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Mattavelli G, Costanzo F, Menghini D, Vicari S, Papagno C. Local vs global processing in Williams syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 112:103917. [PMID: 33657518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been debated whether in Williams syndrome (WS) there is a preferential processing of local with respect to global forms, in contrast to the typical 'global advantage' in healthy individuals, which in WS seems to exist only for faces. AIMS We aimed at verifying it and to assess the role of stimulus familiarity by comparing performances with faces to those with other objects using the same type of task. METHODS AND PROCEDURE A group of children and adolescents with WS and controls with typical development performed a modified version of three tasks: Mooney (with faces and/or guitars), Jane (with faces and houses) and Navon task. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Individuals with WS were able to process at a global level not only faces but also objects, although they were impaired when they had to compare or discriminate between two stimuli. All groups showed an advantage for global processing, with familiarity improving it. However, WS participants did not benefit from familiarity as much as typically developing young individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Peculiar abilities for face stimuli in WS did not emerge nor did a clear facilitation related to object familiarity. These results are useful for planning effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Costanza Papagno
- CIMeC (Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences), University of Trento, Italy; Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.
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Uljarević M, Labuschagne I, Bobin R, Atkinson A, Hocking DR. Brief Report: The Impact of Sensory Hypersensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty on Anxiety in Williams Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:3958-3964. [PMID: 29948532 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the interrelationship between intolerance of uncertainty, sensory hyper-sensitivity and anxiety in Williams syndrome (WS). Thirty-two parents or guardians of individuals with WS (Mage = 24.76 years, SD = 7.55) were included. Associations between anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, sensory hyper-sensitivity, and ASD symptoms were assessed. Linear regression analysis revealed that intolerance of uncertainty and sensory hyper-sensitivity were unique independent predictors of anxiety, while social communication score was not. There was evidence of a mediating effect of sensory hyper-sensitivity on the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety. These findings bear strong resemblance to the pattern seen in ASD and emphasize the need for development of anxiety interventions that attempt to reduce negative beliefs about unpredictable situations in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Uljarević
- Stanford Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Izelle Labuschagne
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Bobin
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Atkinson
- Developmental Neuromotor & Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Darren R Hocking
- Developmental Neuromotor & Cognition Lab, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Riwkes S, Goldstein A, Gilboa-Schechtman E. The temporal unfolding of face processing in social anxiety disorder--a MEG study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 7:678-87. [PMID: 25844308 PMCID: PMC4377840 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The current study is the first to use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) process emotional facial expressions (EFEs). We expected that, compared to healthy controls (HCs), participants with SAD will show an early (<200 ms post-stimulus) over-activation in the insula and the fusiform gyrus (FG, associated with the N170/M170 component), and later (>200 ms post-stimulus) over-activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Individuals with SAD (n = 12) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 12) were presented with photographs of facial displays during MEG recording. As compared to the HC group, the SAD group showed a reduced M170 (right FG under-activation around 130–200 ms); early reduced activation in the right insula, and lower insular sensitivity to the type of EFE displayed. In addition, the SAD group showed a late over-activation in the right DLPFC. This unique EFE processing pattern in SAD suggests an early under-activation of cortical areas, possibly related to reduced emphasis on high spatial frequency information and greater early emphasis on low spatial frequency information. The late DLPFC over-activation in the SAD group may correlate to failures of cognitive control in this disorder. The importance of a temporal perspective for the understanding of facial processing in psychopathology is underlined. This study is the first to use MEG to study social anxiety disorder (SAD). SADs and controls viewed emotional facial expressions during MEG. Compared to controls, SADs showed reduced M170 (early fusiform gyrus activity). SADs presented a late over-activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The late frontal over-activity may correlate to failures of cognitive control in SAD.
