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Mielewczyk DA, Glover CN, Klaczek CE, Goss GG, Saari GN. Sub-chronic exposure to waterborne extracellular microcystin-LR impairs calcium homeostasis in rainbow trout. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114542. [PMID: 36638564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fish mortality is associated with harmful algal blooms, although whether toxicity is related directly to the presence of cyanotoxins or the prevailing water chemistry remains unclear. Similarly, while planktivorous fish may be exposed to toxin through the diet, the hazard posed by waterborne extracellular toxin to carnivorous fish is less well understood. In this study rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for up to 28 d to waterborne microcystin-LR at nominal concentrations of 1.5 and 50 µg L-1 (measured values 2 and 49 µg L-1, respectively). The former represents the Canadian drinking water guideline, and the latter an elevated environmental level. This study hypothesised that waterborne toxin exposure would specifically impact gill function, and given the importance of this tissue in freshwater fish ion regulation, effects on plasma ions and branchial ion transporter activity would be observed. Microcystin-LR exposure resulted in a significant and persistent hypocalcaemia at the higher exposure concentration, but plasma sodium and branchial activities of the sodium/potassium ATPase, proton ATPase and calcium ATPase enzymes remained unaffected. An in vitro assessment failed to show any effect of microcystin-LR on branchial calcium ATPase activity even at exposure concentrations as high as 1000 µg L-1. A transient increase in hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity was also observed at 49 µg L-1, but there were no effects of toxin exposure on branchial or hepatic lactate dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that microcystin-LR exposure does not have a general effect on ion regulation, but instead produces a novel and specific impact on calcium metabolism in rainbow trout, although the mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Mielewczyk
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Chantelle E Klaczek
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tavares D, Paulino MG, Terezan AP, Batista Fernandes J, Giani A, Fernandes MN. Osmoregulatory disturbance in Neotropical fish exposed to the crude extracts of the cyanobacterium, Radiocystis fernandoi. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105315. [PMID: 31561138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of cyanobacteria, a common event in eutrophic environments, result in the release of potentially toxic substances into the water. The cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi produces microcystin (MC) and other peptides that may disturb homeostasis. This study evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal injections containing the crude extract (CE) of R. fernandoi strain R28 on the gills and kidneys of neotropical fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus, 3, 6 and 24 h post-injection. CE contained MC-RR, MC-YR and minor other oligopeptides. Plasma ions and the activities of the enzymes PP1 and PP2A, Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), H+-ATPase (HA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined and morphological changes in both the gills and kidneys were characterized. Compared to controls, the concentration of Na+ within the plasma of P. mesopotamicus decreased after treatment with CE 3 h post treatment and increased after 24 h; the concentration of K+ decreased after 6 h. The activity of the endogenous PP1 and PP2A was unchanged in the gills and was inhibited in the kidneys 6 h after i.p. injection. In the gills, NKA activity increased after 3 h and decreased 6 h post i.p. exposure. Further, NKA activity did not differ from the controls 24-h post injection. In the kidneys, NKA, HA and CA activities were unaffected by treatment. The mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) density in the gills decreased after 3 h in the filament and 3 and 6 h in the lamellae and was restored to the control levels 24 h post-exposure. Filament epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy, lamellar atrophy and rupture of the lamellar epithelium were the most common effects of treatment in the gills. No histopathological changes occurred in the kidneys. This study demonstrates that a single dose of toxic CE from R. fernandoi can cause a transitory ion imbalance in P. mesopotamicus which is related to the changes in MRC levels and NKA activity. Ionic balance was recovered 24 h post i.p. injection, however, morphological changes that occurred in the gills took a longer amount of time to return to normal. To conclude, the effects of components contained within the CE of R. fernandoi may be harmful to P. mesopotamicus. In particular, the recovery of ionic regulation depends on MRC responses and histopathological changes produced by CE may affect gas exchange and other gill functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Young T, Walker SP, Alfaro AC, Fletcher LM, Murray JS, Lulijwa R, Symonds J. Impact of acute handling stress, anaesthesia, and euthanasia on fish plasma biochemistry: implications for veterinary screening and metabolomic sampling. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1485-1494. [PMID: 31240506 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of pre-sampling practices on fish plasma biochemistry may bias the outcome of a study if not considered within the general sampling strategy. Acute handling stresses can be imposed on fish during capture, and it is common practice to immobilise fish via sedation prior to obtaining blood samples for non-lethal extraction purposes, and/or to reduce stress, pain, or suffering before being euthanised. We investigated these potential influences using a Chinook salmon model (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by measuring levels of 119 biochemical targets comprising ions, metabolites, and enzymes in plasma. Multivariate analyses showed that 2 min of confinement with mild handling manipulation led to a significant departure from baseline metabolism, which was further exasperated during a prolonged 5-min