silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp hearing thresholds determined using auditory evoked potential audiometry. Fish Physiol Biochem 2019; 45:1683-1695. [PMID: 31218459 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp, collectively referred to as bigheaded carps, threaten aquatic ecosystems of the Upper Midwestern USA. Due to the extensive ecological impacts associated with these species, prevention of their further range expansion is the aim for fisheries management. Recent behavioral studies indicate bigheaded carps are deterred by acoustic barriers and exhibit negative phonotaxis in response to anthropogenic sound sources (≥ 150 dB re 1 μPa). However, the impact of long-term exposure to these sounds on the hearing capabilities of bigheaded carps has not been well documented. In this study, the auditory evoked potential (AEP) technique was used to determine auditory thresholds among bigheaded carps before and after exposure to high intensity (155.7 ± 4.7 dB re 1 μPa SPLrms; - 8.0 ± 4.7 dB re 1 ms-2 PALrms; mean ± SD) broadband sound. Fish were exposed to sound for 30 min or 24 h and AEP measurements were taken at three time points: immediately after exposure, 48 h, or 96 h later. Results indicate that silver and bighead carp experience temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) in frequency detection following sound exposure with the magnitude and length of TTS correlated with exposure duration. The findings from this study will be used to increase the long-term efficacy of acoustical deterrent measures aimed at preventing further range expansion of bigheaded carps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Nissen
- Biology Department, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Brooke J Vetter
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Torraca
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Margarida C Gomes
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Milka Sarris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Abstract
Viruses have developed different mechanisms to manipulate their hosts, including the process of viral mimicry in which viruses express important host proteins. Until recently, examples of viral mimicry were limited to mimics of growth factors and immunomodulatory proteins. Using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach, we have shown that viruses possess the DNA/RNA with potential to encode 16 different peptides with high sequence similarity to human peptide hormones and metabolically important regulatory proteins. We have characterized one of these families, the viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides (VILPs), which we identified in four members of the Iridoviridae family. VILPs can bind to human insulin and IGF-1 receptors and stimulate classic postreceptor signaling pathways. Moreover, VILPs can stimulate glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo and stimulate DNA synthesis. DNA sequences of some VILP-carrying viruses have been identified in the human enteric virome. In addition to VILPs, sequences with homology to 15 other peptide hormones or cytokines can be identified in viral DNA/RNA sequences, some with a very high identity to hormones. Recent data by others has identified a peptide that resembles and mimics α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone's anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, these studies reveal novel mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogenesis in which the microbe can directly target or mimic the host endocrine system. These findings also introduce the concept of a system of microbial hormones that provides new insights into the evolution of peptide hormones, as well as potential new roles of microbial hormones in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Emrah Altindis, PhD, Boston College Biology Department, Higgins Hall 515, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467. E-mail:
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Amesberger‐Freitag A, Tichy A, El‐Matbouli M, Lewisch E. Hole-in-the-head disease in discus fish, Symphysodon (Heckel, 1840): Is it a consequence of a dietary Ca/P imbalance? J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1133-1142. [PMID: 31131465 PMCID: PMC6852440 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hole-in-the-head (HITH) disease-affected fish develop characteristic lesions in the skin above sensory pores of the head and the trunk. This study investigated whether an unfavourable Ca/P ratio in the diet could provoke lesions consistent with HITH disease in discus fish Symphysodon (Heckel, 1840) as a comparable condition to secondary hyperparathyroidism of tetrapod species. Two groups of five fish were fed a plain beef heart diet (Ca/P of 0.03), whereas two other groups were kept on commercial discus feed (Ca/P of 2.73). Each feeding group was submitted to two different water hardness regimes (35.66-71.39 mg/L CaCO3 and 124.94-196.33 mg/L CaCO3 , respectively). All fish were observed for the development of the characteristic lesions for 16 weeks. At the end of the study, histological, bacteriological and parasitological examinations were conducted and plasma Ca, P and Mg values were determined. Diplomonad flagellates were detected in two fish. Isolated bacteria of all groups mostly belonged to Aeromonadales and Pseudomonadales. No significant difference of plasma mineral values between the groups was observed. Compared to the results of other authors, Ca stayed mainly in the range and P exceeded the reference values. Histological examinations did not indicate HITH disease, and no fish developed signs of the disease during the study. Clinical trial registration number GZ 68.205/0135-WF/V/36/2014.