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Key Words
- AFNI, analysis of functional neuroimages
- BDI, Beck Depression Inventory
- Cognitive control
- DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EFE, emotional facial expressions
- FG, fusiform gyrus
- FMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- FNE, fear of negative evaluation
- Facial processing
- HC, healthy control
- HSF, high spatial frequency
- LSAS, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
- LSF, low spatial frequency
- MEG, magnetoencephalography
- Magnetoenchephalography
- Regulation
- SA, social anxiety
- SAD, social anxiety disorder
- SAM, synthetic aperture modeling
- Social anxiety
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Riwkes
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Abraham Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Martínez-Castilla P, Burt M, Borgatti R, Gagliardi C. Facial emotion recognition in Williams syndrome and Down syndrome: A matching and developmental study. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:668-92. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.945408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kirk HE, Hocking DR, Riby DM, Cornish KM. Linking social behaviour and anxiety to attention to emotional faces in Williams syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:4608-4616. [PMID: 24210355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental disorder Williams syndrome (WS) has been associated with a social phenotype of hypersociability, non-social anxiety and an unusual attraction to faces. The current study uses eye tracking to explore attention allocation to emotionally expressive faces. Eye gaze and behavioural measures of anxiety and social reciprocity were investigated in adolescents and adults with WS when compared to typically developing individuals of comparable verbal mental age (VMA) and chronological age (CA). Results showed significant associations between high levels of behavioural anxiety and attention allocation away from the eye regions of threatening facial expressions in WS. The results challenge early claims of a unique attraction to the eyes in WS and suggest that individual differences in anxiety may mediate the allocation of attention to faces in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Kirk
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia.
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Hsu CF. Contextual integration of causal coherence in people with Williams syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:3332-3342. [PMID: 23911543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated causal coherence in people with Williams syndrome (WS). To advance our understanding of this clinical group, we examined their ability to make causal inferences, using their understanding of homonyms (words with the same spelling but distinct meanings) embedded in contexts. A minor goal was to use verbal stimuli to clarify Santos and Deruelle's (2009) findings on the knowledge of causality among people with WS. Participants were presented with two types of scenarios requiring different inference directions: backward inferences (from consequence to cause) and forward inferences (from cause to consequence). Following each scenario, they were asked a comprehension question and given three possible answers that corresponded to a figurative, literal, and unrelated meaning of the homonym embedded in the scenario. The correct answer required the participants to make a successful causal inference. People with WS aged from 13 to 29 (n=17, mental age=6-14) were able to make backward and forward inferences by selecting the context-appropriate meanings of homonyms, thus demonstrating the existence of contextual integration ability in the causal coherence of people with WS. However, as their accuracy in the figurative meaning responses was lower than that of healthy age-matched controls, suggesting the participants with WS, were delayed in the contextual integration of causal coherence. The participants with WS chose a significantly higher percentage of answers with unrelated meanings than the two control groups, indicating a certain degree of weakness in the contextual integration of homonyms in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Hsu
- Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, Huafan University, 1 Huafan Road, Shiding, Taipei 22301, Taiwan.
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Isaac L. Facing the future: face-emotion processing deficits as a potential biomarker for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Front Psychol 2012; 3:171. [PMID: 22701441 PMCID: PMC3373164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Isaac
- Clinical Psychology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Haas BW, Reiss AL. Social brain development in williams syndrome: the current status and directions for future research. Front Psychol 2012; 3:186. [PMID: 22701108 PMCID: PMC3370330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental condition that occurs as a result of a contiguous deletion of ∼26–28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23. WS is often associated with a distinctive social phenotype characterized by an increased affinity toward processing faces, reduced sensitivity to fear related social stimuli and a reduced ability to form concrete social relationships. Understanding the biological mechanisms that underlie the social phenotype in WS may elucidate genetic and neural factors influencing the typical development of the social brain. In this article, we review available studies investigating the social phenotype of WS throughout development and neuroimaging studies investigating brain structure and function as related to social and emotional functioning in this condition. This review makes an important contribution by highlighting several neuro-behavioral mechanisms that may be a cause or a consequence of atypical social development in WS. In particular, we discuss how distinctive social behaviors in WS may be associated with alterations or delays in the cortical representation of faces, connectivity within the ventral stream, structure and function of the amygdala and how long- and short-range connections develop within the brain. We integrate research on typical brain development and from existing behavioral and neuroimaging research on WS. We conclude with a discussion of how genetic and environmental factors might interact to influence social brain development in WS and how future neuroimaging and behavioral research can further elucidate social brain development in WS. Lastly, we describe how ongoing studies may translate to improved social developmental outcomes for individuals with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Haas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