challenge. These changes were characterised by a disruption in osmoregulation, a switch towards anaerobic metabolism, and shifts in ammonia recycling, among others. Sedation of fish with clove oil and AQUI-S® had major impacts on plasma biochemical profiles, with alterations signalling changes in glycolytic metabolism, respiratory modes, carbon flux through the TCA cycle, and lipid compartmentalisation. Sedation also enhanced levels of plasma amino acids, revealing a key difference between responses to handling stress and sedation. These results demonstrate that pre-harvest practices should be carefully managed during fish sampling for biochemical/metabolomic-based analyses, and if manipulations are essential, they should be standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Rwebitaba-ZARDI), National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), P. O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Bowden JA, Somerville SE, Cantu TM, Guillette MP, Botha H, Boggs ASP, Luus-Powell W, Guillette LJ. On-Site Classification of Pansteatitis in Mozambique Tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) using a Portable Lipid-Based Analyzer. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:6631-6635. [PMID: 28729886 PMCID: PMC5514565 DOI: 10.1039/c6ay00446f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While no pansteatitis-related large-scale mortality events have occurred since 2008, the current status of pansteatitis (presence and pervasiveness) in the Olifants River system and other regions of South Africa remain largely unknown. In part, this is due to both a lack of known biological markers of pansteatitis and a lack of suitable non-invasive assays capable of rapidly classifying the disease. Here, we propose the application of a point-of-care (POC) device using lipid-based test strips (total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG)), for classifying pansteatitis status in the whole blood of pre-spawning Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Using the TC strips, the POC device was able to non-lethally classify the tilapia as either healthy or pansteatitis-affected; the sexes were examined independently because sexual dimorphism was observed for TC (males p = 0.0364, females χ2 = 0.0007). No significant difference between diseased and pansteatitis-affected tilapia was observed using the TG strips. This is one of the first described applications of using POC devices for on-site environmental disease state testing. A discussion on the merits of using portable lipid-based analyzers as an in-field disease-state diagnostic tool is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412 USA
| | - Stephen E Somerville
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Public Health Sciences and the Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and the Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML), Charleston, SC 29425-6190 USA
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Public Health Sciences and the Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and the Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML), Charleston, SC 29425-6190 USA
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Public Health Sciences and the Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and the Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML), Charleston, SC 29425-6190 USA
| | - Hannes Botha
- Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit, 1200 South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727 South Africa
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Material Measurement Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Environmental Chemical Sciences Group, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412 USA
| | - Wilmien Luus-Powell
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727 South Africa
| | - Louis J Guillette
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Public Health Sciences and the Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) and the Hollings Marine Laboratory (HML), Charleston, SC 29425-6190 USA
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Kopp R, Palíková M, Navrátil S, Mareš J. Modulation of biochemical indices in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the influence of toxic cyanobacterial biomass in diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1651-1658. [PMID: 24972534 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are producers of potent and environmentally abundant microcystins, representing an emerging global health issue. In the present study, we investigated the impact of cyanobacterial biomass on biochemical indices of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., average weight of 246 ± 73 g) under laboratory conditions. The fish were fed a diet containing cyanobacterial biomass with microcystins in high concentration (0.4 mg/kg of fish weight and day) for 28 days. Statistical evaluation of the influence of the cyanobacterial biomass in food on the biochemical indices of the juvenile carp showed only minor differences. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase value and the urea concentration were significantly reduced compared to control group. The biochemical parameters of fish blood plasma significantly rose during the experiment in the control group as well as in the experimental group. This state was probably influenced by the environmental conditions and the fish diet. A significant rising value was established in calcium creatinine, total protein, phosphorus, lactate, urea and natrium. The present study demonstrates that the oral exposure of toxic cyanobacterial biomass has a minor influence on the biochemical indices of common carp and that the effect of other factors, e.g., nutrition is more visible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Kopp
- Department of Fishery and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
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Moutou KA, Tsikogias S, Papadimitriou T, Kagalou I. Oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio to analyze microcystin impact in eutrophic shallow lakes: a preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:2195-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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