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics PlatformUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Mansour El‐Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Eva Lewisch
- Clinical Division of Fish MedicineUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
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Dai YJ, Cao XF, Zhang DD, Li XF, Liu WB, Jiang GZ. Chronic inflammation is a key to inducing liver injury in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) fed with high-fat diet. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 97:28-37. [PMID: 30910418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the mechanism of lipotoxicity induced by high-fat diets (HFD) in Megalobrama amblycephala. In the present study, fish (average initial weight 40.0 ± 0.35 g) were fed with two fat levels (6% and 11%) diets with four replicates for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, fish were challenged by thioacetamide (TAA) and survival rate was recorded for the next 96 h. The result showed that long-term HFD feeding induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) in plasma. In addition, liver histopathological analysis showed an increased dilation of the blood vessels, erythrocytes outside of the blood vessels and vacuolization in fish fed with high-fat diet. After TAA challenge, compared with group fed with normal-fat diets (NFD), fish fed with HFD showed a significantly (P < 0.05) low survival rate. After feeding Megalobrama amblycephala with HFD for 60 days, the protein content and gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). The protein and gene relative expressions of a Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and CD68 were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while antioxidant-related enzyme activities were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the liver of fish fed with HFD. In addition, HFD feeding also induced genotoxicity. Comet assay showed a significantly (P < 0.05) elevated DNA damage in blunt snout bream fed with HFD. Compared with normal-fat diets (NFD) group, the protein expression of γH2AX and gene expressions involved in cell cycle arrest were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in fish fed with HFD. Data in this research showed that lipotoxicity induced by HFD was likely mediated by chronic inflammation regulating macrophage recruitment, apoptosis and DNA damage. The study was valuable to understand the mechanism by which liver injury is induced in fish fed with HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. Sci Total Environ 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Bonansea M, Mancini M, Ledesma M, Ferrero S, Rodriguez C, Pinotti L. Remote sensing application to estimate fish kills by Saprolegniasis in a reservoir. Sci Total Environ 2019; 669:930-937. [PMID: 30970459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Saprolegniasis is one of the most economical and ecologically harmful diseases in different species of fish. Low water temperature is one of the most important factors which increases stress and creates favourable conditions for the proliferation of Saprolegniasis. Therefore, the monitoring of water surface temperature (WST) is fundamental for a better understanding of Saprolegniasis. The objective of this study was to develop a predictive algorithm to estimate the probability of fish kills caused by Saprolegniasis in Río Tercero reservoir (Argentina). WST was estimated by Landsat 7 and 8 imagery using the Single-Channel method. Logistic regression was used to relate WST estimated from 2007 to 2017 with different episodes of fish kills by Saprolegniasis registered in the reservoir during this period of time. Results showed that the algorithm created with the first quartile (25th percentile) of the WST values estimated by Landsat sensors was the most suitable model to estimate Saprolegniasis in the studied reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Bonansea
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Sustentabilidad Ambiental (ICBIA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Estudios Básico y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (FAyV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Argentina.