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Bediou B, Brunelin J, d'Amato T, Fecteau S, Saoud M, Hénaff MA, Krolak-Salmon P. A comparison of facial emotion processing in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Front Psychol 2012; 3:98. [PMID: 22493587 PMCID: PMC3318183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from various neurological and psychiatric disorders show different levels of facial emotion recognition (FER) impairment, sometimes from the early phases of the disease. Investigating the relative severity of deficits in FER across different clinical and high-risk populations has potential implications for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases, and could also allow us to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of emotion perception itself. To investigate the role of the dopaminergic system and of the frontotemporal network in FER, we reanalyzed and compared data from four of our previous studies investigating FER performance in patients with frontotemporal dysfunctions and/or dopaminergic system abnormalities at different stages. The performance of patients was compared to the performance obtained by a specific group of matched healthy controls using Cohen’s d effect size. We thus compared emotion and gender recognition in patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at the mild dementia stage, major depressive disorder, Parkinson’s disease treated by l-DOPA (PD-ON) or not (PD-OFF), remitted schizophrenia (SCZ-rem), first-episode schizophrenia treated by antipsychotic medication (SCZ-ON), and drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (SCZ-OFF), as well as in unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia (SIB). The analyses revealed a pattern of differential impairment of emotion (but not gender) recognition across pathological conditions. On the one hand, dopaminergic medication seems not to modify the moderate deficits observed in SCZ and PD groups (ON vs. OFF), suggesting that the deficit is independent from the dopaminergic system. On the other hand, the observed increase in effect size of the deficit among the aMCI, AD, and FTD groups (and also among the SIB and SCZ-rem groups) suggests that the deficit is dependent on neurodegeneration of the frontotemporal neural networks. Our transnosographic approach combining clinical and high-risk populations with the impact of medication provides new information on the trajectory of impaired emotion perception in neuropsychiatric conditions, and on the role of the dopaminergic system and the frontotemporal network in emotion perception.
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Haas BW, Hoeft F, Barnea-Goraly N, Golarai G, Bellugi U, Reiss A. Preliminary evidence of abnormal white matter related to the fusiform gyrus in Williams syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging tractography study. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:62-8. [PMID: 21939500 PMCID: PMC5575913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2011.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition caused by a hemizygous microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23. WS is characterized by a distinctive social phenotype composed of increased drive toward social engagement and attention toward faces. In addition, individuals with WS exhibit abnormal structure and function of brain regions important for the processing of faces such as the fusiform gyrus. This study was designed to investigate if white matter tracts related to the fusiform gyrus in WS exhibit abnormal structural integrity as compared to typically developing (TD; age matched) and developmentally delayed (DD; intelligence quotient matched) controls. Using diffusion tensor imaging data collected from 40 (20 WS, 10 TD and 10 DD) participants, white matter fibers were reconstructed that project through the fusiform gyrus and two control regions (caudate and the genu of the corpus callosum). Macro-structural integrity was assessed by calculating the total volume of reconstructed fibers and micro-structural integrity was assessed by calculating fractional anisotropy (FA) and fiber density index (FDi) of reconstructed fibers. WS participants, as compared to controls, exhibited an increase in the volume of reconstructed fibers and an increase in FA and FDi for fibers projecting through the fusiform gyrus. No between-group differences were observed in the fibers that project through the control regions. Although preliminary, these results provide further evidence that the brain anatomy important for processing faces is abnormal in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Haas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Palo Alto, CA USA 94305-5795
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Palo Alto, CA USA 94305-5795
| | - Naama Barnea-Goraly
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Palo Alto, CA USA 94305-5795
| | - Golijeh Golarai
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA USA 94305
| | - Ursula Bellugi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Allan Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd. Palo Alto, CA USA 94305-5795
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