| | - Miguel Mancini
- Departamento de Estudios Básico y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (FAyV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Argentina
| | - Micaela Ledesma
- Departamento de Estudios Básico y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (FAyV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Argentina
| | - Susana Ferrero
- Departamento Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales (FCEFQyN), UNRC, Argentina
| | - Claudia Rodriguez
- Departamento de Estudios Básico y Agropecuarios, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (FAyV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Argentina
| | - Lucio Pinotti
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Sustentabilidad Ambiental (ICBIA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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35
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Baldissera MD, Souza CF, Descovi SN, Petrolli TG, da Silva AS, Baldisserotto B. Caffeine modulates brain purinergic signaling in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under hypoxia conditions: improvement of immune and inflammatory responses. Fish Physiol Biochem 2019; 45:551-560. [PMID: 30515653 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is linked to neurodegenerative and proinflammatory damage during pathological conditions such as hypoxia, but involvement of this pathway in brain damage in fish exposed to environmental hypoxia remains unknown, and we propose dietary supplementation with caffeine in order to improve the immune response. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate whether the enzymatic purinergic signaling pathway is associated with inflammatory brain damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to environmental hypoxia and whether dietary supplementation with caffeine (5% and 8%) can prevent these changes in purinergic signaling. Animals were randomly divided into six groups (A-F, n = 6 per group, in triplicate), as follows: groups A-C were submitted to normoxia, while groups D-F were submitted to hypoxia. Groups A and D received the basal diet, while groups B and D and groups C and F received a diet containing 5% and 8% caffeine, respectively, and fed with their respective diets for 21 days. After 21 days, aeration was disconnected (groups D-F) and the dissolved oxygen levels were maintained as follows: group A (6.55 ± 0.23 mg/L), group B (6.51 ± 0.24 mg/L), group C (6.58 ± 0.22 mg/L), group D (1.23 ± 0.11 mg/L), group E (1.20 ± 0.15 mg/L), and group F (1.18 ± 0.13 mg/L). Cerebral triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a substrate and 5'-nucleotidase activities decreased in fish exposed to 72 h of hypoxia compared with the normoxia group, while adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and levels of nitric oxide (NOx) metabolites were higher. Dietary supplementation with 5% and 8% caffeine prevented all alterations elicited by hypoxia, with the exception of ADA activity in the case of 5% caffeine. Based on this evidence, our findings reveal that nucleotide/nucleoside hydrolysis is modified in the brains of fish exposed to 72 h of hypoxia, contributing to inflammatory damage, which apparently is mediated by excessive ATP content in the extracellular medium and by excessive NOx production. Also, the use of a diet containing 5% and 8% caffeine prevented these alterations (except 5% of dietary caffeine on ADA activity) and can be considered an interesting approach to preventing the impairment of immune and inflammatory responses elicited by hypoxia, principally the inclusion of 8% caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus D Baldissera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carine F Souza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sharine N Descovi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago G Petrolli
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Xanxerê, SC, Brazil
| | - Aleksandro S da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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36
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Bai N, Gu M, Liu M, Jia Q, Pan S, Zhang Z. Corn gluten meal induces enteritis and decreases intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) at high supplementation levels. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213867. [PMID: 30865702 PMCID: PMC6415862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn gluten meal (CGM) is an important alternative protein source in aquafeed production. However, in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), CGM could not be effectively utilized because of its low digestibility, the reason for which is still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate and elucidate the cause for the poor utilization of CGM by turbot from the view of gut health. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted with turbot individuals (initial body weight 11.4 ± 0.2 g), which were fed with one of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated to include 0%, 21.2%, 31.8%, and 42.6% CGM to progressively replace 0%, 33%, 50%, and 67% fish meal (FM) protein in a FM-based diet, respectively. The results showed that CGM caused dose-dependent decreases in (1) growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and feed utilization; (2) activities of brush-border membrane enzymes; (3) intestinal antioxidant indices of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and reduced glutathione level; (4) intestinal immune parameters of acid phosphatase activity, complement 3, complement 4, and IgM concentrations. Dose-dependent increases in the severity of the inflammation, with concomitant alterations on microvilli structure and increasing expression of inflammatory cytokine genes of Il-1β, Il-8, and Tnf-α were observed but without a change in the intracellular junctions and the epithelial permeability established by the plasma diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level examinations. In conclusion, the present work proved that CGM negatively affected the gut health of turbot by inducing enteritis and by decreasing intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity, which could be one of the reasons for the reduced utilization of CGM by turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bai
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Gu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qian Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Shihui Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong Province, PR China
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37
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Speare DJ. Cleaner fish diseases. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:155-156. [PMID: 30561050 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David John Speare
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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38
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Vitale RM, D'Aniello E, Gorbi S, Martella A, Silvestri C, Giuliani ME, Fellous T, Gentile A, Carbone M, Cutignano A, Grauso L, Magliozzi L, Polese G, D'Aniello B, Defranoux F, Felline S, Terlizzi A, Calignano A, Regoli F, Di Marzo V, Amodeo P, Mollo E. Fishing for Targets of Alien Metabolites: A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Agonist from a Marine Pest. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110431. [PMID: 30400299 PMCID: PMC6267082 DOI: 10.3390/md16110431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the chemical warfare between invasive and native species has become a central problem in invasion biology, the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive metabolites from invasive pests influence local communities remain poorly characterized. This study demonstrates that the alkaloid caulerpin (CAU)-a bioactive component of the green alga Caulerpa cylindracea that has invaded the entire Mediterranean basin-is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Our interdisciplinary study started with the in silico prediction of the ligand-protein interaction, which was then validated by in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assays. On the basis of these results, we candidate CAU as a causal factor of the metabolic and behavioural disorders observed in Diplodus sargus, a native edible fish of high ecological and commercial relevance, feeding on C. cylindracea. Moreover, given the considerable interest in PPAR activators for the treatment of relevant human diseases, our findings are also discussed in terms of a possible nutraceutical/pharmacological valorisation of the invasive algal biomasses, supporting an innovative strategy for conserving biodiversity as an alternative to unrealistic campaigns for the eradication of invasive pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Vitale
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Enrico D'Aniello
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Martella
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maria Elisa Giuliani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Tariq Fellous
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Laura Grauso
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Laura Magliozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Fanny Defranoux
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Serena Felline
- The National Interuniversity Consortium For Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), 00198 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Life sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio Terlizzi
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.
- The National Interuniversity Consortium For Marine Sciences (CoNISMa), 00198 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Life sciences, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
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Ravasi D, De Respinis S, Wahli T. Multilocus sequence typing reveals clonality in Saprolegnia parasitica outbreaks. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:1653-1665. [PMID: 30051543 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica is still largely unknown. We developed a multilocus sequence typing scheme based on seven housekeeping genes to characterize 77 S. parasitica strains isolated from different fish host species at different times and from different geographic areas in Switzerland between 2015 and 2017. Ten different diploid sequence types (DSTs) were identified. The majority (52%) of outbreaks in Switzerland seemed to be caused by one genotype, namely DST3, which was recovered from farm-raised and wild-caught fish in all the geographic areas and river basins included in the study. DST3 was also recovered from the rivers Bienne (eastern France) and Doubs, where the episodes of massive mortality due to saprolegniosis started in 2009. Another genotype (DST7) showed, to a lesser extent, a distribution across different river basins, while eight DSTs were unique to a defined geographic area or river basin. The occurrence of sporadic DSTs indicates a certain degree of diversity within S. parasitica in the environment. The wide distribution of DST3 suggests that a clonal population may have spread in eastern France and Switzerland across geographic barriers, with strong implications for the management of both captive and wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Ravasi
- Laboratory of applied microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sophie De Respinis
- Laboratory of applied microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Welch DW, Futia MH, Rinchard J, Teffer AK, Miller KM, Hinch SG, Honeyfield DC. Thiamine Levels in Muscle and Eggs of Adult Pacific Salmon from the Fraser River, British Columbia. J Aquat Anim Health 2018; 30:191-200. [PMID: 29799640 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species and stocks of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have experienced large declines in the number of returning adults over a wide region of the Pacific Northwest due to poor marine survival (low smolt-to-adult survival rates). One possible explanation for reduced survival is thiamine deficiency. Thiamine (vitamin B1 ) is an essential vitamin with an integral role in many metabolic processes, and thiamine deficiency is an important cause of salmonid mortality in the Baltic Sea and in the Laurentian Great Lakes. To assess this possibility, we (1) compared muscle thiamine content over time in a holding experiment using Fraser River (British Columbia) Sockeye Salmon O. nerka to establish whether adults that died during the holding period had lower thiamine levels than survivors, (2) measured infectious loads of multiple pathogens in held fish, and (3) measured egg thiamine content from four species of Pacific salmon collected on Fraser River spawning grounds. Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha had the lowest egg thiamine, followed by Sockeye Salmon; however, egg thiamine concentrations were above levels known to cause overt fry mortality. Thiamine vitamers in the muscle of Fraser River adult Sockeye Salmon shifted over a 13-d holding period, with a precipitous decline in thiamine pyrophosphate (the active form of thiamine used in enzyme reactions) in surviving fish. Survivors also carried lower loads of Flavobacterium psychrophilum than fish that died during in the holding period. Although there is no evidence of thiamine deficiency in the adults studied, questions remain about possible thiamine metabolism-fish pathogen relationships that influence survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Welch
- Kintama Research Services, Ltd., 4737 Vista View Crescent, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9V 1N8, Canada
| | - Matthew H Futia
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Jacques Rinchard
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport-State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14420, USA
| | - Amy K Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristi M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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41
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Christie L, van Aerle R, Paley RK, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Tidbury H, Green M, Feist SW, Cano I. The skin immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), associated with puffy skin disease (PSD). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 78:355-363. [PMID: 29709592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Puffy skin disease (PSD) is an emerging skin condition which affects rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The transmission pattern of PSD suggests an infectious aetiology, however, the actual causative infectious agent(s) remain(s) unknown. In the present study, the rainbow trout epidermal immune response to PSD was characterised. Skin samples from infected fish were analysed and classified as mild, moderate or severe PSD by gross pathology and histological assessment. The level of expression of 26 immune-associated genes including cytokines, immunoglobulins and cell markers were examined by TaqMan qPCR assays. A significant up-regulation of the gene expression of C3, lysozyme, IL-1β and T-bet and down-regulation of TGFβ and TLR3 was observed in PSD fish compared to control fish. MHCI gene expression was up-regulated only in severe PSD lesions. Histological examinations of the epidermis showed a significant increase in the number of eosinophil cells and dendritic melanocytes in PSD fish. In severe lesions, mild diffuse lymphocyte infiltration was observed. IgT and CD8 positive cells were detected locally in the skin of PSD fish by in situ hybridisation (ISH), however, the gene expression of those genes was not different from control fish. Total IgM in serum of diseased animals was not different from control fish, measured by a sandwich ELISA, nor was significant up regulation of IgM gene expression in PSD lesions observed. Taken together, these results show activation of the complement pathway, up-regulation of a Th17 type response and eosinophilia during PSD. This is typical of a response to extracellular pathogens (i.e. bacteria and parasites) and allergens, commonly associated with acute dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Christie
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - David W Verner-Jeffreys
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Hannah Tidbury
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Matthew Green
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Stephen W Feist
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Irene Cano
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Martell L, Bracale R, Carrion SA, Purcell JE, Lezzi M, Gravili C, Piraino S, Boero F. Successional dynamics of marine fouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) at a finfish aquaculture facility in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195352. [PMID: 29608614 PMCID: PMC5880403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is increasing rapidly to meet global seafood demand. Some hydroid populations have been linked to mortality and health issues in finfish and shellfish, but their dynamics in and around aquaculture farms remain understudied. In the present work, two experiments, each with 36 panels, tested colonization (factors: depth, season of immersion) and succession (factors: depth, submersion duration) over one year. Hydroid surface cover was estimated for each species, and data were analyzed with multivariate techniques. The assemblage of hydrozoans was species-poor, although species richness, frequency and abundance increased with time, paralleling the overall increase in structural complexity of fouling assemblages. Submersion duration and season of immersion were particularly important in determining the species composition of the assemblages in the succession and colonization experiments, respectively. Production of water-borne propagules, including medusae, from the hydroids was observed from locally abundant colonies, among them the well-known fouling species Obelia dichotoma, potentially representing a nuisance for cultured fish through contact-driven envenomations and gill disorders. The results illustrate the potential importance of fouling hydroids and their medusae to the health of organisms in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martell
- University Museum of Bergen, Department of Natural History, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberta Bracale
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Steven A. Carrion
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Purcell
- Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marco Lezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gravili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Piraino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Boero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
- CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Rome, Italy
- CNR-ISMAR, Istituto di Scienze Marine del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, UO Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Hogan NS, Thorpe KL, van den Heuvel MR. Opportunistic disease in yellow perch in response to decadal changes in the chemistry of oil sands-affected waters. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:769-778. [PMID: 29247939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands-affected water from mining must eventually be incorporated into the reclaimed landscape or treated and released. However, this material contains petrogenic organic compounds, such as naphthenic acids and traces of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This has raised concerns for impacts of oil sands process-affected waters on the heath of wildlife and humans downstream of receiving environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal association of disease states in fish with water chemistry of oil sands-affected waters over more than a decade and determine the pathogens associated with disease pathologies. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) captured from nearby lakes were stocked into two experimental ponds during 1995-1997 and 2008-2010. South Bison Pond is a drainage basin that has received unextracted oil sands-contaminated material. Demonstration Pond is a constructed pond containing mature fine tailings capped with fresh water. Two disease pathologies, fin erosion for which a suspected bacterial pathogen (Acinetobacter Iwoffi) is identified, and lymphocystis (confirmed using a real-time PCR) were associated with oil sands-affected water exposure. From 1995 to 1997 pathologies were most prevalent in the South Bison Pond; however, from 2008 to 2009, disease was more frequently observed in the Demonstration Pond. CYP1A activity was 3-16 fold higher in fish from experimental ponds as compared to reference populations and this pattern was consistent across all sampling years. Bile fluorescence displayed a gradient of exposure with experimental ponds being elevated over local perch populations. Naphthenic acids decreased in the Bison Pond from approximately 12 mg/L to <4 mg/L while naphthenic acids increased in the Demonstration Pond from 6 mg/L to 12 mg/L due to tailings densification. Temporal changes in naphthenic acid levels, CYP1A activity and bile fluorescent metabolites correlate positively with incidence of disease pathologies whereas all inorganic water quality changes (major ions, pH, metals) were not associated with disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha S Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Karen L Thorpe
- Environmental Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R van den Heuvel
- Canadian Rivers Institute, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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44
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Mosberian-Tanha P, Landsverk T, Press CM, Mydland LT, Schrama JW, Øverland M. Granulomatous enteritis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) associated with soya bean meal regardless of water dissolved oxygen level. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:269-280. [PMID: 28944974 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated morphological changes associated with soya bean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) in distal intestine (DI) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a soya bean meal (SBM)-based diet and exposed to normoxia or hypoxia created by optimal and low water flow rates, respectively. A 28-day adaption period was followed by a 42-day challenge period where 600 fish were subjected to dietary challenge and/or hypoxia. Twelve tanks each containing 50 juvenile trout were assigned randomly in triplicate to each treatment. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation revealed pathological features that have not previously been described in association with SBMIE. Vacuolar degeneration of epithelial cells mainly at the base of mucosal folds, epithelial cysts, epithelial dysplasia, necrosis, shedding of necrotic cells, and granulomatous inflammation including infiltration of enlarged, sometimes finely vacuolated or "foamy" macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and increased proliferation of fibroblasts were observed. Acid-fast bacteria were not detected in enlarged macrophages; however, these cells contained AB-PAS- and sometimes cytokeratin-positive material, which was interpreted to be of epithelial/goblet cell origin. Hypoxia did not affect the morphological changes in DI. These results suggest that SBM was associated with a granulomatous form of enteritis in DI of rainbow trout regardless of water oxygen level.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mosberian-Tanha
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - T Landsverk
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - C M Press
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - L T Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - J W Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Sudhagar A, Kumar G, El-Matbouli M. Transcriptome Analysis Based on RNA-Seq in Understanding Pathogenic Mechanisms of Diseases and the Immune System of Fish: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010245. [PMID: 29342931 PMCID: PMC5796193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the advent of next-generation sequencing along with the development of various bioinformatics tools, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based transcriptome analysis has become much more affordable in the field of biological research. This technique has even opened up avenues to explore the transcriptome of non-model organisms for which a reference genome is not available. This has made fish health researchers march towards this technology to understand pathogenic processes and immune reactions in fish during the event of infection. Recent studies using this technology have altered and updated the previous understanding of many diseases in fish. RNA-Seq has been employed in the understanding of fish pathogens like bacteria, virus, parasites, and oomycetes. Also, it has been helpful in unraveling the immune mechanisms in fish. Additionally, RNA-Seq technology has made its way for future works, such as genetic linkage mapping, quantitative trait analysis, disease-resistant strain or broodstock selection, and the development of effective vaccines and therapies. Until now, there are no reviews that comprehensively summarize the studies which made use of RNA-Seq to explore the mechanisms of infection of pathogens and the defense strategies of fish hosts. This review aims to summarize the contemporary understanding and findings with regard to infectious pathogens and the immune system of fish that have been achieved through RNA-Seq technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Haryana 124411, India.
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria.
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Bravo-Tello K, Ehrenfeld N, Solís CJ, Ulloa PE, Hedrera M, Pizarro-Guajardo M, Paredes-Sabja D, Feijóo CG. Effect of microalgae on intestinal inflammation triggered by soybean meal and bacterial infection in zebrafish. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187696. [PMID: 29117213 PMCID: PMC5678869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal has been used in many commercial diets for farm fish; despite this component inducing intestinal inflammation. On the other hand, microalgae have increasingly been used as dietary supplements in fish feed. Nevertheless, the vast quantity of microalgae species means that many remain under- or unstudied, thus limiting wide scale commercial application. In this work, we evaluated the effects to zebrafish (Danio rerio) of including Tetraselmis sp (Ts); Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Pt); Chlorella sp (Ch); Nannochloropsis oculata (No); or Nannochloropsis gaditana (Ng) as additives in a soybean meal-based diet on intestinal inflammation and survival after Edwardsiella tarda infection. In larvae fed a soybean meal diet supplemented with Ts, Pt, Ch, or Ng, the quantity of neutrophils present in the intestine drastically decreased as compared to larvae fed only the soybean meal diet. Likewise, Ts or Ch supplements in soybean meal or fishmeal increased zebrafish survival by more than 20% after being challenged. In the case of Ts, the observed effect correlated with an increased number of neutrophils present at the infection site. These results suggest that the inclusion of Ts or Ch in fish diets could allow the use of SBM and at the same time improve performance against pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Bravo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Ehrenfeld
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila J. Solís
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pilar E. Ulloa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomia, Escuela de Agronomia, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Hedrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Pizarro-Guajardo
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions and Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G. Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
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Småge SB, Brevik ØJ, Frisch K, Watanabe K, Duesund H, Nylund A. Concurrent jellyfish blooms and tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Northern Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187476. [PMID: 29095885 PMCID: PMC5667831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis is an increasing problem in the Norwegian Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry causing significant economic losses. In September 2015, two separate outbreaks of suspected tenacibaculosis occurred at two Atlantic salmon farms in Finnmark County in Northern Norway. The events resulted in major losses of smolts newly transferred into seawater. Prior to, and during the outbreaks, large numbers of small jellyfish, identified as Dipleurosoma typicum (Boeck) were observed in the vicinity of the farms and inside the net-pens. This study investigates the possible link between the jellyfish, Tenacibaculum spp. and the tenacibaculosis outbreaks. Bacteriology, histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and real-time RT-PCR screening were performed on both fish and jellyfish samples. Based on the findings, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense was found to be the dominant bacteria associated with the tenacibaculosis outbreaks at both sites and that D. typicum is unlikely to be a vector for this fish pathogenic bacterium. However, results do show that the jellyfish caused direct damage to the fish's skin and may have exacerbated the bacterial infection by allowing an entry point for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sverre Bang Småge
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Øyvind Jakobsen Brevik
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathleen Frisch
- Cermaq Group AS, Dronning Eufemiasgate 16, Oslo, Norway
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kuninori Watanabe
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Are Nylund
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, Bergen, Norway
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Jagielski T, Dyląg M, Roesler U, Murugaiyan J. Isolation of infectious microalga Prototheca wickerhamii from a carp (Cyprinus carpio) - a first confirmed case report of protothecosis in a fish. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1417-1421. [PMID: 28300290 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by environmentally ubiquitous achlorophyllic microalgae of the genus Prototheca. Here, we describe a first case of protothecosis in a carp (Cyprinus carpio), which is at the same time the first case of protothecosis in a fish, confirmed by phenotype- and molecular-based methods, including PCR sequencing of the rDNA cluster and protein profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - U Roesler
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Murugaiyan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Sambraus F, Fjelldal PG, Remø SC, Hevrøy EM, Nilsen TO, Thorsen A, Hansen TJ, Waagbø R. Water temperature and dietary histidine affect cataract formation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diploid and triploid yearling smolt. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:1195-1212. [PMID: 28188652 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate cataract development in diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) Atlantic salmon smolts and post-smolts at two water temperatures (10 and 16 °C) given diets with different histidine supplementation (LH, 10.4 and HH, 13.1 g kg-1 ) before and after seawater transfer. In freshwater, a severe cataract outbreak was recorded in both ploidies reared at 16 °C. The cataract score was significantly higher in triploids compared to diploids, and the severity was lower in both ploidies fed the HH diet. The cataract development at 10 °C was minor. Low gill Na+ , K+ -ATPase activity in fish reared at 16 °C before seawater transfer was followed by osmoregulatory stress with elevated plasma electrolyte concentrations and high mortality in sea water. Both diploids and triploids reared at 10 °C developed cataracts during the seawater period, with higher severities in triploids than diploids and a reduced severity in the fish fed the HH diet. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of environmental conditions in the husbandry of Atlantic salmon, and particularly triploids, with regard to smoltification and adjusted diets to mitigate cataract development in fresh and sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sambraus
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matredal, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - P G Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matredal, Norway
| | - S C Remø
- NIFES, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - E M Hevrøy
- Cargill Innovation Center, Dirdal, Norway
| | - T O Nilsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Thorsen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - T J Hansen
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Matredal, Norway
| | - R Waagbø
- NIFES, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Bergen, Norway
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Dabrowski J, Oberholster P, Steyl J, Osthoff G, Hugo A, Power DM, van Wyk JH. Thyroid function of steatitis-affected Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus from a sub-tropical African reservoir. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 125:101-113. [PMID: 28737156 DOI: 10.3354/dao03138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid function and nutritional indicators were measured in obese, steatitis-affected Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus from Loskop Reservoir (LR), South Africa. Plasma thyroid hormones (especially T3) and thyroid follicle histomorphology revealed high levels of activity in every aspect of the thyroid cascade measured in fish from LR compared to a reference population of steatitis-free fish. Concurrent measurements of nutritional state including plasma lipids, liver lipid content and hepatocyte size showed that fish from LR had significant energy stores indicative of abundant nutritional intake. There were distinct sex and seasonal differences, with the highest plasma lipids and T3 levels observed in steatitis-affected females during spring and summer. Positive correlations were observed between plasma lipids (especially cholesterol) and T3 concentrations in fish from both populations, indicating a link between lipid metabolism and thyroid function. There was no direct evidence of thyroid disruption, but this cannot be ruled out until further research determines the factors that underlie the homeostatic shift leading to elevated plasma and liver lipids and T3 levels in steatitis-affected tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dabrowski
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Private Bag x6531, George 6530, South Africa
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